Examination Of The Relationship B Etween Passion .

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Universal Journal of Educational Research 6(6): 1252-1259, 2018DOI: nation of the Relationship between Passion,Perfectionism and Burnout in Athletes Ebru Demirci1, Fatma Çepikkurt2,*12Ondokuz Mayıs Secondary School, Mersin, TurkeyPhysical Education and Sport High School, Mersin University, TurkeyCopyright 2018 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access underthe terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International LicenseAbstract This study was carried out with the goal ofexamining the relationship between athletes' passion andperfectionism levels and athlete burnout, and to determineto what extent passion and perfectionism scores predictburnout experienced by athletes. A total of 267 athletes,located in various parts of Turkey and competing in variousbranches of sport, participated in the study on a voluntarybasis. Of the participants, 65 were women (mean age:20.12 3.68 years) and 202 were men (mean age: 20.2 4.04 years). The data collection tools that employed werethe Passion Scale, Sport-Specific MultidimensionalPerfectionism Scale, and Athlete Burnout Measure.Descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlation Analysis, andMultiple Linear Regression Analysis were used in theanalysis of the data. The results of multiple linearregression analysis conducted to test the predictive effectsof athletes’ passion and perfectionism scores on burnoutscores showed that the perfectionism subdimensions ofperceived parental pressure and concern over mistakeswere significant predictors of the burnout ional/physical exhaustion. The analysis furtherrevealed that obsessive passion and the perfectionismsubdimensions of perceived parental pressure and concernover mistakes were effective in predicting the burnoutsubdimension of devaluation. In conclusion, the results ofthis study indicate that athletes who have developedobsessive passion toward their sport and have perfectionisttendencies that are not harmonizable will be more prone toexperience burnout.Keywords Passion, Perfectionism, Burnout, Athlete1. IntroductionThe great enthusiasm with which athletic competitionsare followed worldwide in recent years demonstrates anincreasing interest in sports. The sheer enjoyment ofwatching, by attracting spectators of high-level matchesand competitions, has resulted in athletic performancesbeing followed by even more people. Developments intechnology have led to the creation of a sports industrywhereby athletes can be enjoyed and watched by themasses anywhere in the world. This situation, in turn, hasbeen a factor in determining athletes' high performancegoals. Studies in this field have indicated that technicaltraining undertaken by professional athletes focused purelyon performance is not sufficient for them to reach theirgoals, and that psychological factors should also beinvestigated with regard to peak performance goals.In this context, “passion” is a powerful reason forengaging in athletic activity, and one of the most importantpsychological factors in the athlete's striving for peak.Although the Turkish term tutkunluk (“passion, love, andaddiction”) is a new concept, the related forms tutku,tutkulu, and tutkun, meaning passion, passionate, anddevotee/aficionado, respectively, are frequently used inquotidian life (26). The word “passion”, derived from theLatin word “passio”, which meant motion, power thatovercomes will and judgments, and enthusiasm, has notundergone significant semantic change from the originalLatin. The philosophy-based concept of passion, firstintroduced by Descartes in the book Les Passions de L'Âme(26), is defined as a powerful and lasting feeling directedtowards certain objects, persons, or thoughts. As definedpsychologically by Vallerand et al. (2003) passion is theinclination of an individual to spend time and energy onwhat he/she likes (even loves) and considers important(35).Studies have also shown that the importance people giveto activities they enjoy, their internalization, regularparticipation, and energy and time that they spend on saidactivities are related to passion. Harmonious passion andobsessive passion are dealt with in the "Two-DimensionalModel of Attachment" (37). According to this model,harmonious passion, defined as autonomous internalization

Universal Journal of Educational Research 6(6): 1252-1259, 2018resulting from choosing to participate in an activity ofone’s own volition, free from any external pressure orinfluence (35, 37). If a person participates in an activityindependently of external influences, guides the activityhim/herself, is happy and experiences positive emotionsduring or following the activity, then the attitude towardthe activity is considered harmonious passion. Conversely,if a person participates in an activity due to externalpressures, if the activity guides the person, if he/she is nothappy as a result of the activity and/or feels conflictedabout it, then that person can be assumed to have developedobsessive passion. According to the model, people withharmonious passion are more flexible and attentive towardthe activity and more restrained and less defensive duringthe activity. Those who develop obsessive passion are firm,tenacious, ego-oriented, experience feelings of guilt whenthey do not participate, have difficulty focusing, and areanxious (29, 35).The dictionary definition of perfectionism, anothervariable in the study, is “to view everything less thanperfect as unacceptable”. Examining perfectionismconceptually for the first time, Hollander (19) defined it as“the practice of demanding of oneself or others a higherquality of performance than is required by the situation”,and considered it a negative personality trait. According toBurns (3), a psychiatric researcher who has studied thenegative aspects of perfectionism, perfectionists areportrayed as difficult or unreasonable people in the contextof achieving the standards they have set, or as peopleobsessively tied to impossible goals or who measure theirvalue only in terms of productivity and success (3). Burns(3) argued that in such individuals, this drive would make itdifficult for them to reach their goals and actually harmtheir performance.Examining the literature, perfectionism, which isconsidered a one-dimensional concept originating from anindividual, has been observed over the years to possiblyhave positive aspects in addition to its negative aspects. Itsfeatures, defined as dual by a number of differentresearchers, are critical for a more detailed examination ofthe concept of perfectionism. Hamacheck (1978), studyingthe dual nature of perfectionism as normal and neuroticperfectionism, emerged as the first researcher to contributeto the literature on this particular phenomenon (15). Later,Rice, Ashby, and Slaney (31) divided perfectionism intotwo categories, harmonious and disharmonious. Accordingto Slade and Owens (32), who classify perfectionism on thebasis of its behavioral outcomes, the two types ofperfectionism, healthy and unhealthy, depend on the resultsof the individual's action.Perfectionism, originally considered a concept in whichonly individual-originated psychological processes areeffective, was later revealed by researchers to beinfluenced by interpersonal relationships as well. Frost,Marten, Lahart, and Rosenblate (1990), who work in this1253field, have argued that perfectionism is multidimensionaland that family relationships may be influential in guidingan individual’s behaviors (12). Hewitt and Flett (1991)carried out studies based on the multidimensionaldefinition of perfectionism and emphasized the importanceof the social environment in perfectionism (16). Theyconcluded that perfectionism not only affects interpersonalrelationships but is also itself affected by interpersonalrelationships.Burnout, the dependent variable in the present study, isdefined as “failure or exhaustion in the face of excessivedemands on energy, strength, or resources” (10). Theconcept of burnout, first studied by Freudenberger in the1970s, is a consequence of the changes that an intense workpace creates in an individual and others, and has beenexpressed as a process that affects an individual’sproductivity (11). In the following years, the concept ofburnout was defined by Maslach and Jackson (1981) as asyndrome of physical and mental dimensions involvingphysical exhaustion, long-term fatigue, and feelings ofhelplessness and hopelessness, as well as negative attitudestowards work, life, and others (27). In the field of sportspsychology, Raedeke and Smith (2001) proposed thatburnout is the physical and psychological cost incurred byindividuals as a result of prolonged and intensiveparticipation in an activity (30). According to Raedeke andSmith, the concept of burnout consists of threesubdimensions. These are: “reduced sense ofaccomplishment”, defined as an individual’s negativeattitude toward his/her ability to perform effectively withregard to his/her work; “emotional/physical exhaustion", astress-dependent variable; and "devaluation", in which anindividual develops a negative attitude and feelings towardhis/her work (30).According to the theory of negative-training stressresponse, which proposes that "more training is better,training should start early, and the professional athleteshould train year-round”, the consequence of focusing oncontinuous training and winning is overtraining followedby burnout (13). The concepts of overtraining and fatigue,not to be considered separately from burnout, are threats tothe athletes' peak performance goals. The concept ofovertraining, which represents a short cycle of traininglasting several days or weeks, in which athletes are exposedto excessive training at their maximum or near maximumcapacity, constitutes one of the causes of exhaustion (13).Considering the subdimensions of passivity andperfectionism, dimensions that can be harmonized areexpected to negatively predict burnout, while those thatcannot be harmonized are thought to positively predictburnout. In a study of 173 young male soccer players, theresults of which were similar to our expectations, anattempt was made to explain the predictive role ofsatisfaction of psychological needs with respect to therelationship between athletes' burnout and their dimensions

1254Examination of the Relationship between Passion, Perfectionism and Burnout in Athletesof passion. According to the results of the analysis, thenegative relationship between harmonious passion andburnout is explained by the satisfaction of psychologicalneeds at a high level, while a positive relationship was alsofound between obsessive passion and burnout (6). Inanother study investigating the effects of discernable stresson the relationship between perfectionism and burnout, thesample group consisted of coaches, who play a principalrole in athletics (34). As a result of the study conductedwith 177 coaches, perfectionism that could not beharmonized due to discernable stress was revealed to haveas much of a direct effect as an indirect effect on burnout.Regarding the the relationship between harmonizableperfectionism and burnout, no direct or indirect effectresulting from discernable stress was found (34).Presently, achieving the athletic success that requireshigh performance is possible because, in addition to takingadvantage of proper training programs, athletes arementally and emotionally healthy. “Passion”, consideredone of the most critical psychological factors in athletics,and "perfectionism" levels, which contribute to athletes’feelings about achieving maximum success, have beenfound to be important in determining the relationship with"burnout levels", themselves predicted to be a negativefactor in reaching goals set in the sports environment. Inthis context, it is believed that demonstrating the predictivepower of the level of passion for sports and theperfectionism of athletes with respect to burnout willrepresent a meaningful contribution to the literature.2. Materials and Methods2.1. Research ModelThis present research is a descriptive study followingthe relational screening model with the goal of examiningthe relationship between passion, perfectionism, andburnout in athletes. The relational screening model is aresearch model that enables determination of therelationship or the degree of relationship between two ormore variables (23).2.2. Study GroupA total of 267 athletes, located in various parts of Turkeyand competing in various branches of sport (basketball,football, athletics and wrestling) voluntarily participated inthe present study; 65 were women (mean age: 20.12 3.68years) and 202 were men (mean age: 20.2 4.04 years).The average age for starting sports for the female athleteswas 9.41 4.14, while the average for male athletes was8.66 4.19. The present study began with 267 participantsand was continued with data from 254 athletes followingthe removal of athlete data that affected normaldistribution.2.3. Data Collection ToolsA personal information form, the Passion Scale,Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale for Athletes andAthlete Burnout Measure were used for the athletesparticipating in this study.Passion Scale: The passion scale developed byVallerand et al. (35) has been adapted to Turkish, andvalidity and reliability studies have been tested on athletescompeting on athletic teams in universities located inAnkara, Turkey. The scale, composed of the twosubdimensions of harmonious and obsessive passion,consists of 16 items in total, with 6 items each to determinelevels of harmonious and obsessive passion, and 4 items todetermine the level of passion. The passion scale is a7-point Likert-type self-assessment scale (35). In thereliability study conducted by Kelecek (25), the internalconsistency coefficient of obsessive passion was .78 andthat of harmonious passion was .83. The Cronbach alphavalues calculated for the present study were .77 and .84 forobsessive passion and harmonious passion, respectivelyThese values indicate that this measuring tool is suitablefor use with this sample group. Subscale scores forharmonious and obsessive passion were included in theanalysis, and the 4 subitems that measure passion were nottaken into consideration.Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale for Athletes:The sports-specific Multidimensional Perfectionism Scalefor Athletes, developed by Dunn, Causgrove-Dunn, andSyrotuik (9) and adapted to Turkish by Çepikkurt (7), wasused to determine the athletes’ levels of perfectionism. Thescale consists of a total of 19 items, with the 3subdimensions of Concern over mistakes, perceivedparental pressure, and personal standards subdimensions.The subscale of Concern over mistakes is comprised of 7items while personal standards and perceived parentalpressure are each evaluated with 6 items. The scale is a5-point Likert-type self-assessment scale. In the reliabilitystudy conducted by Çepikkurt (2011), the internalconsistency coefficients for concern over mistakes,personal standards, and perceived parental pressurewere .76, .76, and .77, respectively (7). The Cronbach’salpha values calculated for the present study were .80 forconcern over mistakes, .78 for personal standards, and .84for perceived parental pressure. The Cronbach’s alphavalues obtained indicate that this tool can be used toevaluate the sample group in the current study.Athlete Burnout Measure: The Athlete BurnoutMeasure developed by Raedeke and Smith (30) andadapted to Turkish by Kelecek et al. (24) consists of threesubdimensions, reduced sense of accomplishment,emotional/physical exhaustion, and devaluation, with 5items each, for a total of 15 items. The internal consistencycoefficients for the 5-point Likert-type scale were .84 for

Universal Journal of Educational Research 6(6): 1252-1259, hysical exhaustion, and .87 for devaluation(24). In the present study, the Cronbach’s alpha valueswere .67 for reduced sense of accomplishment, .87 foremotional/physical exhaustion, and .81 for devaluation.The subscale reliability coefficients of the Passion Scale,Sports-Specific Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, andAthlete Burnout Scale used for data collection in thepresent study are reliable and highly consistent when thecriteria specified by Kalaycı (22) are taken into account.2.4. Analysis of DataPearson product-moment correlation analysis wasapplied to show the relation between the passion,perfectionism, and burnout scores of the athletesparticipating in the study. Multiple linear regressionanalysis was employed in order to determine to what extentathletes' passion and perfectionism scores predicted theburnout that they experienced. In the regression analysis,the subscales of passion and perfectionism wereindependent variables, while the burnout subscales weredependent. The “Enter” method was used for variableselection, with a margin of error of .05.12553. ResultsValues for skewness and kurtosis of the data are shownin Table 1, to determine whether the data in the presentstudy are normally distributed.Examining the values for skewness and kurtosis shownin Table 1, the values are observed to be within the limits ofacceptability. Taking into account the criteria thatskewness values should fall between 1 and -1 and kurtosisvalues between 2 and -2, the values obtained for allsubscales are shown to be within the desired range, and thedata exhibit normal distribution (20).Prior to performing multiple linear regression analysis,the data obtained from the sample group was checked toascertain that the premises of regression analysis werefulfilled (22). The multicollinearity between independentvariables from the regression analysis quantities was testedusing the Pearson product-moment correlation analysismethod. Multiple linear regression analysis was performedafter the results of the correlation analysis were obtained.The results of correlation analysis showing therelationship between the passion and perfectionismsubscales, which are independent variables, and burnoutsubscales, the dependent variables, are presented in Table2.Table 1. Normality Test Results for the sample group participating in the studyScalenSSSkewnessKurtosisHarmonious passion2545,261,17-.423-.456Obsessive passion2544.541.23-.180-.400Concern over mistakes2543.02.90.011-.487Perceived parental pressure2543.251.05-.155-.866Personal standards2543.83.84-.602-.314Reduced sense of accomplishment2542.93.85.374.063Emotional/physical 08.700-.304Table 2. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Analysis Results Concerning the Relationship between the Scores from the Passion and Sports-specificMultidimensional Perfectionism and Athlete Burnout ScalesVariablesHPOPCOMPPPPSRSAEPEHarmonious Passion (HP)Obsessive Passion (OP)Concern Over Mistakes(COM)Perceived Parental Pressure(PPP)Personal Standards (PS)Reduced Sense ofAccomplishment (RSA)Emotional/ PhysicalExhaustion (EPE)Devaluation (D)*p 795**D

1256Examination of the Relationship between Passion, Perfectionism and Burnout in AthletesThe results of the analysis revealed that there was a weakbut significantly positive correlation between the“harmonious passion” subdimension of the passion scaleand the “personal standards” subdimension of thesport-specific multidimensional perfectionism scale (r .29; p .01). Similar relationships were observedbetween the “obsessive passion” subdimension of thepassion scale and the “concern over mistakes” and“personal standards” subdimensions of the sport-specificmultidimensional perfectionism scale [(r .13; p .05)( r .20; p .01), respectively]. These findings indicate thatthere are no multiple

1254 Examination of the Relationship between Passion, Perfec tionism and Burnout in Athletes . of passion. According to the results of the analysis, the negative relationship between harmonious passion and burnout is explained by the satisfaction of psychological

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