N U T R It O N & F O F S Ournal Of Nutrition Food Sciences .

2y ago
17 Views
2 Downloads
491.44 KB
6 Pages
Last View : 19d ago
Last Download : 2m ago
Upload by : Gannon Casey
Transcription

nJour al of NciencesdSition & FooutrJournal of Nutrition & Food SciencesMahajani abd Bhatnagar, J Nutr Food Sci 2015, S3DOI: 10.4172/2155-9600.S3-001ISSN: 2155-9600Research ArticleOpen AccessComparative Study of Prevalence of Anaemia in Vegetarian and NonVegetarian Women of Udaipur City, RajasthanKamla Mahajani* and Vibha BhatnagarDepartment of Foods and Nutrition, College of Home Science MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan, IndiaAbstractThe study was undertaken in Udaipur city, Rajasthan to compare the severity and prevalence of anaemiabetween 30 vegetarian and 30 non vegetarian women aged 20-40 years. Anthropometric measurements, dietarysurvey and haemoglobin estimation was done by the standard techniques. Results show that there was a highlysignificant difference (p 0.01) in the BMI of vegetarian and non-vegetarian group. Mean haemoglobin level of nonvegetarian was higher (12.07 1.08 g/dl) than the vegetarian group (10.09 0.95 g/dl). Forty percent vegetarianswere having moderate anaemia, 60 percent were mild anaemic whereas 46.66 percent non vegetarian respondentswere in normal category. A significant difference (p 0.01) was found in intake of green leafy vegetable, fats and oiland sugar. No significance was noted in the intake of pulses, other vegetable and milk and milk products. Intake ofenergy, protein, fat and iron was higher in non-vegetarian group.Keywords: Adult women; Anaemia; Dietary intake; Haemoglobin;BMIof anemia among vegetarian and non-vegetarian women in Udaipurcity, Rajasthan, India.IntroductionMaterial and MethodsAnaemia is an important health issue throughout the world withthe highest prevalence rate being seen in developing countries. It is themost prevalent nutritional deficiency disease worldwide and is oftenmost commonly found in children and women of child-bearing age [1].The study was carried out in the municipal limits of Udaipurcity, district Udaipur, Rajasthan. Sixty women aged 25-40 years werepurposively selected. Among the respondents, 30 were self-reportedvegetarians and 30 were self-reported non-vegetarians.According to World Health Organization (WHO), the globalprevalence of anaemia is 24.8%, which means about 1.62 billion peopleworldwide. It is noted that the highest prevalence is in preschool agechildren (47.4%), while the lowest prevalence is in men (12.7%). Theprevalence rates for pregnant women and non- pregnant women are41.8% and 30.2%, respectively; however, among different populationgroups, the greatest number of individuals affected by anemia belongsto non-pregnant women, 468.4 million [2].Excluded from the study were women who smoked, were pregnant,took vitamin or mineral supplements, or took any medications(including oral contraceptives). An Interview schedule was developedand administered to collect the information regarding personalparticulars. Data pertaining to the anthropometric measurementsand blood haemoglobin levels of respondents were assessed usingstandardized techniques. Twenty four hours recall method was usedto assess the dietary adequacy of the respondents and daily intake ofvarious nutrients was calculated using food composition tables [7] andwas compared with respective RDA suggested by ICMR, 2010.Anaemia in women-especially among non-pregnant women incentral, northern and western Africa, central Asia and the Middle Eastand among pregnant women in southern Africa and southern Asia-is aparticularly persistent problem [3].The prevalence of anemia in Indian has been reported amongfemales was 70.1%, which included 48.7% mild, 19.9% moderate and1.5% severe anemia cases [4].Overall health status of a person is judged on level of haemoglobinof a person. The high prevalence of anemia among women in India is aserious health hazards for them, for their families, and for the economicdevelopment and productivity of the country [5].Dietary factors play an important role in the development of irondeficiency. The dietary factors of greatest influence over one’s ironstatus include the form of iron consumed and any factors affecting itsbioavailability.Vegetarianism has become increasingly popular among peopleincluding adolescents in current years perhaps because this diet isbelieved to offer health benefits. Nevertheless, there are still justifiedconcerns about some critical nutrients whose lack may cause seriousnutritional deficiencies, especially as diverse groups of womenmay have very different motivation to follow a vegetarian diet, [6].Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the prevalenceJ Nutr Food SciResults and DiscussionBackground informationThe information gathered from individual respondents on theirpersonal particulars including age, educational level, religion, caste andfamily type have been suitably classified to depict a clear picture of therespondents in the study.Age: Age of each respondent was recorded and it was rangingbetween 20-40 years. Table 1 show that 60 percent vegetarian*Corresponding author: Kamla Mahajani, Department of Foods and Nutrition, Collegeof Home Science MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India, Tel: 8426080525/9461380509;E-mail: niks.mahajani666@gmail.com, vibhasuresh@gmail.comReceived June 19, 2015; Accepted June 24, 2015; Published June 29, 2015Citation: Mahajani K, Bhatnagar V (2015) Comparative Study of Prevalence ofAnaemia in Vegetarian and Non Vegetarian Women of Udaipur City, Rajasthan. JNutr Food Sci S3: 001. doi:10.4172/2155-9600.S3-001Copyright: 2015 Mahajani K, et al. This is an open-access article distributedunder the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permitsunrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided theoriginal author and source are credited.Importance of food safety in theglobalised marketsISSN: 2155-9600 JNFS, an open access journal

Citation: Mahajani K, Bhatnagar V (2015) Comparative Study of Prevalence of Anaemia in Vegetarian and Non Vegetarian Women of Udaipur City,Rajasthan. J Nutr Food Sci S3: 001. doi:10.4172/2155-9600.S3-001Page 2 of 6respondents were in the age group of 31-40 years while 40 percent werein the age group of 20-30 years. In the non-vegetarian group also 31-40year respondents were highest (76.66%) while 23.24 percent were in theage of 20-30 years.Education: Education at the time of the study as evident fromTable 1 indicated that in vegetarian group 33.33 percent and 30percent respondents were graduate and post graduate respectively,whereas more than 13 percent respondents were illiterate. Whilein the non-vegetarian group only 26.66 percent respondents weregraduated. Majority 36.66 percent of illiteracy was found in nonvegetarian group.Type of family: Type of family was assessed in the term of joint andnuclear family. Seventy percent vegetarian respondents belonged tonuclear family. Among the non-vegetarian respondents 63.34 percentwere belonged to join and 36.66 percent respondent were nuclear.Religion: Perusal of Table 1 depicts that in each group 100 percentrespondents were Hindu and 100 percent were Muslim.Caste: Information of caste system revealed that all respondentbelonged to the other backward caste in the non-vegetarian group.While majority 76.66 percent respondent in vegetarian group were ingeneral caste. Further 10 percent and 13.34 percent were from otherbackward class and schedule caste respectively.Anthropometric profileThe field of anthropometry encompasses a variety of human bodymeasurements, such as weight, height and BMI. Anthropometry is akey component of nutritional status assessment in children and adults.Anthropometric measurement serves as a good indicator of past andpresent nutritional status of an individual. Table 2 depicts the mean SD height of vegetarian respondent was 159.66 3.09 cm and weightwas 66.4 6.84 kg while mean height of non-vegetarian respondentswas 161.06 3.16 cm and weight 72.4 8.11 kg.Statically analysis of data revealed a significant difference (P 0.05)between the weight of vegetarian and non-vegetarian respondents.Mean SD of BMI of non-vegetarian respondents was high (28.28 2.97 kg/m2) compared to mean BMI (25.66 3.67 kg/m2) of vegetariangroup.Investigation found that BMI was highest in meat eaters, lowest invegans, and intermediate in fish eaters [8]. Similar finding was reportedby Khanna, et al. [9] who conducted a study among women (20-30years) from India. Results shows that body fat was significantly higheramong lacto vegetarians (27.2 4.2%) than non- vegetarians (24.3 4.0%) and ovolacto vegetarians (23.1 1.92%) (Figure 1).Statistical analysis of data depicts that there is highly significantdifference (p 0.01) in BMI of vegetarian group and non-vegetariangroup. Figure 1 shows present distribution of respondents in view ofBMI. Majority (60%) of non-vegetarian respondents were in obese Icategory. Thirty percent were in obese II category and 30 percent werein normal range. Higher risk of obesity was found in non-vegetariangroup as compared to the vegetarian group.The results of present study are in line with the observations byNewby who reported that the prevalence of overweight in womenor obesity (BMI 25) was 40 percent among omnivores 29 percentamong both semi vegetarian and vegan, and 25 percent among lactovegetarian. Brathwaite et al, [10] reported from those vegetarians havelower BMI and/or a lower rate of obesity.J Nutr Food SciHaemoglobin statusHaemoglobin determination is regarded as a screening indexuseful in defining various degrees of iron deficiency anaemia. It hasbeen recommended that anaemia may be diagnosed carefully andconfidently when the haemoglobin concentration is lower than the levelconsidered normal for the person’s age and sex therefore, the measureof haemoglobin in circulating blood is one of the best laboratory testsfor screening of anaemia.Results of haemoglobin status in Table 3 revealed that mean SDof non-vegetarian group was higher (12.07 1.08 g/dl) than vegetariangroup (10.09 0.95 g/dl). Statically higher (p 0.01)difference wasfound. This could be consumption of iron rich foods such as meat,poultry, pulses, and dried fruits etc. Non-heme iron absorption may beimproved by vitamin-C or an acid diet but not by and alkaline diet orhigh fibre diet, both of which exist in vegetarian diets [11].It is evident from Figure 2 that out of 60 respondents majority(60%) vegetarian respondents were mild anaemic while 40 percentmoderate anaemic. Whereas in the non-vegetarian group the 46.66 innormal and mild anaemic category.According to NFHS III data the prevalence of anaemia amongmarried women aged 15-40 year in Orissa was 62.8 percent.Similar study conducted by Sharma [12] reported that haemoglobinlevel is non-vegetarian obese women was high (12.35 1.083 g/dl) thanvegetarian (9.036 1.002 g/dl) obese women.Similar finding were reported by Sharma and Nagar [13] whereprevalence of anaemia was found to be 61 percent out of 100 subject,22 percent were mild anaemic.S.No. ParticularsVegetarian (n 30)Non vegetarians (n te13.33 (4)36.66(11)Secondary10 (3)13.34(4)Senior Post Graduate30 (9)Age (years)1Education2Type of Family3Nuclear70 (21)36.66 (11)Joint30 (9)63.34(19)Religion4Hindu100 (30)Muslim100 (30)Caste5General76.66(23)OBC10 (3)SC13.34 (4)100(30)Values in parenthesis represent number of respondentsTable 1: Percentage distribution of respondents in view of background information.Anthropometric Non vegetarian (n 30) Vegetarians (n 30)measurements MeanSDMeanSDP valueHeight 90.045*BMI(kg/m2)28.28325.663.70.000**** Significant at 1% (p 0.01).* Significant at 5% (p 0.05). NS: Non SignificantTable 2: Mean SD value of anthropometric measurements.Importance of food safety in theglobalised marketsISSN: 2155-9600 JNFS, an open access journal

Citation: Mahajani K, Bhatnagar V (2015) Comparative Study of Prevalence of Anaemia in Vegetarian and Non Vegetarian Women of Udaipur City,Rajasthan. J Nutr Food Sci S3: 001. doi:10.4172/2155-9600.S3-001Page 3 of 64 depicts that 2 percent vegetarians and non-vegetarians respondentswere consuming other vegetable seasonally, because less availability ofthese vegetable in local market. But it was consumed alternate day ina season.Roots and tubers: Among roots and tubers garlic, onion, carrot,raddish etc. are the one which are consumed all over the world. In studygroup it was found that 100 percent non-vegetarians respondents wereconsuming onion and garlic daily. Whereas vegetarian respondentcomparatively consuming less 76.66 percent every day.Figure 1: Percentage distribution of respondents in view of BMI.Haemoglobinlevel (g/dl)Vegetariangroup (n 30)Non vegetariangroup (n 30)Mean SD10.09 0.9512.07 1.08Range11-Aug9-13.6Normal Hb levelP value(g/dl) 120.001**** Significant at 1% (p 0.01).Table 3: Mean SD values of blood Haemoglobin levels of the respondents.Milk and products: This group covers liquid, milk, powder, curd,butter milk; milk is not only a source of good quality protein but also ofcalcium and riboflavin beside some other nutrients. Results reveal thatmore than 83 percent vegetarian responds were consuming butter milkand curd every day. While 16.66 percent were consuming it weekly.Consumption of milk and product every day highest was 93.34 percentnon vegetarian group.Fats and oils: The fats are concentrated source of energy providing9 kcal/g. The visible fats commonly consumed in India are butter ghee,hydrogenated oil and various oils. Result revealed that 100 percentrespondents of both group were consuming oil every day.Bedfore and Barr [8] conducted a study in British Columbia (BC)on women aged 19-84 years, results showed that vegetarians consumedmore total grain, fruit, total dairy and milk, and less discretionaryfat than non-vegetarians. In addition, they consumed twice as muchwhole grain and legumes as non-vegetarians. There was no differencein total vegetable intake between the vegetarians and non-vegetarians;however, there was a difference in distribution of vegetable typebetween the groups. The vegetarians ate more dark green vegetables,while the non-vegetarians ate more potatoes.Figure 2: Percentage distribution of the respondents by grades of anaemia.Food frequency methodThe frequency of intake was recorded in terms of their frequencylike twice a day, alternate day, weekly etc. and food stuffs have beencategorized like cereals, pluses, vegetables, milk and milk product s etc.Cereals: The major cereals in India are rice, wheat, maize, bajra etc.These grains are main source of energy. Table 4 depicts that 100 percent ofrespondents in both groups where consuming creates in a day.Pluses: Pulses are consumed both in whole and splitted form invegetarians diet. These are important source of energy. Results indicatedthat majority (70 percent) of respondents of vegetarian group wasconsuming alternate day whereas only 36.66 percent were consumingalternate day of non-vegetarian group. Weekly consumption of pluseswas 63.34 percent in non-vegetarian group.Green leafy vegetable: Many types of greens are consumed allover the country. Commonly consumed greens are spinach, fenugreekleaves, cabbage, and coriander leaves in the study area. The green leafyvegetables are rich source of the calcium, iron to carotene and vitamin-capprox 76 percent vegetarians respondents where consuming alternateday whereas non vegetarian group where consuming 53.33 percent and46.66 percent seasonal and once a month respectively.Other vegetable: Other vegetable refers to the vegetables which arenot included in the group of leafy vegetable and root and tubers. Thesevegetables are good source of dietary fibres in the diet. Some vegetablelike pumpkin are rich source of vitamin-A while other like bittlegourd cauliflower and tomatoes are good source of vitamin-C. TableJ Nutr Food SciFood intake: The nutritional status of any individual is directlyaffected by food intake. Man needs a wide range of nutrients to leada healthy and active life and these are derived through the diet that heconsumes daily. The components of diet should be chosen judiciouslyso that it provides all the nutrients in adequate amount and in properproportion (ICMR). The daily intake of various food stuffs arepresented below:Table 5 depict that all respondent were consuming cereal. Meanintake of cereals by the respondents of vegetarian group was 201.01 5.6 g/day and 170.2 4.6 g/d in non-vegetarian group. The intake waslow in both groups as compared to balance diet.Results regarding consumption of pulses shows that respondentof both vegetarian and non-vegetarian group were consuming equalamount of pulses (28.30 1.8 g/d) it was the 47.17 percent of thebalanced diet (Figure 3).The mean intake of green leafy vegetable was observed comparativelyhigher (60.53 5.3 g/d) in vegetarian group than non-vegetarian (36.2 5.6 g/d). It was 60.53 percent and 32.2 percent of balanced diet invegetarian and non-vegetarian group respectively (Figure 3).The mean consumption of roots and tubers was noted as 100 3.9g/day in vegetarian and 125 6.9 g/d in non-vegetarian, providing 50percent and 62.5 percent of balanced diet respectively. Consumptionof onion and garlic was found more and frequently in non-vegetariangroup. The mean amount of other vegetables consumed by respondentswas approx. same (90.01 5.3 g/d) and (89.7 8.5 g/d) in vegetarianand non-vegetarian group respectively. The intake was low comparedto balance diet it was 36 percent in both groups.Importance of food safety in theglobalised marketsISSN: 2155-9600 JNFS, an open access journal

Citation: Mahajani K, Bhatnagar V (2015) Comparative Study of Prevalence of Anaemia in Vegetarian and Non Vegetarian Women of Udaipur City,Rajasthan. J Nutr Food Sci S3: 001. doi:10.4172/2155-9600.S3-001Page 4 of 6Food stuffFrequency of consumptionV/NVTwiceEverydayAlternateWeeklyOnce n leafy vegetables-946.66NV53.66-14-14100V-15Other vegetables100NV-1576.66V23.34(9)-23Roots and tubers100NV-30100V-30Fats and oils100NV-3083.33VMilk and milk productsNV16.66-25-593.346.66-28-2100V-30Meat and meat productsNV76.531013.34-23-3-4Values in parenthesis represent number of respondentsV: Vegetarian; NV: Non vegetarianTable 4: Percentage distribution of respondents by consumption of various food items.S.NoFood groups(g)Balance Diet#Vegetarian group (n 30)Non vegetarian group (n 30)P Value1Cereal(g/d)270201.01 5.6170.2 4.60.025*2Pulses(g/d)6028.30 1.828.39 1.70.785NS3Green leafy vegetable (g/d)10060.53 5.336.2 5.60.001**4Root and tubers(g/d)200100 3.9125 6.90.024*5Other vegetables(g/d)25090.01 5.389.7 8.50.967NS6Fruits(g/d)10050.3 1.172.5 9.90.045*7Milk and milk products (g/d)300151.32 6.7151.2 6.80.167NS8Fat and oils(g/d)2030 3.250.23 1.530.000**9Sugar(g/d)2040 3.251.2 0.70.000**10Meat and meat products (g/d)50029.53 5.30.000**# (ICMR, 2010)** Significant at 1% (p 0.01).*Significant at 5% (p 0.05). NS: Non SignificantTable 5: Mean SD values of food intake of respondents.Mean intake of fruits was noted less (50.3 1.1 g/d) in vegetariangroup and higher (72.5 9.9 g/d) in non-vegetarian group. fruits wereconsuming only seasonally by the vegetarian group. Figure 3 showsJ Nutr Food Scithat vegetarian group was consuming the fruits just half percent of thebalance diet.Mean consumption of milk and milk product was observed equal.Importance of food safety in theglobalised marketsISSN: 2155-9600 JNFS, an open access journal

Citation: Mahajani K, Bhatnagar V (2015) Comparative Study of Prevalence of Anaemia in Vegetarian and Non Vegetarian Women of Udaipur City,Rajasthan. J Nutr Food Sci S3: 001. doi:10.4172/2155-9600.S3-001Page 5 of 6Similarly a Study showed that vegetarians, especially vegans, havelower energy intakes and more difficulty meeting ene

central, northern and western Africa, central Asia and the Middle East and among pregnant women in southern Africa and southern Asia-is a particularly persistent problem [3]. The prevalence of anemia in Indian has been reported among females was 70.1%, which included 48.7% mild, 19.9% moderate and 1.5% severe anemia cases [4].

Related Documents:

Test Report No.: E1051 .04 -501 -47 Report Date: 07/12/16 Page 7 of 11 7.0 Test Results : The temperature during testing was 21.6 C ( 71 F). The results are tabulated as follows: Test Specimen #1 : Title of Test Results Allowed Note Operating Force, per ASTM E 2068 Initiate motion: 45 N ( 10 lbf) 60 N (13 lbf) max. Maintain motion:

Awards – Resource B 3 hours 4 hours 5 hours 5 hours. e new prorae ae 12/12 Awards – Resource C Scenario 1 Scenario 3 Scenario 2 Scenario 4. Sow it, grow it! Mastering the moves) Innovate Stage 2 Brownies Express Myself Network Stage 1 Qtotestine VOICE Fitness Make change Stage 5 Feel good Stage 3 Rangers Take Action Guides Be Well Rainbows Know Myself All my friends . Created Date: 6/13 .

The Baldrige performance excellence framework assesses seven categories of performance including (1) Leadership; (2) Strategy; (3) Customers, (4) Measurement, Analysis, and Knowledge Management; (5) Workforce; (6) Operations; and (7) Results. SOAR Vision Group reframes the seven Baldrige categories as an Organizational Hierarchy of Needs in which successful organizations must fulfill each .

The Organization of Behavior has played a significant part in the development of behavioural neuroscience for the last 70years. This book introduced the concepts of the “Hebb synapse”, the “Hebbian cell assembly” and the “Phase sequence”. The most frequently cited of these is the Hebb synapse, but the cell assembly may be Hebb’s most important contribution. Even after 70years .

Blueprint One. This second blueprint brings those ambitions to life and details the tangible solutions that we will deliver for the market, as we aim to become the world’s most advanced insurance marketplace. A lot has changed since the publication of Blueprint One. The world is now a very different place and, despite great adversity, the market has responded well and has proven its .

Business Bank and the UK Business Angels Association undertook a direct survey of angels across the UK. Our research gathered details of factors such as the background, expertise, portfolio composition and decision-making of over 650 individuals, creating a multi-faceted picture of the UK business angel population. This has enabled us to produce an in-depth analysis of the overall market. It .

Communism, Capitalism, and Social Justice Page 5 August 31 Mass of the Holy Spirit – no class September 5 Robert Putnam, Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), pp. 1-45. Richard Pipes, Communism: A History (New York: The Modern Library, 2001), pp. 3-8.

the importance of effective risk management. Risk management is wholly integrated into group business planning and strategic decision making. A formal definition and articulation of your risk appetite for all major risk areas exists, providing practical guidance on acceptable risk and reward. Robust analysis of risk information, focusing challenge