The Impact Of Native Speaker Linguists: A Mayan Case Study
The Impact of Native Speaker Linguists:A Mayan Case StudyJessica Coon – jessica.coon@mcgill.caDecember 20111 / 42
IntroductionIntroductionMayan languagesOn the mapMexico to MITGenerative linguisticsin Chiapas?A quoteMayanNative speakerlinguists in MexicoNative speakerlinguists in GuatemalaFAMLiFAMLi photosIntroductionSyntactic ergativityAgent FocusPredictionsConclusion2 / 42
IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionMayan languagesOn the mapMexico to MITGenerative linguisticsin Chiapas?A quoteMayanNative speakerlinguists in MexicoNative speakerlinguists in GuatemalaFAMLiFAMLi photos Here I’ll talk about syntactic ergativity in the Mayan family.This is collaborative work with. . .Pedro Mateo Pedro(mateo@fas.harvard.edu)Omer Preminger(omerp@mit.edu)Syntactic ergativityAgent FocusPredictionsConclusion3 / 42
Mayan languagesIntroductionIntroductionMayan languagesOn the mapMexico to MITGenerative linguisticsin Chiapas?A quoteMayanNative speakerlinguists in MexicoNative speakerlinguists in GuatemalaFAMLiFAMLi photosCampbell and Kaufman 1985; image from WikipediaSyntactic ergativityAgent FocusPredictionsConclusion4 / 42
On the mapIntroductionIntroductionMayan languagesOn the mapMexico to MITGenerative linguisticsin Chiapas?A quoteMayanNative speakerlinguists in MexicoNative speakerlinguists in GuatemalaFAMLiFAMLi photos(image from Wikipedia)Syntactic ergativityAgent FocusPredictionsConclusion5 / 42
Mexico to MITIntroductionIntroductionMayan languagesOn the mapMexico to MITGenerative linguisticsin Chiapas?A quoteMayanNative speakerlinguists in MexicoNative speakerlinguists in GuatemalaFAMLiFAMLi photosSyntactic ergativityAgent FocusPredictionsConclusion6 / 42
Generative linguistics in Chiapas?IntroductionIntroductionMayan languagesOn the mapMexico to MITGenerative linguisticsin Chiapas?A quoteMayanNative speakerlinguists in MexicoNative speakerlinguists in GuatemalaFAMLiFAMLi photosSyntactic ergativityAgent FocusPredictionsConclusion7 / 42
A quote“The future of American Indian linguistics will depend criticallyon how successful an effort there is to engage American Indians inthe active study of their own languages—not as informants as inthe past, but as linguists, philologists, lexicographers, creativewriters, and the like. To put it another way, significant advances inthe study of American Indian languages can be made, in myjudgement, only when a significant portion of the field is in thehands of native speakers of the languages concerned”— Ken Hale 1972, 878 / 42
MayanIntroductionIntroductionMayan languagesOn the mapMexico to MITGenerative linguisticsin Chiapas?A quoteMayanNative speakerlinguists in MexicoNative speakerlinguists in GuatemalaFAMLiFAMLi photos In addition to inspiring many others, Hale himself helpedtrain speakers of Tohono O’odham, Hopi, Navajo, Ahtna,and others—he also spent time in Guatemala teachingclasses to Maya native speaker linguistsSyntactic ergativityAgent FocusPredictionsConclusion9 / 42
MayanIntroductionIntroductionMayan languagesOn the mapMexico to MITGenerative linguisticsin Chiapas?A quoteMayanNative speakerlinguists in MexicoNative speakerlinguists in GuatemalaFAMLiFAMLi photosIn addition to inspiring many others, Hale himself helpedtrain speakers of Tohono O’odham, Hopi, Navajo, Ahtna,and others—he also spent time in Guatemala teachingclasses to Maya native speaker linguists The contributions of native speaker linguists of Mayanlanguages are perhaps unparalleled in the world of lessdocumented languages (England 2007) Syntactic ergativityAgent FocusPredictionsConclusion9 / 42
Native speaker linguists in MexicoIntroductionIntroductionMayan languagesOn the mapMexico to MITGenerative linguisticsin Chiapas?A quoteMayanNative speakerlinguists in MexicoNative speakerlinguists in GuatemalaFAMLiFAMLi photosCIESAS Since the MA in Indoamerican Linguistics program beganin 1991, 90 MA theses have been completed by nativespeakers of languages of the region, in all areas oflinguistics—22 of these are on Mayan languagesSyntactic ergativityAgent FocusPredictionsConclusion10 / 42
Native speaker linguists in MexicoIntroductionIntroductionMayan languagesOn the mapMexico to MITGenerative linguisticsin Chiapas?A quoteMayanNative speakerlinguists in MexicoNative speakerlinguists in GuatemalaFAMLiFAMLi photosSyntactic ergativityAgent FocusPredictionsCIESASSince the MA in Indoamerican Linguistics program beganin 1991, 90 MA theses have been completed by nativespeakers of languages of the region, in all areas oflinguistics—22 of these are on Mayan languages In syntax: Chol (Vázquez Álvarez 2002; Gutiérrez Sánchez2004; Arcos López 2009); Q’anjob’al (Pascual 2007);Tsotsil (Santı́z Gómez 2009), Tojolab’al (Gómez Cruz2009; Rámirez del Prado 2007); Yucatec(Martı́nez Corripio 2005); Chontal (Osorio May 2005) Conclusion10 / 42
Native speaker linguists in MexicoIntroductionIntroductionMayan languagesOn the mapMexico to MITGenerative linguisticsin Chiapas?A quoteMayanNative speakerlinguists in MexicoNative speakerlinguists in GuatemalaFAMLiFAMLi photosSyntactic ergativityAgent FocusPredictionsConclusionCIESASSince the MA in Indoamerican Linguistics program beganin 1991, 90 MA theses have been completed by nativespeakers of languages of the region, in all areas oflinguistics—22 of these are on Mayan languages In syntax: Chol (Vázquez Álvarez 2002; Gutiérrez Sánchez2004; Arcos López 2009); Q’anjob’al (Pascual 2007);Tsotsil (Santı́z Gómez 2009), Tojolab’al (Gómez Cruz2009; Rámirez del Prado 2007); Yucatec(Martı́nez Corripio 2005); Chontal (Osorio May 2005) The first generation of PhDs are now underway 10 / 42
Native speaker linguists in GuatemalaIntroductionIntroductionMayan languagesOn the mapMexico to MITGenerative linguisticsin Chiapas?A quoteMayanNative speakerlinguists in MexicoNative speakerlinguists in GuatemalaFAMLiFAMLi photosOxlajuuj Keej Maya Ajtziib (OKMA) Reference grammars on Kaqchikel(Garcı́a Matzar and Rodrı́guez Guaján 1997), Tz’utujil(Garcı́a Ixmata 1997), K’ichee’ (López Ixcoy 1997), Mam(Pérez and Jiménez 1997), and Poqomam(Santos and Benito 1998)Syntactic ergativityAgent FocusPredictionsConclusion11 / 42
Native speaker linguists in GuatemalaIntroductionIntroductionMayan languagesOn the mapMexico to MITGenerative linguisticsin Chiapas?A quoteMayanNative speakerlinguists in MexicoNative speakerlinguists in GuatemalaFAMLiFAMLi photosSyntactic ergativityAgent FocusOxlajuuj Keej Maya Ajtziib (OKMA) Reference grammars on Kaqchikel(Garcı́a Matzar and Rodrı́guez Guaján 1997), Tz’utujil(Garcı́a Ixmata 1997), K’ichee’ (López Ixcoy 1997), Mam(Pérez and Jiménez 1997), and Poqomam(Santos and Benito 1998)University programs Licenciatura theses: Q’anjob’al (Mateo Toledo 1999),Achi (Sis Iboy 2002), K’ichee’ (Can Pixabaj 2004)PredictionsConclusion11 / 42
Native speaker linguists in GuatemalaIntroductionIntroductionMayan languagesOn the mapMexico to MITGenerative linguisticsin Chiapas?A quoteMayanNative speakerlinguists in MexicoNative speakerlinguists in GuatemalaFAMLiFAMLi photosSyntactic ergativityAgent FocusPredictionsConclusionOxlajuuj Keej Maya Ajtziib (OKMA) Reference grammars on Kaqchikel(Garcı́a Matzar and Rodrı́guez Guaján 1997), Tz’utujil(Garcı́a Ixmata 1997), K’ichee’ (López Ixcoy 1997), Mam(Pérez and Jiménez 1997), and Poqomam(Santos and Benito 1998)University programsLicenciatura theses: Q’anjob’al (Mateo Toledo 1999),Achi (Sis Iboy 2002), K’ichee’ (Can Pixabaj 2004) Pedro Mateo Pedro is currently collaborating with peoplefrom the Proyecto Lingüı́stico Francisco Marroquı́n andCIESAS to build an MA program in Guatemala 11 / 42
FAMLiIntroductionIntroductionMayan languagesOn the mapMexico to MITGenerative linguisticsin Chiapas?A quoteMayanNative speakerlinguists in MexicoNative speakerlinguists in GuatemalaFAMLiFAMLi photosThe first Formal Approaches to Mayan Linguistics (FAMLi)workshop took place at MIT in April 2010Syntactic ergativityAgent FocusPredictionsConclusionOf the thirty presentations and posters, half were presented bynative speakers of Mayan languages12 / 42
FAMLi photos(photo credits:Mitcho Erlewine)13 / 42
IntroductionSyntactic ergativity50 Years of Linguisticsat MITInspirationMorphologicalergativityHigh-Abs vs.Low-AbsQ’anjob’al vs. CholTada (1993)ExtractionasymmetriesSyntactic ergativityThe locus of absolutiveProposalAbsolutive nominativeAbsolutive raises to belicensedAbsolutive blocksergativeSyntactic ergativityAgent FocusPredictionsConclusion14 / 42
50 Years of Linguistics at MITIntroductionSyntactic ergativity50 Years of Linguisticsat MITInspirationMorphologicalergativityHigh-Abs vs.Low-AbsQ’anjob’al vs. CholTada (1993)ExtractionasymmetriesSyntactic ergativityThe locus of absolutiveProposalAbsolutive nominativeAbsolutive raises to belicensedAbsolutive blocksergativeThis work is appropriate for this session for two reasons:1. It would have been impossible without the manycontributions native speaker linguists have made to ourunderstanding of MayanAgent FocusPredictionsConclusion15 / 42
50 Years of Linguistics at MITIntroductionSyntactic ergativity50 Years of Linguisticsat MITInspirationMorphologicalergativityHigh-Abs vs.Low-AbsQ’anjob’al vs. CholTada (1993)ExtractionasymmetriesSyntactic ergativityThe locus of absolutiveProposalAbsolutive nominativeAbsolutive raises to belicensedAbsolutive blocksergativeThis work is appropriate for this session for two reasons:1. It would have been impossible without the manycontributions native speaker linguists have made to ourunderstanding of Mayan2. This work builds on old and recent discoveries ingenerative linguistics, made by many of you hereAgent FocusPredictionsConclusion15 / 42
50 Years of Linguistics at MITIntroductionSyntactic ergativity50 Years of Linguisticsat MITInspirationMorphologicalergativityHigh-Abs vs.Low-AbsQ’anjob’al vs. CholTada (1993)ExtractionasymmetriesSyntactic ergativityThe locus of absolutiveProposalAbsolutive nominativeAbsolutive raises to belicensedAbsolutive blocksergativeAgent FocusThis work is appropriate for this session for two reasons:1. It would have been impossible without the manycontributions native speaker linguists have made to ourunderstanding of Mayan2. This work builds on old and recent discoveries ingenerative linguistics, made by many of you hereThe combination of these two lines of work—careful work onunder-documented and endangered languages, coupled withformal abstract tools to understand the phenomena underinvestigation—results in a more complete understanding of therange and limits of cross-linguistic variationPredictionsConclusion15 / 42
InspirationIntroductionSyntactic ergativity50 Years of Linguisticsat MITInspirationMorphologicalergativityHigh-Abs vs.Low-AbsQ’anjob’al vs. CholTada (1993)ExtractionasymmetriesSyntactic ergativityThe locus of absolutiveProposalAbsolutive nominativeAbsolutive raises to belicensedAbsolutive blocksergativeAgent FocusPredictionsThis work begins with the intuition in Pascual’s (2007)CIESAS thesis that the suffix -on in Q’anjob’al should receivea unified analysis(1)T RANSITIVE SUBJECT EXTRACTION “AGENT F OCUS ”Maktxel max-ach il-on-i?whoASP - ABS 2 see- SUF - ITV‘Who saw you?’(2)E MBEDDED TRANSITIVESChi uj[ hach y-il-on-i].ASP be.able.to ABS 2 ERG 3-see- SUF - ITV‘She can see you.’A clue from Tada’s (1993) MIT dissertation will help us solvethe puzzleConclusion16 / 42
Morphological ergativityIntroductionSyntactic ergativity50 Years of Linguisticsat MITInspirationMorphologicalergativityHigh-Abs vs.Low-AbsQ’anjob’al vs. CholTada (1993)ExtractionasymmetriesSyntactic ergativityThe locus of absolutiveProposalAbsolutive nominativeAbsolutive raises to belicensedAbsolutive blocksergativeAgent FocusPredictions Mayan languages show morphological ergativity via personmarking on the predicate(3)C HOLa. Tyik-mek’-e-yety.PRFV 1 ERG -hug-TV-2 ABS‘I hugged you’b. Tyi wäy-i-yety.PRFV sleep-ITV-2 ABS‘You slept.’Clause initial aspect markers INFL (Aissen 1992) “Status suffixes” indicate transitivity v0 (Coon 2010;Coon and Preminger to appear) Conclusion17 / 42
Morphological ergativityIntroductionSyntactic ergativity50 Years of Linguisticsat MITInspirationMorphologicalergativityHigh-Abs vs.Low-AbsQ’anjob’al vs. CholTada (1993)ExtractionasymmetriesSyntactic ergativityThe locus of absolutiveProposalAbsolutive nominativeAbsolutive raises to belicensedAbsolutive blocksergativeAgent FocusPredictions Mayan languages show morphological ergativity via personmarking on the predicate(3)C HOLa. Tyik-mek’-e-yety.PRFV 1 ERG -hug-TV-2 ABS‘I hugged you’b. Tyi wäy-i-yety.PRFV sleep-ITV-2 ABS‘You slept.’Clause initial aspect markers INFL (Aissen 1992) “Status suffixes” indicate transitivity v0 (Coon 2010;Coon and Preminger to appear) Conclusion17 / 42
Morphological ergativityIntroductionSyntactic ergativity50 Years of Linguisticsat MITInspirationMorphologicalergativityHigh-Abs vs.Low-AbsQ’anjob’al vs. CholTada (1993)ExtractionasymmetriesSyntactic ergativityThe locus of absolutiveProposalAbsolutive nominativeAbsolutive raises to belicensedAbsolutive blocksergativeAgent FocusPredictions Mayan languages show morphological ergativity via personmarking on the predicate(3)C HOLa. Tyik-mek’-e-yety.PRFV 1 ERG -hug-TV-2 ABS‘I hugged you’b. Tyi wäy-i-yety.PRFV sleep-ITV-2 ABS‘You slept.’Clause initial aspect markers INFL (Aissen 1992) “Status suffixes” indicate transitivity v0 (Coon 2010;Coon and Preminger to appear) Conclusion17 / 42
High-Abs vs. Low-Abs While the basic ordering of morphemes in the verb phrase is fairlyconsistent across the family, we find variation in the location ofabsolutiveHIGH :ASPECTLOW:ASPECTABSERGROOT( VOICE )SUFFIXERGROOT( VOICE )SUFFIX(4)ABS“HIGH - ABS”: absolutive immediately follows the aspect marker “LOW- ABS”: absolutive appears at the end of the verb stem 18 / 42
High-Abs vs. Low-Abs While the basic ordering of morphemes in the verb phrase is fairlyconsistent across the family, we find variation in the location ofabsolutiveHIGH :ASPECTLOW:ASPECTABSERGROOT( VOICE )SUFFIXERGROOT( VOICE )SUFFIX(4)ABS“HIGH - ABS”: absolutive immediately follows the aspect marker “LOW- ABS”: absolutive appears at the end of the verb stem 18 / 42
High-Abs vs. Low-Abs While the basic ordering of morphemes in the verb phrase is fairlyconsistent across the family, we find variation in the location ofabsolutiveHIGH :ASPECTLOW:ASPECTABSERGROOT( VOICE )SUFFIXERGROOT( VOICE )SUFFIX(4)ABS“HIGH - ABS”: absolutive immediately follows the aspect marker “LOW- ABS”: absolutive appears at the end of the verb stem 18 / 42
Q’anjob’al vs. CholH IGH -A BS(5)Q’ ANJOB ’ ALa. Max-ach y-il-a’.ASP -ABS 2 ERG 3-see-TV‘She saw you.’b. Max-ach way-i.ASP -ABS 2 sleep-ITV‘You slept.’L OW-A BS(6)C HOLa. Tyi y-il-ä-yety.ASP ERG 3-see-TV -ABS 2‘She saw you.’b. Tyi wäy-i-yety.ASP sleep-ITV -ABS 2‘You slept.’19 / 42
Tada (1993) Tada (1993): The location of the absolutive morpheme correlates with theappearance of extraction asymmetries:(7)L OCATION OFHIGH - ABSLOW- ABSABSOLUTIVE AND ASYMMETRIESQ’anjob’al, Akaktek, Jakaltek,Chuj, Q’eqchi’, UspantekPoqomchi’, Poqomam, K’ichee’,Kaqchikel, Tz’utujil, SakapultekSipakapense, Mam, AwakatekYucatec, Ixil- ASYMMETRIESLakandon, Mopan, Itza’,Chol, Chontal, Tseltal,Tojol’ab’al20 / 42
Extraction asymmetriesIntroductionSyntactic ergativity50 Years of Linguisticsat MITInspirationMorphologicalergativityHigh-Abs vs.Low-AbsQ’anjob’al vs. CholTada (1993)ExtractionasymmetriesSyntactic ergativityThe locus of absolutiveProposalAbsolutive nominativeAbsolutive raises to belicensedAbsolutive blocksergative In LOW- ABS languages like Chol, all core arguments freelyextract for questions, focus, and ABSAgent FocusPredictionsConclusion21 / 42
Extraction asymmetriesIntroductionSyntactic ergativity50 Years of Linguisticsat MITInspirationMorphologicalergativityHigh-Abs vs.Low-AbsQ’anjob’al vs. CholTada (1993)ExtractionasymmetriesSyntactic ergativityThe locus of absolutiveProposalAbsolutive nominativeAbsolutive raises to belicensedAbsolutive blocksergativeAgent Focus In LOW- ABS languages like Chol, all core arguments freelyextract for questions, focus, and relativizationtransitive:(8)intransitive: APERGABSSABSIn HIGH - ABS languages like Q’anjob’al. . .absolutive arguments extract freely ergatives do not syntactic ergativity PredictionsConclusion21 / 42
Syntactic ergativityIntroductionSyntactic ergativity50 Years of Linguisticsat MITInspirationMorphologicalergativityHigh-Abs vs.Low-AbsQ’anjob’al vs. CholTada (1993)ExtractionasymmetriesSyntactic ergativityThe locus of absolutiveProposalAbsolutive nominativeAbsolutive raises to belicensedAbsolutive blocksergative(9)C HOL LOW- ABSMaxki tyi y-il-ä-yety?WHO ASP 3 ERG -see-TV -2 ABS‘Who saw you?Agent FocusPredictionsConclusion22 / 42
Syntactic ergativityIntroductionSyntactic ergativity50 Years of Linguisticsat MITInspirationMorphologicalergativityHigh-Abs vs.Low-AbsQ’anjob’al vs. CholTada (1993)ExtractionasymmetriesSyntactic ergativityThe locus of absolutiveProposalAbsolutive nominativeAbsolutive raises to belicensedAbsolutive blocksergative(9)(10)C HOL LOW- ABSMaxki tyi y-il-ä-yety?WHO ASP 3 ERG -see-TV -2 ABS‘Who saw you?Q’ ANJOB ’ AL HIGH - ABS* Maktxel max-ach y-il-a’?WHOASP -2 ABS 3 ERG -see-TVintended: ‘Who saw you?’Agent FocusPredictionsConclusion22 / 42
Syntactic ergativityIntroductionSyntactic ergativity50 Years of Linguisticsat MITInspirationMorphologicalergativityHigh-Abs vs.Low-AbsQ’anjob’al vs. CholTada (1993)ExtractionasymmetriesSyntactic ergativityThe locus of absolutiveProposalAbsolutive nominativeAbsolutive raises to belicensedAbsolutive blocksergativeAgent FocusPredictions(9)(10)C HOL LOW- ABSMaxki tyi y-il-ä-yety?WHO ASP 3 ERG -see-TV -2 ABS‘Who saw you?Q’ ANJOB ’ AL HIGH - ABS* Maktxel max-ach y-il-a’?WHOASP -2 ABS 3 ERG -see-TVintended: ‘Who saw you?’Absolutives are pronominal clitics (e.g. Woolford 2000) A first approximation: the high location of the absolutive isblocking the ergative from extracting in (10) Conclusion22 / 42
The locus of absolutiveIntroductionSyntactic ergativity50 Years of Linguisticsat MITInspirationMorphologicalergativityHigh-Abs vs.Low-AbsQ’anjob’al vs. CholTada (1993)ExtractionasymmetriesSyntactic ergativityThe locus of absolutiveProposalAbsolutive nominativeAbsolutive raises to belicensedAbsolutive blocksergative Why is the absolutive high in some languages? Legate (2002, 2008); Aldridge (2004): What ergativelanguages have in common is that the ergative argument islicensed in situ (e.g. inherently Woolford 1997). Ergativelanguages come in two basic types:1. ABS NOM — Absolutive is nominative; assigneduniformly by the head of the finite clause ( aspect markerAissen 1992); in a transitive, the subject is skipped2. ABS DEF — Absolutive is a morphological default,assigned by v0 to transitive objects, but by INFL tointransitive subjectsAgent FocusPredictionsConclusion23 / 42
The locus of absolutiveIntroductionSyntactic ergativity50 Years of Linguisticsat MITInspirationMorphologicalergativityHigh-Abs vs.Low-AbsQ’anjob’al vs. CholTada (1993)ExtractionasymmetriesSyntactic ergativityThe locus of absolutiveProposalAbsolutive nominativeAbsolutive raises to belicensedAbsolutive blocksergative Why is the absolutive high in some languages? Legate (2002, 2008); Aldridge (2004): What ergativelanguages have in common is that the ergative argument islicensed in situ (e.g. inherently Woolford 1997). Ergativelanguages come in two basic types:1. ABS NOM — Absolutive is nominative; assigneduniformly by the head of the finite clause ( aspect markerAissen 1992); in a transitive, the subject is skipped2. ABS DEF — Absolutive is a morphological default,assigned by v0 to transitive objects, but by INFL tointransitive subjectsAgent FocusPredicti
A Mayan Case Study Jessica Coon – jessica.coon@mcgill.ca December 2011. Introduction Introduction Introduction Mayan languages On the map Mexico to MIT Generative linguistics in Chiapas? A quote Mayan Native speaker linguists in Mexico Native speaker linguists in Guatemala FAMLi FAMLi photos Syntactic ergativity Agent Focus Predictions .
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