Chapter 3 Cells Tissues - Las Positas College

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Or, Anatomy class in one lecture!Background Basics:Units of measureHydrophobic/philicmoleculesProteinsCompound moleculespHDNA and RNADeveloped byJohn Gallagher, MS, DVM

Key Concepts Cell anatomy Tissue types Tissue remodeling OrgansStudy of cellstructure ?Study of tissuestructure ?Study of how cellswork ?

Compartments Major Body Cavities(thorax, etc.) Fluid Compartments– Intracellular Fluid (ICF) orcytosol– Extracellular fluid ECF Between Cells Circulatory System(plasma) Intracellular compartments– Membranous organelles

Biological Membranes Two definitions:– Body’s borders, e.g., Peritoneal membrane Skin– Cell membrane Phospholipid bilayer Proteins and cholesterol interspersed

The CellCell anousorganelles

Cell differentiationFrom 1 zygote to 200 different types of cellsMechanism: differential gene activation allowscreation of specialized cells

Special Structural Features ofCell Membranes Microvilli Cilia Stereocilia FlagellaFunction?

CytoplasmCytosol: semigelatinousintracellular fluidMedium for suspension of1. Organelles,2. Ions, nutrients, wastes,enzymes etc. .3. InclusionsOrganelles performspecialized tasks.MembranousorganellesNon-membranousorganelles

Cytoskeleton Strength Support Shape Transport Cell to cell links Protein fibers Microfilaments Intermediate Microtubules

Centrosomes and Centrioles1 centrosome contains 2 centriolesCentrosomes organize microtubulesCentrioles: bundles of microtubulesPull chromosomes, form core in cilia

Cilia and Flagella Contain motor proteins 2:9 microtubule pattern Cilia move fluids Flagella move spermcells

Ribosomes Function: Transfer of messages from DNA Fixed to ER or free in cytoplasm

Membranous OrganellesSpecial compartments for special functions– Separate harmful substances from other cell areas– Separate function from other cell areasMitochondrion powerhouse of cell.Energy (ATP)productionHas own DNA, selfreplicating

RER & SERRER: Protein synthesis,storage, modification &transport vesiclesSER: Synthesis and conversionof FA, steroids, lipidsIn muscle: Ca2 storage

Golgi ApparatusTEM“Post office” of cell Modification (labeling) of proteins Packaging into secretory (to ECF) or storage vesicles

ProteinSecretion

LysosomesDigestion ( 50enzymes) ofbacteria and oldorganellesEnzymes onlyactive at pH of100 – 1,000 x cytoplasm pH ?Also used to dissolve Ca-carbonate of bone and for selfdestruction of damaged cellsDisorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and Tay-Sachsdisease

PeroxisomesSmaller thanLysosomes Different set ofenzymesMajor function: Degradation of long chain FAsGenerate hydrogen peroxide contain catalase

Nucleus Control Center Nuclear envelope with nuclearpore complexes for diffusionand active transport Chromatin (DNA andproteins) DNA forms genes One or more nucleoli

Cell to Cell Junctions Utilize CAMs (CellAdhering Molecules)– Tight Junctions– Anchoring Junctions Desmosomes– Gap Junctions

Gap Junctions Cylindrical proteinsform channels Can open and close Electrical synapses Rapid transfer ofsignals in cardiac &smooth muscle

Tight junctions Complete barrier(brick wall) Fusion of adjacent cellmembranes via claudinand occludin Found in– BBB– GI tract, kidneysTight vs. leaky epithelium

Movement of substances acrosstight and leaky epitheliaFig 3-18

Anchoring Junctions Cell to cell or cell to CT matrix Anchoring junctions (CAMs: cadherins)– Desmosomes– Adherens junctions Cell matrix attachments (CAMs: integrins)– Hemidesmosomes– Spot desmosomesor focal adhesionsIn cancer: Loss of desmosomes consequence?

Histology Structure and function of all four basic tissue types:remember from Anatomy or review on your own(starting p. 72 with epithelia) Definition of organ?Example: skin (see p 83)

The Four Tissue Types Epithelia– Protection, exchange, etc. Connective– Extracellular Matrix (ground substance)– Includes adipose, blood, lymph Muscle– Smooth, cardiac, skeletal Neural– Neurons and neuroglia

Stem Cells Review concept of stem cells (see p 81 - 82)– Totipotent – earliest cells in zygote– Pluripotent – starting specialization– Multipotent – more specialized (bone marrow) Research:– Fetal stem cells– Plasticity of adult stem cells

TissueRemodelingTissue remodeling throughout a person’s life Apoptosis Programmed cell death (suicide)– Cell breaks up into membrane bound blebs which will bephagocytosed by other cells. Necrosis traumatic cell death– Lack of O2, trauma, toxins– Cells rupture tissue damage & inflammation

Running Problem: The Pap SmearPage 51 on

Cervical cells.Uniform in size and shape normal

Mixed-type carcinomaDrs. Prolla and Diehl's INTERESTING CASE OF THE MONTH

Tissue Remodeling Tissue remodeling throughout a person’s life Apoptosis Programmed cell death (suicide) –Cell breaks up into membrane bound blebs which will be phagocytosed by other cells. Necrosis traumatic cell death –Lack of O 2, trauma, toxins –Cells rupture tissue damage &

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