U.s. Department Of Energy Radiological Control Manual
DOE/EH-0256TRevision 1u.s. Department of EnergyRadiological ControlManualu.s.Department of EnergyAssistant Secretary for Environment,Safety and HealthWashington, D.C. 20585April 1994
April 1994DOE RADIOLOGICAL CONTROL MANUALRadiological Health and Safety PolicyDEPARTMENT OF ENERGYRadiological Health and Safety PolicyIt is the policy of DOE to conduct its radiological operations in a mannerthat ensures the health and safety of all its employees, contractors, and thegeneral public. In achieving this objective, DOE shall ensure that radiationexposures to its workers and the public and releases of radioactivity to theenvironment are maintained below regulatory limits and deliberate efforts aretaken to further reduce exposures and releases in accordance with a processthat seeks to make any such exposures or releases as low as reasonablyachievable. The DOE is fully committed to implementing a radiological controlprogram of the highest quality that consistently reflects this policy.In meeting this policy, DOE shall:1.Establish and maintain a system of regulatory policy and guidancereflective of national and international radiation protection standardsand recommendations. The Assistant Secretary for Environment, Safetyand Health (or the Director, Naval Reactors, for that program) hasresponsibility for promulgating and maintaining policies, standards, andgUidance related to radiological protection. Departmental radiologicalprotection requirements are, at a minimum, consistent with thePresidentially approved Radiation Protection Guidance to FederalAgencies developed byithe Environmental Protection Agency in accordancewith its mandated Federal guidance responsibilities. Departmentalrequirements often are more stringent and reflect, as appropriate,recommendations and guidance from various national and internationalstandards-setting and scientific organizations, including theInternational Commission on Radiological Protection, the NationalCouncil on Radiation Protection and Measurements, the American NationalStandards Institute, and others. The DOE requirements related toradiological protection will be set forth, as appropriate, in rules andDOE Orders, and guidance documents will be issued on acceptable means toimplement these requirements.2.Ensure personnel responsible for performingare appropriately trained. Standards shalltechnical competency of the DOE work force,implementation of standardized and mandateddevelopment programs.radiological work activitiesbe established to ensure theas appropriate, throughradiological training and
April 1994DOE RADIOLOGICAL CONTROL MANUALRadiological Health and Safety Policy3.Ensure the technical competence of personnel responsible forimplementing and overseeing the Radiological Controls Program. Anappropriate level of technical competence gained through edu.cation,experience, and job-related technical and professional training is acritical component for achieving the goals of the Department'sradiological control policy. Qualification requirements commensuratewith this objective shall be established for technical and prdfessionalradiological control program positions and shall, at a minimum, beconsistent with applicable industry standards and promote professionaldevelopment and excellence in radiological performance.4.Establish and maintain, from the lowest to the highest levels, linemanagement involvement and accountability for departmental radiologicalperformance. The responsibility for compliance with DOE radiologicalprotection requirements, and for minimizing personnel radiationexposure, starts at the worker level and broadens as it progressesupward through the line organization. The Department's line managersare fully responsible for radiological performance within their programsand the field activities and sites assigned to them, and shall takenecessary actions to ensure requirements are implemented and performanceis monitored and corrected as necessary.5.Ensure radiological measurements, analyses, worker monitoring resultsand estimates of public exposures are accurate and appropriately made.The capability to accurately measure and analyze radioactive materialsand workplace conditions, and determine personnel radiation exposure, isfundamental to the safe conduct of radiological operations. Policy,guidance, and quality control programs shall be directed towardsensuring such measurements are appropriate, accurate, and based uponsound technical practices.6.Conduct radiological operations in a manner that controls the spread ofradioactive materials and reduces exposure to the work force and thegeneral public and that utilizes a process that seeks exposure levels aslow as reasonably achievable. Radiological operations and activitiesshall be preplanned to allow for the effective implementation of doseand contamination reduction and control measures. Operations andactivities shall be performed in accordance with DOE conduct ofoperations requirements and shall include reasonable controls directedtowards reducing exposure, preventing the spread of radiologicalcontamination, and minimizing the generation of contaminated wastes andthe release of effluents.ii
DOE RADIOLOGICAL CONTROL MANUAL,April 1994Radiological Health and Safety Policy7.Incorporate dose reduction, contamination reduction, and wasteminimization features into the design of new facilities and significantmodifications to existing facilities in the earliest planning stages.Wherever possible, facility design features shall be directed towardscontrolling contamination at the source, eliminating airborneradioactivity, maintaining personnel exposure and effluent releasesbelow regulatory limits and utilizing a process that seeks exposurelevels and releases as low as reasonably achievable. Radiologicaldesign criteria shall reflect appropriate consensus recommendations ofnational and international standards setting groups.8.Conduct oversight to ensure departmental requirements are being compliedwith and appropriate radiological work practices are being implemented.All departmental elements shall conduct their radiological operations in amanner consistent with the above policies and objectives.;ii
DOE RADIOLOGICAL CONTROL MANUALApril 1994Table of ContentsDOE RADIOLOGICAL HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICYCHAPTER 1 EXCELLENCE IN RADIOLOGICAL CONTROLPARTPARTPARTPARTPART12345Department of Energy (DOE) Radiological Control ManualLeadership in Radiological ControlImproving Radiological PerformanceContractor Radiological Control OrganizationDOE ManagementCHAPTER 2 RADIOLOGICAL STANDARDSPART 1 Administrative Control Levels and Dose LimitsPART 2 Contamination Control and Control LevelsPART 3 PostingCHAPTER 3 CONDUCT OF RADIOLOGICAL WORKPARTPARTPARTPARTPARTPARTPART1234567Planning Radiological WorkWork PreparationEntry and Exit RequirementsRadiological Work ControlsEvaluation of PerformanceSpecial ApplicationsConstruction and Restoration ProjectsCHAPTER 4 RADIOACTIVE MATERIALSPARTPARTPARTPARTPARTPART123456Radioactive Material Identification, Storage and ControlRelease and Transportation of Radioactive MaterialRadioactive Source ControlsSolid Radioactive Waste ManagementControl of Radioactive Liquids and Airborne RadioactivitySupport ActivitiesCHAPTER 5 RADIOLOGICAL HEALTH SUPPORT OPERATIONSPARTPARTPARTPARTPARTPART123456External DosimetryInternal DosimetryRespiratory Protection ProgramHandling Radiologically Contaminated PersonnelRadiological Monitoring and SurveysInstrumentation and Calibrationv
DOE RADIOLOGICAL CONTROL MANUALApril 1994Table of ContentsCHAPTER 6 TRAINING AND QUALIFICATIONPARTPARTPARTPARTPARTPART1 General Requirements2 General Employee Radiological TrainingRadiological Worker TrainingRadiological Control Technician Qualification5 Other Radiological Training6 Training For Special Applications34CHAPTER 7 RADIOLOGICAL ts2 Employee Records3 Visitors4 Radiological Control Procedures5 Radiological Surveys6Instrumentation and Calibration Records7 Records Management8 Radiological 2-43-14-16-1Suggested Radiological Performance IndicatorsSummary of Dose LimitsSummary of Contamination ValuesCriteria for Posting Radiation AreasCriteria for Posting Contamination, High Contamination and AirborneRadioactivity AreasGuidelines for Selecting Protective Clothing (PC)Labeling Requirements for Radioactive MaterialsRadiological Worker Entry Training RequirementsFIGUREI2-1Establishing Posted Areasvi
April 1994DOE RADIOLOGICAL CONTROL MANUALChapter 1Excellence in Radiological ControlCHAPTER 1 EXCELLENCE IN RADIOLOGICAL CONTROLTABLE OF CONTENTSPageArticlePART 1 Department of Energy (DOE) Radiological Control Manual111112113114115116Radiological Control Policy . . .Manual Applicability and ControlCompliance.Site-Specific Manual.Application of Requirements.User Groups . . . . . . . . . . .1-31-41-61-71-81-8PART 2 Leadership in Radiological Control121122123124125126127128Senior Management Commitment.Worker Attitude.Worker Responsibilities.Radiation and Risk Communications .Conduct of Radiological Operations . . .Improving Worker Awareness of RadiologicalConditions.Crit i ques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Facility Modifications and RadiologicalDesign T 3 Improving Radiological Performance131132133134135136137138Radiological Performance GoalsManagement of RadiologicalPerformance Goals.Radiological Performance ReportsAssessments . . . .Workplace AwarenessInternal ExposuresNeutron Exposures .ALARA Committee . .1-11-191-191-201-221-221-231-241-24
DOE RADIOLOGICAL CONTROL MANUALApril 1994Excellence in Radiological ControlChapter 1ArticlePagePART 4 Contractor Radiological Control Organization141142143144145Radiological Control Organization . . . . .Radiological Control Manager Qualifications.Radiological Control Organization.Functions and StaffingRelationship Between Radiological ControlTechnicians and Workers.Marginal Radiological Control Performance1-251-251-261-261-27PART 5 DOE Management151152153154155156Program Office.Operations Offices and Applicable Field OfficesDepartment Policy.Departmental Independent Radiological ControlPerformance Oversight.Radiological Control Coordinating CommitteeDOE Employees in the Workplace.1-281-281-28Suggested Radiological Performance Indicators .1-21Last Page1-301-291-291-30Table1-11-2
April 1994DOE RADIOLOGICAL CONTROL MANUALChapter 1Excellence in Radiological ControlPART 1 Department of Energy (DOE) Radiological Control ManualIII Radiological Control PolicyA key element of the Radiation Protection Guidance to the Federal Agencies forOccupational Exposure approved by President Reagan on January 20, 1987, and afundamental principle underlying this Manual is:"There should not be any occupational exposure of workers toionizing radiation without the expectation of an overall benefitfrom the activity causing the exposure."The Department of Energy is firmly committed to having a Radiological ControlProgram of the highest quality. This applies to those DOE activities thatmanage radiation and radioactive materials and that may potentially result inradiation exposure to workers, the public and the environment.The Department of Energy Radiological Control Policy shown below summarizesthe elements of the Department of Energy Radiological Health and Safety Policyand is intended to guide the actions of every person involved in radiologicalwork throughout the Department.DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY RADIOLOGICAL CONTROL POLICYALARAPersonal radiation exposure shall be maintained As-Low-As-ReasonablyAchievable (ALARA).Radiation exposure of the work force and public shall be controlled suchthat radiation exposures are well below regulatory limits and that there isno radiation exposure without commensurate benefit.OWNERSHIPEach person involved in radiological work is expected to demonstrateresponsibility and accountability through an informed, disciplined andcautious attitude toward radiation and radioactivity.EXCELLENCEExcellent performance is evident when radiation exposures are maintainedwell below regulatory limits, contamination is minimal, radioactivity iswell controlled and radiological spills or uncontrolled releases areprevented.Continuinim rovement is essential to excellence in radiological control.1-3
April 1994DOE RADIOLOGICAL CONTROL MANUALExcellence in Radiological ControlChapter 1112 Manual Applicability and ControlThis Manual establishes practices for the conduct of Department of Energyradiological control activities. The Manual states DOE's positions and viewson the best courses of action currently available in the area of radiologicalcontrols. Accordingly, the provisions in the Manual should be viewed bycontractors as an acceptable technique, method or solution for fulfillingtheir duties and responsibilities. This Manual shall be used by DOE inevaluating the performance of its contractors.The Manual is not a substitute for Regulations; it is intended to beconsistent with all relevant statutory and regulatory requirements and shallbe revised whenever necessary to ensure such consistency. Some of the Manualprovisions, however, challenge the user to go well beyond minimumrequirements. Following the course of action delineated in the Manual willresult in achieving and surpassing related statutory or regulatoryrequirements.1.I 2.The provisions of this Manual apply to DOE or DOE-funded activitiesperformed at DOE sites or facilities, where radiation or radioactivematerial is present or being used.The provisions of this Manual also apply in those cases wherecontractors or subcontractors are used to conduct DOE-fundedradiological activities at non-DOE sites or facilities, and suchorganizations do not possess one of the following:a.A U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) licenseb.An Agreement State licensec.An appropriate state license, registration, or certification witha documented radiation protection program, plan, and procedureswhich provide a level of protection equivalent to that required byDOE, NRC or other appropriate Federal standards.The lead Secretarial Officer and the Office of Environment, Safety andHealth shall be included in the review and concurrence process in thesesituations. In those cases at non-DOE sites or facilities where aspecific radiological activity is being conducted pursuant to an NRC orAgreement State license, or appropriate state license, registration, orcertification, the provisions of this Manual are not binding to thatactivity.3.The provisions of this Manual are not binding upon activities at DOEsites that are mandated by legislation to be performed pursuant to anNRC license including activities certified by the NRC under section 1701of the Atomic Energy Act.1-4
April 1994DOE RADIOLOGICAL CONTROL MANUALExcellence in Radiological ControlChapter 14.This Manual is a living document. DOE intends to review and updateprovisions on a periodic basis to incorporate lessons learned andsuggestions for improvement. The Assistant Secretary for Environment,Safety and Health is responsible for this task. Recommendations tocorrect or improve this Manual are encouraged and 1 should be sent to theRadiological Control Program Advisor (Article 151 ) of the SecretarialOfficer responsible for the affected work activity. Information copiesshould also be sent to the other members of the Radiological ControlCoordinating Committee (Article 153). The Secretarial Officer willtransmit such recommendations to the Office of Environment, Safety andHealth for consideration. The recommended wording of the change, aswell as the basis and justification for the change, should be included.5.The Department of Energy intends to incorporate by reference theprovisions in this Manual into contracts or regulatory plans, asappropriate. These incorporated provisions shall be enforceablepursuant to the contract or underlying regulations. No exception to orinterpretation of an incorporated provision shall be provided pursuantto the contract. When incorporating a provision, DOE shall approve animplementation plan that includes a compliance schedule. It is expectedthat implementation of this Manual will occur in a phased manner over aperiod of time consistent with the schedules and resources identified inthe DOE-approved implementation plan.6.This Manual shall be kept current and should be entered into thecontractor document control system. The Office of Environment, Safetyand Health shall ensure that a current version of this Manual ismaintained on the DOE Safety Performance Measurement System (SPMS).7.The provisions of this Manual do not apply to facilities and activitiesof the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program, which are separately coveredunder Executive Order 12344 (42 U.S.C 7158, note) and patientsundergoing medical treatment at a DOE or DOE-funded facility.The term "Article" is used to reference portions or sections of thisdocument. For ease of communications, portions of this document shouldbe referred to as Articles. For example, the appropriate reference tothe Article containing this footnote is Article 112.3.1-5
DOE RADIOLOGICAL CONTROL MANUALApril 1994Excellence in Radiological Control113Chapter 1Compliance1.This Manual sets forth DOE's views on the proper course of action in thearea of radiological control within the scope of DOE sponsoredactivities. If a user fully implements a provision, the user will havecomplied with, and most likely exceeded, any related statutory,regulatory, or contractual requirement. When incorporated intocontracts, the provisions of the Manual are binding requirements. Thewords "shall" and "should" have the meaning below when a provision isincorporated into a contract.2.The word "shall" identifies those elements and requirements that havebeen considered and found by DOE to be mandatory unless prior approvalof an alternative approach is obtained from DOE Headquarters. If acontractor wishes to implement an alternative approach, the contractorshall submit the suggested alternative approach to the lead SecretarialOfficer for review. Prior to final approval by the lead SecretarialOfficer, other affected Secretarial Officers and the Office ofEnvironment, Safety and Health shall concur on the suggested alternativeapproach. The submittal shall contain the description of thealternative approach, the technical rationale and basis, the suggestedwording and justification that the alternative will achieve equal orimproved performance employing equal or better techniques, solutions ormethods.3.The word "should" means the contractor has the responsibility of eitherfollowing the provision or demonstrating technical equivalency by analternative solution. The use of "should" recognizes that there may besite- or facility-specific attributes that warrant special treatment andthat literal compliance with the elements and requirements of theprovision may not achieve the desired level of radiological controlperformance. In those cases where a contractor decides to follow analternative technique, approach or method in lieu of the "should"provision, the following actions are required: The alternative solution shall be documented, with supportingtechnical basis, analysis and justification to demonstratetechnical equivalency. Prior to implementation, the approval of the Radiological ControlManager and the contractor's senior line manager responsible foroperations shall be required. DOE approval is not required norexpected. The documented justification, including the required approvals,shall be readily retrievable for review and audit by DOE.1-6
April 1994DOE RADIOLOGICAL CONTROL MANUALChapter 1Excellence in Radiological Control 114At the conclusion of each calendar year each contractor shallprovide to the DOE Operations Office Manager and the leadSecretarial Officer a tabulation of all such equivalencydeterminations approved within the past 12 months.
CHAPTER 1 EXCELLENCE IN RADIOLOGICAL CONTROL PART 1 Department of Energy (DOE) Radiological Control Manual . PART 1 External Dosimetry PART 2 Internal Dosimetry . PART 5 Radiological Monitoring and Surveys PART 6 Instrumentation and Calibration v April 1994. DOE RADIOLOGICAL CONTROL MANUAL Table of Contents CHAPTER 6 TRAINING AND .
Independent Personal Pronouns Personal Pronouns in Hebrew Person, Gender, Number Singular Person, Gender, Number Plural 3ms (he, it) א ִוה 3mp (they) Sֵה ,הַָּ֫ ֵה 3fs (she, it) א O ה 3fp (they) Uֵה , הַָּ֫ ֵה 2ms (you) הָּ תַא2mp (you all) Sֶּ תַא 2fs (you) ְ תַא 2fp (you
on work, power and energy]. (iv)Different types of energy (e.g., chemical energy, Mechanical energy, heat energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy, sound energy, light energy). Mechanical energy: potential energy U mgh (derivation included ) gravitational PE, examples; kinetic energy
Forms of energy include radiant energy from the sun, chemical energy from the food you eat, and electrical energy from the outlets in your home. All these forms of energy may be used or stored. Energy that is stored is called potential energy. Energy that is being used for motion is called kinetic energy. All types of energy are measured in joules.
32 Renewable Energy 33 References To learn more about DOE programs in energy efficiency and renewable energy, visit the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's web site at www.eere.energy.gov "High energy costs can really pinch American families. While the Department of Energy is working hard to develop new technologies to
reduces Kinetic Energy and increase Potential Energy A: The energy is stored as potential energy. PE is like your saving account. Potential energy gain (mg h) during the rising part. We can get that energy back as kinetic E if the ball falls back off. During falling, Kinetic Energy will increase mg h. Potential energy will reduce mg h.
Energy is often defined as the ability to do work. Pair up and list as many forms of energy as you can. Electrical. Chemical. Nuclear. Magnetic. Elastic. Sound. Gravitational energy. Kinetic energy (energy of motion). Thermal energy (heat energy). Potential energy. Potential energy
kinetic energy and potential energy as the ball moves. The bars in the figure show that the ball's total energy does not change. The Law of Conservation of Energy The total energy in the universe is the sum of all the different forms of energy everywhere. According to the law of conservation of energy, energy can be transformed from one
changes to thermal energy. Thermal energy causes the lamp's bulb to become warm to the touch. Using Thermal Energy All forms of energy can be changed into thermal energy. Recall that thermal energy is the energy due to the motion of particles that make up an object. People often use thermal energy to provide warmth or cook food. An electric space
