Girls Have The Right To BE THEMSELVES AND TO RESIST .

Girls have the right to BE THEMSELVES AND TO RESIST STEREOTYPES.Girls have the right to EXPRESS THEMSELVES WITH CREATIVITY AND ENTHUSIASM.Girls have the right to TAKE RISKS TO STRIVE FREELY AND TO TAKE PRIDE IN THEIR SUCCESS.Girls have the right to ACCEPT AND APPRECIATE THEIR BODIES.Girls have the right to HAVE CONFIDENCE IN THEMSELVES AND TO BE SAFE IN THE WORLD.Girls have the right to PREPARE FOR INTERESTING WORK AND ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE.TAKE THE PLEDGEAs a young woman, I pledge: To challenge myself in education and character. To meet those challenges with dignity and grace. To ask for help when I need it. To be curious and seek new opportunities.SignatureDateAsk your parents to read and sign:As a parent, I pledge: To encourage and support my daughter in her academic endeavors. To identify effective mentors for my daughter in her career and studies. To offer additional support for my daughter in her chosen field. To become better informed about the issues that face girls today.SignatureAdapted from girlsinc.orgDatewww.usna.edu/stem

Engineers and scientists work on projects in many different topic areas. They tackle challenges in the environment, medicine, agriculture, fashion, media, and industrysolving problems and making improvements.What kind of things are you interested in?1.2.3.Engineers and scientists help people and make the world a better place. They work to keep the planet healthy, help people be better prepared for natural disasters, makesure people have enough to eat, help people stay healthy, make it easier for people to connect, and more. What would you work on if you were an engineer or scientist?What kind of impact do you want to have on the world?1.2.3.Engineers and scientists are creative and imaginative. They work in teams and collaborate with others. With curiosity and persistence, they work to make a difference.Communication skills, analytical abilities, and creativity are all important to make discoveries, design something better, and create things that matter.What characteristics would you use to describe yourself? What are your strengths?1.2.3.Adapted from Discovere.orgwww.usna.edu/stem

Feel the ForceWhen a load is applied to the corner of a triangle, the resultingforce is directed to the sides rather than downward. The sidesof the triangle are in either compression or tension with nobending. To demonstrate tension, have two students standfacing each other with enough distance between them thatthey can hold hands with straight arms. As they slowly leanaway from each other, they will feel tension in their arms. Forcompression, have two students stand facing each other withenough distance between them that they can make an archwith their hands when their palms are touching. As they slowlylean in, they will feel compression in their arms.In the photo, Seabees fromNaval Mobile ConstructionBattalions construct a bridge inIraq to replace one that wasdestroyed during OperationEnduring Freedom. Constructionof state-of-the-art bases andfacilities all over the world arethe responsibility of the Navy’sconstruction engineers andworkers. COURTESY OF U.S. NAVY.www.usna.edu/stem

Strings AttachedThe human hand is made up of 27 individualbones, and functions using 30 muscles and 3 mainnerves. Tendons are the “strings” that helpmuscles move. They attach muscle to bone.Ligaments attach bone to bone and allow forstructure and support. Hand and finger motionsrange from a power grip to precision movement.A new prosthetic arm createdby Walter Reed NationalMilitary Medical Center iscontrolled by a wearer’s brainand allows for independentcontrol of the fingers.www.usna.edu/stem

Come Up for AirThe moving airstream above the paper hasslightly lower pressure than the staticatmosphere below. The static air below thepaper has a higher pressure and tends tomove toward the area of low pressure. Thepaper is moved upward by the higherpressure static air.Airplane wings are shaped so thatairflow is faster over the top of thewing and the air pressure is lower.Under the wing, the airflow is slowerand the pressure is higher. This causeslift and higher pressure under the wingpushes the wing up. The Navy relies onits planes and jets to deter threats,obtain information, and get ro/teachers/foa.html

The Fibonacci sequence is an infinite sequence whose current term is determinedrecursively by summing the previous two terms. The ratio of consecutive terms inthe Fibonacci Sequence approach the Golden Ratio, ф 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟖 The FibonacciSequence is prevalent in biological settings, such as the number of spirals on apineapple, phyllotactic arrangement of leaves on a plant and ancestry of the X and Ychromosomes. Additionally, the extension of the Fibonacci Sequence to the GoldenRatio, the Golden Rectangle, the Golden Spiral and the Golden Angle creates anubiquitous presence in art (musical harmonies), engineering (architecture), weather(hurricanes), and spiral growth (optimal angle for uniform cell packing).NAVY NOTESwww.usna.edu/stemNavy ApplicationsGenerating random numbers is often a firststep in cryptographic methodologies thatemploy complicated mathematics, usuallyinvolving large prime numbers. Sincerandom numbers generated by computeralgorithms are not truly random, but areinstead determined by a “seed,” thealgorithms that produce them are calledpseudorandom number generators. Some ofthese PRNGs use Fibonacci numbers in theiralgorithms.

How many pairs of fish are produced in 6 months if one pair of fish produces oneadditional pair per month, starting at 2 months of age?Start with a single pair of newborn fish in Month 0 and assume 0% mortality.FISHY WORKSPACE0 months oldtime (month)01 month oldPairs of fish112 months old23 months old34 months old45 months old56 months old6Look at the total number of fish pairs each month. Do you see a pattern?www.usna.edu/stem

The pencil and your brainSnell’s Law describes the relationship between the refractiveindices and the angles of incidence and refraction at theboundary between two media: 𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ1 𝑛2 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ2 . You see thepencil as light rays reflect off it and travel to your eyes. Thismeans that the light originates in the water and then passesthrough an interface before entering the air on its way to youreyes. The light waves pass from a medium of higher refractiveindex (𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1.33) to a medium of lower refractive index(𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟 1). Therefore, the light waves bend away from thenormal at the interface, which is why the part of the pencil inthe water appears wider. Since the angle of refraction isrelated to the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence andrefraction relative to normal, this effect is more pronouncedwhen the angle of incidence is closer to the normal. The brainassumes that light travels in a straight line, so the part of thepencil that is submerged appears to be offset from the part ofthe pencil that is above the water line. The overall effect is anenlarged offset image resting at the same angle as the original.The ONR Electromagnetic Materials Program seeks todominate the electromagnetic spectrum and improvethe performance of electronic and photonic devicesfor Navy applications. The current emphasis is onphase-change materials that switch between high andlow resistive states, with a corresponding change inthe refractive index, opening opportunities in opticaldevices (modulators, switches, filters, etc.) that canbe tuned.www.usna.edu/stem

Engineering Design Challenge:Catapulting MathA catapult is a device used to launch aprojectile without explosives or propellants.While previously used in medieval warfare,catapults are used today to launch airplanes onNavy aircraft carriers. The runway on a ship is muchshorter than the runways found at airports, and asa result, a catapulting mechanism is required inorder for an airplane to generate lift. Catapultshelp planes reach these high speeds in a shortdistance.For this challenge, construct a simple spooncatapult using popsicle sticks, rubber bands, and aspoon. Take preliminary measurements todetermine how far and high your projectile travels.Use given supplies to modify your design toimprove distance traveled by the projectile. Collectdata from each trial to determine what variablesneed to be adjusted in order to improve distance.You will optimize your catapult’s performance atthe best launch angle measured in degrees.www.usna.edu/stem

Engineering Design Challenge:Catapulting MathConstruct the simple spoon catapult and record your projectile angle. Calculate the average angle over three trials:Example:Launch the projectile a few times whilesomeone holds the protractor behindit. Note the angle at which theprojectile passes in front of theprotractor. Try to pull the spoon backthe same amount every time.Observed 𝜃Trial123AVG Launch your projectile three more times, as consistently as you can, maintaining the average launch angle.Monitor and record the maximum height and distance traveled in inches by the projectile:TrialMax HeightMax DistanceCalculated 𝜃Δ𝜃123Determine the launch angle for each trial using the formula below:Calculated 𝜃 tan 14𝐻𝐷Calculate the difference between your observed angle and your calculated angle:Δ𝜃 average observed angle calculated angleImprove your catapult using the given supplies. Repeat these data steps until you have an optimized designthat produces a projectile launched to maximum distance. Also, create a design that has a reproducible launchangle (low and consistent Δ𝜃). Keep in mind that launch angle is a function of projectile height and distance!www.usna.edu/stem

Mars LandingYou have been tasked with designing effective landing equipment for the upcoming mission to Mars.Your task is to design and build, on time and on budget, a Mars landing device. This mission’s goal is tosend two astronauts to Mars in order to study our neighboring planet. In order for this mission to be asuccess, the spacecraft and those aboard must land safely.Your mission is to design and build spacecraft landing equipment that can: Successfully land after a 2.5 ft drop while keeping the passengers (ping pong balls) safely on board. Be constructed within your 45 minute build time. Cost less than 200 million.Exceeding this will disqualify your team for launch. Note the market value for each of the availablematerials.MaterialCostMaterialCostStraws (clear) 3 millionPlastic bags (small) 5 millionStraws (red) 6 millionPlastic bags (large) 10 millionBalloon (standard) 20 millionPopsicle stick (small) 500kPipe cleaner 4 millionPopsicle stick (large) 1 million½ Sheet of Paper 5 millionRubber Bands 2 millionHot dog boat 7 millionPlate 10 million6 inches of masking tape 7 millionCup 15 million6 inches of duct tape 10 million6 inches of string 3 millionCotton balls (small) 500kZip ties 3 millionCotton balls (large) 1 millionSpoon 5 millionwww.usna.edu/stemThe Viking 1 and 2 missions to Marswere launched on Titan III-E rockets.The Titan III program was developedby the U.S. Air Force with the firstlaunch in 1959 and continued on for50 years. The Titan III-E specificallyincluded a Centaur upper stage.Beyond the Viking missions, TitanCentaur rockets were used to launchthe successful Voyager space probeswhich have been traveling for over 40years and farther than any otherspacecraft to date.