Ethyl Esters -- Making Ethanol Biodiesel
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MMAAKKIINNGGBODDIIEESSEELLABIIOOMMEEATT HHOC O N T E N T SC O N T E N T SINTRODUCTIONGLOSSARYBIODIESEL BASICSSAFETYBIODIESEL PRODUCTIONCHEMICALS FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTIONPREPARING WVOMETHYL ESTERS FOR BEGINNERSMETHYL ESTERS FOR ADVANCED HOME BREWERSETHYL ESTERSWASHINGGLYCERINEHOMEMADE BIODIESEL STANDARDSMETHANOLREFERENCESAPPENDIX AMore Books at CyberbookzMaking Biodiesel at Home-2-
INTRODUCTIONThe utilization of biodiesel, as an alternative fuel is actively being promoted around the world.Biodiesel is a clean-burning fuel made from domestic, renewable sources, such as oils fromvegetables, peanuts, soy beans, canola/rape seeds, hemp seeds and some grains. It can alsobe made from animal fats and waste vegetable oil from restaurants. It has undergone theprocess of transesterification, a simple chemical modification of ordinary vegetable oil thatmakes the fuel usable in diesel engines.Using a food crop for fuel sets up competition between food and fuel. With biodiesel sharingfeed stock with food, food prices could rise further. To address this problem non food gradevegetable feed stocks are being considered to make biodiesel. However, farmers can switchfrom producing food crops to producing biofuel crops to make more money, even if the newcrops are not edible. From the law of supply and demand, if less farmers are producing food theprice of food will rise.Biodiesel and feedstock oils produced in Asia, South America and Africa are currently lessexpensive than those produced in Europe and North America suggesting that imports to thesewealthier nations are likely to increase in the future. If deforestation, and large-scale farmingtechniques were used to grow biofuel crops, biodiesel is predicted to become a serious threat tothe environment.Waste vegetable oil which is the main focus of this book offers several advantages. As a wasteproduct, its main route is to the wastewaster treatment plants where it requires additionalresources to convert it to an environment–friendly waste matter. Utilizing waste vegetable oil asan alternative fuel will not only clean our environment but also push us to be more fossil fuelindependent. Producing biodiesel from waste vegetable oil does not pose a treat to the foodindustry.Diesel engines can run on three basic types of fuel: petroleum diesel, biodiesel, and straightvegetable oil (SVO). Diesel fuel produces carbon dioxide, pollution, particulates and sulfuremissions.The purpose of this book is to provide a step by step learning process so that biodieselprocessing can become simple enough for any ordinary person to do it. Sure enough, there area lot of materials in the internet where we can learn from but we don’t know which one gives thebest result. This book has done most of the hard work and is giving you a proven and ready touse method.Biodiesel is non-toxic and safe to use. But the ingredients used in making it are hazardous. Forthis reason, safety concerns are inserted in many parts of this book.This is not meant to scare you. Nobody has yet burned or killed themselves or anyone elsemaking homebrewed biodiesel. Large numbers of ordinary people all over the world are makingtheir own biodiesel, and so far there have been no serious accidents. It's safe if you're carefuland sensible. Food could even be more dangerous. A lot of people died every year due to highblood pressure which can be linked directly to eating habit. If you always use your commonsense in curbing your eating habit you could avoid it. The same thing is true with biodiesel homebrewing. So don’t be scared. Making biodiesel is safe if you're careful and sensible. Nothingabout life is safe if you're not careful and sensible.CONTENTSMaking Biodiesel at Home-3-
GLOSSARYAcida classification of substances that liberate hydrogen ions in water, and are normally sour andcorrosive, with a pH lower than 7. A compound or atom that donates protons.Alcohola large classification of organic compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached tocarbon atoms.Alkalia classification of substances that liberate hydroxide ions in water, to form caustic and corrosivesolutions which turn litmus paper blue, with a pH higher than 7. A compound that reacts with orneutralises hydrogen ions.Anhyrdouswithout water, dry. Transesterification of biodiesel must be an anhydrous process. Water in thevegetable oil causes either no reaction or cloudy biodiesel, and water in lye or methanol rendersit less useful or even useless, depending on how much water is present.Aromaticany organic compound containing de-localised electrons in a ring structure - e.g. benzene,benzoic acid.ASTMAmerican Society for Testing and Materials - an international voluntary standards organizationthat develops and produces technical standards for materials, products, systems and services.Azeotropea liquid mixture that maintains a constant boiling point and that produces a vapour of the samecomposition as the mixture.Basea classification of substances which when combined with an acid will form a salt plus water,usually producing hydroxide ions when dissolved.Biodiesel"Biofuel" - An environmentally safe, low polluting fuel for most diesel internal combustion andturbine engines. Can be mixed with petroleum fuel and stored anywhere petroleum is. Madefrom fresh or waste vegetable oils (triglycerides). Both commercially and privately made aroundthe world.Bubble Washa method of final washing of biodiesel through air agitation. Water is added into biodiesel.Bubbles are injected into the water causing the bubbles to rise. Bubbles carry water up throughthe biodiesel by surface tension. Simple diffusion causes water soluble impurities in thebiodiesel to be extracted into the water. As the bubble reaches the surface and breaks, thewater is freed and percolates back down through the biodiesel again extracting more impurities.Canolasee “rape seed oil”.Making Biodiesel at Home-4-
Catalysta substance which without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change, facilitates orenables a reaction between other substances.Cetane Numbermeasure of fuel ignition characteristics. Like the octane number used for gasoline, the higherthe value, the better the fuel performance. A higher cetane number correlates with improvedcombustion, improved cold starting, reduced noise, white smoke, HC, CO and particulateemissions particularly during early warm-up phase. Typical Cetane number is 40 to 57.Cloud pointthe temperature at which the first wax crystals appear and a standardised ASTM test protocol isused to determine this temperature.Emulsiona usually unstable dispersion of two liquids which do not normally mix. Emulsions can be formedeither by mechanical agitation, or by chemical processes. Unstable emulsions will separate overtime or temperature, stable emulsions will not separate.Estera classification of organic compounds occurring naturally as oils and fats, produced by replacingthe hydrogen of an acid by an alkyl, aryl, radical. Any of a large group of organic compoundsformed when an acid and alcohol is mixed. Biodiesel is often described as a Fatty Acid MethylEster (FAME).Ethanol (C2H6O or CH3-CH2-OH)an organic alcohol also called ethyl alcohol, formed when fermenting sugars or glycerine.Ethanol is also a great solvent. Can be used in place of methanol in making biodiesel.Exothermic Reactionin chemistry, a chemical reactions which produces heat.FAMEFatty Acid Methyl Ester, a commonly used chemical term for biodiesel.Fata classification of natural esters of glycerol, and fatty acids existing as solids at roomtemperature.Fatty Acida carboxylic acid (or organic acid), often with a long aliphatic tail (long chains), either saturatedor unsaturated.Flash Pointthe lowest temperature at which it can form an ignitable mix with air.Free Fatty Acids (FFA)fatty acid hydrocarbon chains detached from other molecules, like glycerol.Glycerinea byproduct of biodiesel production.Hydrocarbona compound of hydrogen and carbon, often occurring as long atomic chains in which eachcarbon atom is attached to two hydrogen atoms forming a long chain. They store a great deal ofenergy.Making Biodiesel at Home-5-
Hygroscopicthe tendency of something to absorb water (usually from humidity in the air). Biodiesel absorbswater to about 1200 parts per million (PPM). Methanol and NaOH are also hygroscopic.Indicatora substance which changes colour at a given stage in or as a result of a chemical reaction.Phenolphthalein is commonly used in titrations measuring the acidity of vegetable.Life-cycle analysisa total valuation of a process, in which all the inputs and outcomes of a reaction are fullyconsidered.Lipida classification of organic compounds, including fatty acids, oils, waxes and steroids, that areinsoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. A triglyceride is a type of lipid consistingglycerine and ester chains.Lye (KOH or NaOH)basic catalyst used in making biodiesel.Methanol (CH3OH)a volatile colourless alcohol, derived originally as wood alcohol, used as a racing fuel and as asolvent. Also called methyl alcohol, used to make methoxide in biodiesel production.Methoxidean organic salt, in pure form a white powder. In biodiesel production, "methoxide" is a product ofmixing methanol and lye, yielding a methoxide solution and a significant amount of heat.Methoxide is a liquid that kills nerve cells before you can feel the pain.Organiccompounds that contain carbon, which are often created as a result of a life process.Oxidationburning in oxygen, normally highly exothermic (heat releasing), but also any increase inoxidization state, (i.e. loss of electrons). Results in the formation of an oxide, rusting orcorroding. Various materials, such as copper and brass, may oxidise in the presence ofvegetable oil or biodiesel.pHa measure of acidity and alkalinity of a solution on a scale with 7 representing neutrality. Lowernumbers indicate increasing acidity, and higher numbers increasing alkalinity. Each unit ofchange represents a tenfold change in acidity or alkalinity. The units are gram equivalents perlitre of the solution.Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)a strong metallic base used as a catalyst in making biodiesel in place of Sodium Hydroxide.Pour pointthe temperature at which the fuel is no longer pumpable.Rape Seed Oilfood grade oil produced from rape seed is called Canola oil. Canola is a name taken from"Canada oil" due to the fact that much of the development of the oil was performed in Canada.Makes good biodiesel.Making Biodiesel at Home-6-
Saponificationthe reaction of an ester with a metallic base and water. The making of soap. This happenssometimes when you use too much lye in a biodiesel reaction.Saturated fata fat or fatty acid in which there are no double bonds between the carbon atoms of the fatty acidchain. Saturated fats tend to be solid at room temperature. Diets high in saturated fat correlatein some studies with an increased incidence of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)a metallic base, strongly alkaline and extremely corrosive. Mixing with fluids usually causes heat,and can create enough heat to ignite flammables (such as methanol), so add slowly. Forbiodiesel, this is one of the main reactants.Suspensiona dispersion of a solid in a gas or liquidSVOStraight Vegetable Oil or ordinary vegetable oil. Burns well in many diesel engines, but hasmany undesirable effectsTallowone of the harder organic fats derived from animal carcasses. This material is an importantmaterial in making soap and candle wax. Also makes biodiesel.Titrationwhen applied to biodiesel production, titration is the act of determining the acidity or the amountof FFA of a sample of WVO. It is done to determine the extra amount of base (lye) needed toneutralise an amount of FFA in the WVO.Transesterificationthe process of making biodiesel by the separation of the three hydrocarbon chains from a lipidtriglyceride to form glycerol, and biodiesel. It is the process of exchanging the alkyl group of anester by another alcohol. These reactions are often catalyzed by the addition of an acid or base.Acids can catalyse the reaction by donating an electron to the alkyl group, thus making it morereactive, while bases can catalyse the reaction by removing an electron from the alcohol, thusmaking it more reactive.Triglyceridenatural fats and oils composed of glycerine and three fatty acid chains.ULSDUltra low Sulfur Diesel. A type of diesel fuel promoted in recent years in an attempt to reduceatmospheric pollution but at the expense of engine wear.Unsaturateda fat or fatty acid containing double or occasionally triple bonds. Many vegetable oils containfatty acids with one of more double bonds in them. Fat molecules are monounsaturated if eachcontains one double bond, and polyunsaturated if each contain more than one.Viscositythe ability of a fluid to respond to movement. A high viscosity will resist movement, and a lowviscosity will flow quickly. This is not necessarily the same as density. Viscosity is normallymeasured comparatively by the time a given volume of liquid will pass through a pipe of fixeddiameter. Methanol has a low viscosity, while vegetable oil has a high viscosity.Making Biodiesel at Home-7-
WVOWaste Vegetable Oil, the oil we collect from restaurant grease traps etc, which is the mainconstituent of making our biodiesel.CONTENTSMaking Biodiesel at Home-8-
BIODIESEL BASICSTechnical definitionBiodiesel, n—a fuel composed of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived fromvegetable oils or animal fats, designated B100, and meeting the requirements of ASTM(American Society for Testing & Materials) D 6751.Biodiesel historyRudolph Diesel (1858-1913) developed a theory that revolutionised the engines of his day. Heenvisioned an engine in which air is compressed to such a degree that there is an extreme risein temperature. When fuel is injected into the piston chamber with this air, the fuel is ignited bythe high temperature of the air, exploding it, forcing the piston down. Diesel designed his enginein response to the heavy resource consumption and inefficiency of the steam engine.Diesel demonstrated his engine at the Exhibition Fair in Paris, France in 1898. This enginestood as an example of Diesel's vision because it was fueled by peanut oil - the "original" biofuel.He thought that the utilization of a biomass fuel was the real future of his engine. He hoped thatit would provide a way for the smaller industries, farmers, and "commonfolk" a means ofcompeting with the monopolizing industries, which controlled all energy production at that time,as well as serve as an alternative for the inefficient fuel consumption of the steam engine. As aresult of Diesel's vision, compression ignited engines were powered by a biomass fuel,vegetable oil, until the 1920's when an alteration was made to the engine, enabling it to use aresidue of petroleum - what is now known as diesel #2.Diesel was not the only inventor to believe that biomass fuels would be the mainstay of thetransportation industry. Henry Ford designed his automobiles to run on ethanol. Ford was soconvinced that renewable resources were the key to the success of his automobiles that he builta plant to make ethanol in the Midwest and formed a partnership with Standard Oil to sell it intheir distributing stations. During the 1920's, this biofuel was 25% of Standard Oil's sales in thatarea. With the growth of the petroleum industry Standard Oil cast its future with fossil fuels. Fordcontinued to promote the use of ethanol through the 1930's. The petroleum industry undercutthe biofuel sales and by 1940 the plant was closed due to the low prices of petroleum.Despite the fact that men such as Henry Ford, Rudolph Diesel, and subsequent manufacturersof diesel engines saw the future of renewable resource fuels, a political and economic struggledoomed the industry. Manufacturing industrialists made modifications to the diesel engines sothey could take advantage of the extremely low prices of the residual, low-grade fuel nowoffered by the petroleum industry. The petroleum companies wanted control of the fuel suppliesin the United States and, despite the benefits of biomass fuel versus the fossil fuels, they movedahead to eliminate all competition.At the beginning of World War II, the groundwork for putting biofuels out was in place. First, thediesel engine had been modified, enabling it to use Diesel #2. Second, the petroleum industryhad established a market with very low prices for a residual product. Third, a major biomassindustry was being shut down. Corn farmers were unable to organise at that time to provide abiomass resource. Finally, industries with immense wealth behind them were acting in concertto push forward their own agenda. It is interesting to note that, during World War II, both theAllies and Nazi Germany utilised biomass fuels in their machines. Despite its use during WorldWar II, biofuels remained in the obscurity to which they had been forced.By the 1970's, most countries were dependent on fossil fuel. The supply of crude oil, as are allsupplies of fossil fuels, was limited. 1973 experienced the first of two crises. OPEC, the MiddleMaking Biodiesel at Home-9-
Eastern organization controlling the majority of the oil in the world, reduced supplies andincreased prices. The second one came five years later in 1978. As was noted in the DieselEngine section, automobile purchasers began to seriously consider the diesel car as an option.What is more, people began making their own biofuel. The potential of biofuels reentered thepublic consciousness. Biodiesel remains in the political and economic arena but is gainingmomentum as the awareness of alternative fuel spreads through the consciousness of thegeneral public.What is biodiesel?As the name implies Biodiesel is a kind of diesel fuel produced from domestic, renewableresources. It can be used as a better alternative to fossil fuel. It can also be blended at any levelwith petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend.As with diesel, it can be used in compression ignition (diesel) engines with no majormodifications to the engine or the fuel system. Pure biodiesel is simple to use, biodegradable,nontoxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. It can be used as a pure fuel or blendedwith petroleum in any percentage. B20 means a blend of 20 percent biodiesel with 80 percentpetroleum diesel.The biodiesel process involves breaking down the oil. This is done by adding it with lye andalcohol, turning oils and fats into esters, separating out the glycerine. The glycerine sinks to thebottom and the biodiesel or ester floats on top and can be siphoned off. Ester is the productwhich we commonly called biodiesel. The process is called transesterification, which substitutesalcohol for the glycerine in a chemical reaction, using lye as a catalyst. We can use eithermethanol or ethanol as reactant. The end product will be called “Methyl Esters” if we usemethanol, otherwise, it will be called “Ethyl Esters”.Biodiesel has a solvent effect that may release deposits accumulated on tank walls and pipesfrom previous diesel fuel usage. The released deposits may end up in fuel filters initially, so fuelfilters should be checked more frequently at first.Biodiesel CharacteristicsBiodiesel has physical and chemical properties similar to petroleum diesel and can be used inexisting diesel applications with little or no modification to the engine or fueling system. Table3.1 compares the most common characteristics of No. 2 diesel and biodiesel.Calorific Value, Heat of Combustion – sometimes called Energy Content, is the amount ofheating energy released by the combustion of a unit value of fuels.Kenimatic viscosity – refers to the thickness of the oil, and is determined by measuring theamount of time taken for a given measure of oil to pass through an orifice of
basic catalyst used in making biodiesel. Methanol (CH3OH) a volatile colourless alcohol, derived originally as wood alcohol, used as a racing fuel and as a solvent. Also called methyl alcohol, used to make methoxide in biodiesel production. Methoxide an organic salt, in pure form a white powder. In biodiesel production, "methoxide" is a product of
Describe the inputs & process of making biodiesel (transesterification) . and hydrogen) of the alcohol to form fatty acid alkyl esters (in our case, fatty acid methyl esters or FAMEs), which are biodiesel. To speed up the reaction, a base catalyst , . ethanol* to form biodiesel. Biodiesel is a methyl or ethyl ester (depending on whether
This paper investigates the scope of utilizing biodiesel produced with ethanol and methanol as alcohols in the process of making biodiesel. Experiments were conducted on diesel engine with B20 of methyl and ethyl esters of Pongamia oil (POME20, POEE20), methyl and ethyl esters of Mahua oil (MOME20,
2008 Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide (Fourth Edition) 5 This document is a guide for those who blend, store, distribute, and use biodiesel and biodiesel blends. It provides basic information on the proper and safe use of biodiesel and biodiesel blends in compression-ignition engines
source. Fourth, small-scale biodiesel production does not take more energy to create than it gives back. According to Biodiesel.Org, a leading organization in biodiesel research and marketing: Biodiesel has one of the highest "energy balance" of any liquid fuel. For every unit of fossil energy it takes to make biodiesel, 4.5 units of energy are
The overall function of the distillation column is to separate the ethanol from the water. We want the bottom of the column to be only water and the top of the column to be only ethanol. Li id 20% Vapor, 60% ethanol Individual tray from previous slide Liquid, 15% ethanol Liquid, 20% ethanol Vapor, 51% ethanol Liquid, 10% ethanol Liquid, 5% ethanol
biodiesel floats on top and can be syphoned off. The process is called transesterification, which substitutes alcohol for the glycerine in a chemical reaction, using lye as a catalyst. Chemicals needed The alcohol used can be either methanol, which makes methyl esters, or ethanol (ethyl esters). Most methanol comes from fossil
Ethyl Esters may reduce emissions which may help open markets in urban areas. Ethyl Esters are made from ethanol and vegetable oil. They are therefore completely biomass derived products., Ethanol is less toxic, making it safer to work with than methanol. This study examines short term engine tests with HySEE and number 2 diesel fuel (D2). Four .
alimentaire à la quantité de cet additif qui peut être ingérée quotidiennement tout au long d’une vie sans risque pour la santé : elle est donc valable pour l’enfant comme pour l’adulte. Etablie par des scientifiques compétents, la DJA est fondée sur une évaluation des données toxicologiques disponibles. Deux cas se présentent. Soit après des séries d’études, les experts .
