Science/Biology 2010.04 Plant Biology3 credits lecture (3 hours/week; 12 weeks); 1 credit laboratory (3hours/week; 12 weeks)Current advances in plant biology research, highlighting plant structure,physiology, development and diversity. Three lecture hours, threelaboratory hours. One term. Four credits. Prerequisite: SC/BIOL 10106.0 or SC/BIOL1000 3.0 and SC/BIOL1001 3.0.TextbookEvert RF and SE Eichorn 2012 Raven Biology of Plants. Eighth Edition.WH Freeman. (Table of Contentsi).Lecture TopicsPhotosynthesis, Light and Life (Chapter 7) (ca 3 hours)light properties and physics of light absorption, pigments (porphyrin structure andfunction), light reactions (electron transfer, ATP and NADPH production), anddark reactions (carbon fixation, carboxylase reactions)The mechanisms of photosynthesis are presented with especial emphasis on the remarkable geologicalchanges that occurred due to 1–2 billion years of oxygenic photosynthesis, creating the currently highoxygen levels in the atmosphere (and very low carbon dioxide levels). The juxtaposition of photosynthetic'terra-forming' and carbohydrate production that support heterotrophic organisms are key elements in theevolution of biological diversity.Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity (Chapter 12) (ca 0.5 hour)classification, phylogeny and major organismal groupsA brief overview of the 'evolution' of classification schemes is presented, including the initial ones proposedby Linnaeus and others 300-400 years ago, culminating in the evolution-based classification schemes nowused.Procaryotes and Viruses (Chapter 13) (ca 1 hours)procaryotic classification and major procaryotic groupsMorphological and functional classifications of bacteria are presented, with special reference todiagnostics and the central role of wall structure in the ubiquitous Gram-staining.Protista (Chapter 15) (ca 4 hours)Autotroph unicellular: Euglenoids, Cryptomonads, Haptophytes, Dinoflagellates.Major characteristics, life cycles and biologyHeterokonts (Stramenopiles): Diatoms, Chrysophytes, Phaeophytes (multicellular)and the heterotroph Oomycota.Multicellular: Rhodophytes, Green Algae (Chlorophyceae, Ulvophyceae andCharophycea) and the heterotroph Slime Molds. Major characteristics, life cyclesand biologyThe unicellular and multicellular phyla of the protists represent an evolutionary bridge to the animal,fungal and plant kingdoms, especially the complexities of cellular architecture (anticipating cellulardifferentiation in multicellular organisms) and patterns of multicellular development. The phylogeneticsequence is very obscure. We will explore them thematically, beginning with the unicellular groups, themulticellular groups and the heterotrophic groups.
Fungi (Chapter 14) (ca 2 hours)major fungal groups, life cycles and fungal biologyThe heterotrophic decomposers of the fungal kingdom are presented with emphasis on life cycle,characteristics and ecology. Emphasis will be placed on the major groups (Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota,Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) and the symbionts (Glomeromycota, other mycorrhiza and lichens)Bryophytes (Chapter 16) (ca 2 hours)major characteristics, life cycles and biologyThe major characteristics of Bryophytes are presented in the context of adaptations to the rigors of life onland, where water is scarce and protection of offspring –until they can survive on their own– is crucialSeedless Vascular Plants (Chapter 17) (ca 2 hours)major characteristics, life cycles and biologyAdaptive vasculature, including architectural complexities of stelar anatomy to support photosyntheticleaves are emphasized, as well as life cycles.Gymnosperms (Chapter 18) (ca 1.5 hours)major characteristics, life cycles and biologyThe three major extant phyla (Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta and Coniferophyta) are emphasized.Angiosperms (Chapters 19 and 20) (ca 3 hours)evolutionary biology of flowering plantsThe reproductive peculiarities of flowering plants are presented, and the remarkable world of coevolutionas a major effecter of the explosion of speciationPlant Development and Physiology (Chapters 22, 23, 24 and 25) (ca 16 hours)a detailed examination of the life cycle of a flowering plantThe life of a plant –from dormant seed through germination and mature plant form– is presented in thecontext of the environmental and hormonal cues that trigger each developmental stage. At this point, thelectures will have evolved to being more central to the course, supplanting the textbook.Lecture examinations (60% of final grade): two term tests and a final examThe lecture and laboratory components are integrated(and usually synchronized). The final grade of the studentis compiled from the combination of lecture andlaboratory.
Laboratory ExercisesThe majority of the material presented in laboratory exercises focuseson developing the observational skills of the students: observation andrecording of gross form and structure (including the life cycle of a fern),and microscopic form and structure. Opportunities to identify materialusing keys –from algae, conifers to pollen– test and hone the student'sobservational skills. When appropriate, students will be introduced tostatistical techniques for analyzing data obtained in laboratoryexercises.PhotosynthesisOxygen evolution (effect of different wavelengths of light and CO2availability).Algae and Fern Life CyclesIdentification of algae using keys, observation of fern life cycle (4 week exercise).FungiDiverse life cycles and unique forms and patterns of fungi are examined and documented; the major role offermentation is examined experimentally; a complete fungal life cycle is observed (4 week exercise).BryophytesSeedless Vascular PlantsGymnospermsDiverse life cycles and unique forms and patterns of lower land plants are examined and documented; keysare used to identify gymnosperm species.Pollen Identification IPollen Identification IIThe angiosperm life cycle relies upon fertilization of the flower by pollen; both identification of pollen (inthe context of its use in documenting pre-historic vegetation and climate) and observation of the dynamicsof the pollination process are examined.Angiosperm Anatomy Project IAngiosperm Anatomy Project IIA flowering plant is dissected to examine structure and anatomy using various staining techniques andmicroscopic observation; the culmination of the student's developing adeptness in observation.Fruit and Vegetable Anatomy ProjectAn extra credit opportunity for students to explore the nutritional value and anatomy of a fruit or vegetablethey select.Laboratory marks (40% of final grade): quizzes (keying) and lab write-ups.
Learning ObjectivesDIVERSITASStudents will learn the major characteristics ofbiological groupings commonly compiled together in aplants course: Prokaryotic heterotrophs and autotrophs,Eukaryotic Protist groups emphasizing the autotrophs, theheterotrophic Fungi, and Land Plants. The LearningObjective is fulfilled by integration of lecture and labcomponents. In Lecture, the students learn thecharacteristics, economic importance, and evolutionarysignificance of the various groups. In Lab, students aregiven the opportunity to observe life cycles of theseorganisms, from both prepared and living material. The Observational Skills that thestudents acquire in Lab (including microscopic observation and documentation withdrawings) are crucial for their ability to integrate their understanding of biotic diversity inthe context of Lecture presentation.Achievement of the Diversitas Learning Objectives is documented by term teststhat challenge the student to apply and integrate their knowledge of biotic diversity, andby lab quizzes and write-ups that document their ability to observe and identify majorbiotic groups.FORMA VITAEStudents will explore that form and development of an angiosperm, from seed toseed in the context of environmental and physiological cues that control each life stagetransition. The Learning Objective is fulfilled by integration of lecture and labcomponents. In Lecture, the students learn about environmental cues that regulate eachlife stage transition of a flowering plant and how the plant achieves that transition. InLab, students are given the opportunity to dissect a plant and explore its internalstructures that support survival at each life stage. The Learning Objectives include atransition to independent learning in which analytical thinking is emphasized.Achievement of the Forma Vitae Learning Objectives is documented by term testand final exam that challenge the student to apply and integrate their knowledge of thelife cycle of a flowering plant with analytical thinking, and by write-ups that documenttheir ability to observe and explore the plant structures that support survival of the plant.Roger R. Lew, Professor of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaCourse Director, SC/BIOL 2010.040, 3 October 2014
iTable of Contents (Evert RF and SE Eichorn 2012 Raven Biology of Plants. Eighth Edition. (chapters covered are in bold font).1. Botany: An IntroductionSection 1. The Biology of the Plant Cell2. The Molecular Composition of Plant Cells3. The Plant Cell and the Cell Cycle4. The Movement of Substances into and out of CellsSection 2. Energetics5. The Flow of Energy6. Respiration7. Photosynthesis, Light, and LifeSection 3. Genetics and Evolution8. Sexual Reproduction and Heredity9. The Chemistry of Heredity and Gene Expression10. Recombinant DNA Technology, Plant Biotechnology, and Genomics11. The Process of EvolutionSection 4. Diversity12. Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity13. Prokaryotes and Viruses14. Fungi15. Protista: Algae and Heterotrophic Protists16. Bryophytes17. Seedless Vascular Plants18. Gymnosperms19. Introduction to the Angiosperms20. Evolution of the Angiosperms21. Plants and PeopleSection 5. The Angiosperm Plant Body: Structure and Development22. Early Development of the Plant Body23. Cells and Tissues of the Plant Body24. The Root: Structure and Development25. The Shoot: Primary Structure and Development26. Secondary Growth in StemsSection 6. Physiology of Seed Plants27. Regulating Growth and Development: The Plant Hormones28. External Factors and Plant Growth29. Plant Nutrition and Soils30. The Movement of Water and Solutes in PlantsON THE WEBSection 7. Ecology31. The Dynamics of Communities and Ecosystems32. Global Ecology
17. Seedless Vascular Plants 18. Gymnosperms 19. Introduction to the Angiosperms 20. Evolution of the Angiosperms 21. Plants and People Section 5. The Angiosperm Plant Body: Structure and Development 22. Early Development of the Plant Body 23. Cells and Tissues of the Plant Body 24. The Root: Structure and Development 25.
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Figure 6-17a Essential Cell Biology ( Garland Science 2010) 21. Figure 6-17b Essential Cell Biology ( Garland Science 2010) 22. Figure 6-16 Essential Cell Biology ( Garland Science 2010) 23. 24. 25. Figure 6-19 Essential Cell Biology ( Garland Science 2010) 26.
categories: 1) plant systematics or plant diversity, 2) plant physiology, cell biology or molecular biology, and 3) plant ecology or environmental science. A course in plant morphology or plant anatomy is strongly recommended. Applicants to the Ph.D.
egories: 1) plant systematics or plant diversity, 2) plant physi-ology, cell biology or molecular biology, and 3) plant ecology or environmental science. A course in plant morphology or plant anatomy is
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