CONSTRAINTS AND OPPO RTUNITIES FOR ENHANCING EXPORTS
SUMMARY APRIL 2010Pulses Value Chain in EthiopiaCONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENHANCING EXPORTSWORKING PAPER July 2010WITH SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS FROM SHAHIDUR RASHID ,CHILOT YIRGA , BEFEKADU BEHUTE, AND SOLOMON LEMMATABLE OF CONTENTSExecutive Summary . 2Pulses in Ethiopian Agriculture . 2The Potential of a Vibrant Pulses Sector . 2Challenges in the Value-Chain. 2Recommendations . 3The Way Forward . 4Acknowledgements . 5Acronyms . 6Background . 6Methodology of Diagnostic Work . 7Introduction . 8Characterization of pulses subsector . 9Overview . 9Recent growth of pulses subsector . 13Public policies . 17Contributions of pulses to smallholders’ livelihood . 18Results of Value-chain Analyses . 20Production . 20Product aggregation and trading . 22Commercialization/export . 25Recommendations . 30Strengthening the export sector. 30Increasing linkage between exporters and producers . 32Increasing inputs to improve productivity. 33Implementation. 34Conclusion . 36Overview . 36Five-year sectoral vision . 36The way forward . 36Appendix 1: References and Resources. 37Appendix 2: Global Pulse Production . 40Appendix 3: Volume and Value of Pulse Exports by Exporter Category. 41Appendix 4: Producer Prices Ranked by Total Production . 421
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPULSES IN ETHIOPIAN AGRICULTURESUMMARY APRILThis report provides an analysis of the critical role of pulses in agricultural production as a driver foreconomic growth and food security. Pulses, which occupy approximately 13 percent of cultivated landand account for approximately 10 percent of the agricultural value addition, are critical to smallholderlivelihoods in Ethiopia.Pulses contribute to smallholder income, as a higher-value crop than cereals, and to diet, as acost-effective source of protein that accounts for approximately 15 percent of protein intake. Moreover, pulses offer natural soil maintenance benefits through nitrogen-fixing, which improves yields ofcereals through crop rotation, and can also result in savings for smallholder farmers from less fertilizeruse.Pulses also contribute significantly to Ethiopia’s balance of payments. They are the third-largestexport crop after coffee and sesame, contributing USD 90 million to export earnings in 2007/08.THE POTENTIAL OF A VIBRANT PULSES SECTORThrough productivity and market improvements, the critical role of pulses in smallholder livelihood andfood security can be expanded. The current productivity of pulses falls significantly below the demon1strated potential. For example, current average chickpea yields are 1.2 metric tons per hectare butthe demonstrated potential in Ethiopia is 2.9 tons per hectare if accompanied by the appropriateinputs.Estimates suggest that productivity gains from improvements in planting techniques could doubleoverall pulse production to two million tons over a period of five years. This gain in productivity wouldnot only increase smallholder income by 40 to 70 percent per hectare, but would also ensure greaterfood security through meeting domestic pulse demand.In addition, Ethiopia could expand its foreign market presence through increased production levels, which will lead to at least doubling of its current annual exports of about 140,000 tons. Evenunder conservative assumption of proportionate increase in domestic consumption and export,doubling production will result in at least doubling of export earnings from US 90 million to US 180. Ifthe domestic production remains at the current level, export earnings will be far greater.CHALLENGES IN THE VALUE CHAINHowever, a set of constraints span the pulses value-chain in production, aggregation and trading, anddemand sinks/export. High-level findings are presented below: Production. Productivity is below potential due to: low input usage, especially chemical fertilizers capable of increasing yields in field trials by 10 to 80 percent; limited availability of seed andlimited familiarity with the variety of existing pulse types, and; limited usage of modern agronomic practices.Aggregation and trading. The link between the producers and the exportmarkets is weak, due to the large number of ineffective intermediaries operating in the valuechain. The intermediaries have failed to acquire scale and operate in limited geographic areas.The fragmentation of intermediaries between the producer and consumer markets creates alack of transparency in markets. Export. While there has been substantial growth in recent years, the current export market isunderdeveloped. The less developed, fragmented exporters operating at smaller scale in themarket results in inconsistent export flows and thus, inconsistent demand for exports. The major causes of limited export development are (i) inadequate market intelligence (ii) inability toleverage scale efficiencies due to smaller size and (iii) non-conducive the business environment due to missing credit and insurance; and (iv) inconsistent policy interventions.1 This yield is substantially higher than the world average and sub-Saharan African averages of 0.8 tons/ha2
RECOMMENDATIONSCore interventions and enabling actions can holistically strengthen the Ethiopian pulses value chain tobe productive and stable, and provide year round transactions that supply domestic and international SUMMARY APRILmarkets. These recommendations are complementary to and intended to accelerate the impact ofcurrent GOE and development partner strategies: Increase inputs to improve productivity. Access to inputs is a key step in bridging the yieldgap between current and potential production. Phosphates and other fertilizers should be supplied to farmers, along with knowledge on how to use them effectively. Seed multiplicationshould be increased to adequately supply the needs of exporters and domestic demand. Pulsebreeding should expand, and leverage varietals used in other countries. Extension should incorporate pulses into the curriculum. Enhance linkages between exporters and producers. Stronger linkages between exportersand smallholders will lead to a more efficient value chain where demand signals are clearlycommunicated to the producers, and where inputs are available to ensure proper production ofthe necessary export pulses. Actions to enable consistent supply between producers and exporters may include: provision of regional-specific input packages; development of new varieties appropriate for export; leverage of cooperatives to provide consistent input supply and offtake. Provide adequate market to the exporters and farmers. ECX will play an important role inmarket transparency, quality, and aggregation for exports. However, exporters association andother relevant agencies assume the responsibility of tracking both domestic and internationalmarkets Strengthen the export sector. Developing the export sector will drive foreign reserve earningsand will create a steady demand pull for pulses, thereby acting as a catalyst for the sector. Exporters should be supported through a business environment more conducive to investmentand policies aimed at bolstering exporters’ scale, knowledge base, as well as business acumen.However, realizing the potential of the pulses value chain cannot be done in isolation; it can onlywork if other components of the agriculture system are in place: extension, improved seed, and soilfertility measures. This report shows how Ethiopia can chart a practical path of initiatives to realize thepotential in the pulses value chain, while increasing incomes of its small holder farmers and deliveringon food security objectives.3
THE WAY FORWARDWith a clear, fact-based vision for the aspiration, a credible plan of action, and the support of aneffective performance management process, Ethiopia will be in a strong position to mobilize theSUMMARY APRILresources needed to deliver on these constraints. Ethiopia can convert this potential into criticalimprovements in food security and livelihood for the country. The recommendations of this report offera first view on how Ethiopia can chart a practical path of initiatives to achieve these goals.Implementing the recommendations outlined in this report will require human and financial resources. They will also require a level of sequencing and coordination that have in the past beenchallenging to implement at a national and regional level. To achieve these objectives, the GOE willneed to work closely with all its partners (donors and development community, NGOs, cooperativesand unions, public and international research organizations, private sector and the various organizations working directly with farmers at the local level).This report provides a preliminary view on the sequencing of various activities to strengthen thepulses value chain. A preliminary view of the sequencing of activities that could strengthen the maizevalue chain follows:Figure 1:Overview of recommendations and activity sequencingShort –medium term(1-2 years)Long-term(3-5 years) 1.1 – Develop incentives for exporters to investresources to link with input supply bodies 1.2 – Build export trader association to buildmarkets, regulate quality and help achieve scale 1.4 - Develop a business environment conduciveto investment, and policies to scale exporters 1.3 Strengthen export promotion,market intelligence, and the brandingof Ethiopian productsIncreaseexport/producerlinkages 2.1 - Supply smallholders with input supplypackages, consistent off-take, and marketinformation 2.3 - Link smallholders with agribusinessenterprises through contract farming; putmechanisms in place for quality control 2.4 - Improve on-farm storage managementpractices and structures 2.2 – Improve access to marketsthrough road networks and storagefacilitiesIncreaseinputs 3.1 - Source phosphate and other fertilizers,and train smallholders on their use 3.2 - Increase breeding of pulse varietals 3.3 - Increase seed multiplication in order tomeet needs of export and domestic demand 3.4 - Incorporate pulses into the extensioncurriculum 3.2 - Increase breeding of pulsevarietals 3.3 - Increase seed multiplication inorder to meet needs of export anddomestic demandStrengthenExportSector4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSSince the maize sector diagnostic was initiated in November 2009 at the request of H.E. PrimeMinister Meles Zenawi, over one hundred collaborators have generously participated in the process, SUMMARY APRILfrom smallholder farmers and rural Development Agents to research institutes and the Ministry ofAgriculture and Rural Development.The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development provided guidance and leadership throughout. We are particularly grateful to H.E. Minister Ato Tefera, State Minister Dr. Abera Deressa, StateMinister Bashir Abullahi, State Minister Mitiku Kassa, State Minister Yaekob Yalla and their colleaguesin the federal Ministry, regional Bureaus of Agriculture and Rural Development, and the woreda andkebele-level offices. Dr. Solomon Assefa, Director General of the Ethiopian Institute for AgriculturalResearch, and his colleagues at EIAR also provided invaluable input.A panel of Ethiopian experts including Dr. Seme Debela, Dr. Solomon Bekure, Dr. Teferi Amakeltech, Yeshi Babunuki, Dr. Berhande Gebrikidan, Dr. Tesfai Kumsa and Dr. Gete Zeleke has providedongoing guidance.We would also like to provide special thanks to Marco Quinones, Dr. Eleni Gabre-Madhin, DerekByerlee, Tsedeke Abate, Dr. Dirk Hoekstra, Dr. Tilahun Amede, and Berhanu Gebremedhin.Beyond the local, regional, and federal governments, a broad number of Ethiopian institutes, research organizations, NGOs, private sector partners, and others engaged with teams of researchersin developing the content and recommendations from this work. These include: Addis Ababa University, Agricultural Research Institutes in Amhara, SNNP, Tigray, and Oromia, Bahir Dar University,Ethiopian Commodities Exchange, Ethiopian Institute for Agricultural Research, Ethiopian SeedEnterprise, Haramaya University, Jimma University,Many donors and global experts were also engaged directly in the process. The CGIAR representations in Addis Ababa provided generous use of facilities for consultant teams and expert leadership in the diagnostic areas, with particular thanks to the International Food Policy Research Institute,the International Water Management Institute, and the International Livestock Research Institute. Wewould also like to recognize the many institutions and donor agencies who contributed: the Alliancefor a Green Revolution in Africa, ACDI-VOCA, African Development Bank, CARE, Catholic ReliefServices, Center for International Agriculture in the Tropics, Center for International Forestry Research, CIMMYT, the Royal Dutch Embassy, the Food and Agriculture Organization, GTZ, International Development Enterprises, IPMS, Iowa State University, Michigan State University, NaturalResources Institute, Oxfam, Oxford University, PanVac, Sasakawa Africa Assoication, SNV, IslamicRelief, JICA, Save the Children, Technoserve, Tamrat, University of Texas A&M, Tufts University, UNOCHA, University of Minnesota, USAID, Wageningen University, Washington University, World Bank,and the World Food Program.5
n of Ethiopian Microfinance InstitutionsAgricultural Marketing CorporationDevelopment AgentsEthiopian Commodity ExchangeEthiopian Grain Trading EnterpriseEthiopian Horticulture Exporters and Producers AssociationEthiopian Institute of Agricultural ResearchEthiopian Oilseeds and Pulses Export CorporationEThiopian BirrFood Security StrategyFarmer Training CenterGovernment of EthiopiaInternational Food Policy Research InstituteInternational Livestock Research InstituteImproved Productivity through Market AccessMinistry of Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentNon-Governmental OrganizationPlan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End PovertySustainable Development and Poverty Reduction ProgramSouthern Nations and Nationalists and PeoplesUnited States DollarBACKGROUNDAgriculture is the core driver for Ethiopia’s growth and long-term food security. The stakes are high:215 to 17 percent of the Government of Ethiopia’s (GOE) expenditures are committed to the sector ,3agriculture directly supports 85 percent of the population’s livelihoods , 43 percent of gross domestic45product (GDP) , and over 80 percent of export value .Ethiopia’s agricultural sector has witnessed consistent growth since 2003: maize production hasexpanded at six percent per annum, and the aggregate export value across all commodities has67grown at 9 percent per annum , underpinning an eight percent annual growth rate in GDP . Public8investment has expanded access to productive inputs, such as hybrid maize seed and fertilizer .Concerted government spending in extension has also established over 8,500 Farmer Training9Centers (FTCs) and trained 63,000 Development Agents (DAs) from 2002 – 2008 . However, theagriculture sector continues to face a set of constraints that restrict further and accelerated growth.Markets are underdeveloped, federal and regional level public and private sector partners lackcapacities to implement, some gender imbalances continue to be unaddressed, safety nets accountfor a large proportion of agricultural spending, irrigation potential remains underdeveloped, shortages2World Bank PER
Ethiopian Commodities Exchange, Ethiopian Institute for Agricultural Research, Ethiopian Seed Enterprise, Haramaya University, Jimma University, Many donors and global experts were also engaged directly in the process. The CGIAR repre-sentations in Addis Ababa provided generous use of facilities for consultant teams and expert leader-
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North & West Sutherland LHP – Minutes 1/3/07 1 NORTH & WEST SUTHERLAND LOCAL HEALTH CARE PARTNERSHIP Minutes of the meeting held on Thursday 1st March 2007 at 12:00 noon in the Ben Loyal Hotel, Tongue PRESENT: Dr Andreas Herfurt Lead Clinician Dr Alan Belbin GP Durness Dr Cameron Stark Public Health Consultant Dr Moray Fraser CHP Medical Director Mrs Georgia Haire CHP Assistant General .
