Building Resilience In A Pandemic Era
THE GLOBAL STATEOF DEMOCRACY 2021Building Resilience in a Pandemic Erawww.idea.int
2021 International Institute for Democracy and Electoral AssistanceInternational IDEA publications are independent of specific national or political interests.Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of InternationalIDEA, its Board of Advisers or its Council members.The maps presented in this publication do not imply on the part of the Institute any judgementon the legal status of any territory or the endorsement of such boundaries, nor does theplacement or size of any country or territory reflect the political view of the Institute. Themaps have been created for this publication in order to add clarity to the text.References to the names of countries and regions in this publication do not represent theofficial position of International IDEA with regard to the legal status or policy of the entitiesmentioned.Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of this publication shouldbe made to:International IDEAStrömsborgSE–103 34 StockholmSwedenTel: 46 8 698 37 00Email: info@idea.intWebsite: http://www.idea.int International IDEA encourages dissemination of its work and will promptly respond torequests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications.Text editing: Accuracy Matters LtdCover design and illustration: Phoenix Design AidDesign and layout: Phoenix Design AidISBN: 978-91-7671-479-9 (Print)ISBN: 978-91-7671-478-2 (PDF)DOI: https://doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.91
THE GLOBAL STATEOF DEMOCRACY 2021Building Resilience in a Pandemic Era
ContentsThe Global State of Democracy 2021Building Resilience in a Pandemic EraContentsForewordiiiivChapter 5Checks on GovernmentPreface28Acknowledgementsvi5.1 The struggle for Judicial Independence28Introductionvii5.2 The critical role of Effective Parliament29About the reportix5.3 The weakening of Media Integrity31Chapter 1Key facts and findings1Chapter 6Impartial Administration32Challenges16.1 Absence of Corruption32Opportunities1Chapter 7Participatory Engagement34Chapter 2Democracy health check: An overview of global trends32.1 Challenges37.1 Direct and participatory democracy anddemocratic innovations35117.2 Participatory engagement and delivery36Chapter 3Representative Government143.1 Clean Elections14Chapter 8Conclusion: The future of democracy and lessonsfor future crises37382.2 Opportunities for renewalChapter 4Fundamental Rights21Chapter 9Policy recommendations4.1 Freedom of Expression21Preamble384.2 Freedom of Association and Assembly24In times of crisis46Endnotes47About International IDEA65ii
International IDEA2021ForewordForewordThe year 2020 has seen the world besieged by apandemic that has claimed millions of lives. Thestability that most of the world enjoyed after the ColdWar has perhaps been permanently disrupted, and allnations are struggling to adjust to these abrupt changes.When the new millennium dawned, the 21st centurywas hailed optimistically as the century of democracy.The future looked bright, as many erstwhileauthoritarian and hybrid regimes, such as Armenia,the Gambia, Malaysia, Myanmar and Tunisia, becamedemocracies. The will of the people as the onlylegitimate form of authority seemed to be a popularand rapidly spreading ideal. Unfortunately, the Covid-19pandemic has exacerbated a trend of increasingauthoritarianism, across the globe, with manycountries sliding back down the democratic scale.Myanmar, which had been a fledgling democracy justbeginning to recover from decades of military rule, fellvictim to a military coup, the leaders of which evencited faulty elections as the justification for their courseof action. Perhaps the greatest blow to democraticideals was the fall of the people’s government inAfghanistan, which has seen war being waged for thesake of preserving democratic principles. Significantly,the United States, the bastion of global democracy,fell victim to authoritarian tendencies itself, and wasknocked down a significant number of steps on thedemocratic scale.Amid such geopolitical upheaval, the pandemic hasraged on. Repeated outbreaks in different parts ofthe world simultaneously have made the disease allthe more difficult to fight, and the toll it has taken hasbeen grievous.However, even in this hour of despair, hope remains.Countries across the world have come together tofight this disease, and this has ushered in a period ofunprecedented global cooperation. Popular protestsfor better government in countries like Sudan and Chilehave led to important reforms. In Malawi, a landmarkdecision to annul fraudulent election results set animportant precedent, one representing the victory ofdemocratic, independent institutions over governmentpressure. Successful elections in Montenegro andBolivia, as well as protests against governmentcorruption in Bulgaria, are further examples of theresilience of democracy.The global urge for democratic governance thusclearly remains strong. However, the pandemic hasemboldened several governments to double down onpopular expression, and push for more direct control.An example of this tendency is Hungary, which passedseveral ordinances limiting citizens’ rights and givingmore power to Viktor Orbán’s government—under thepretext of bringing the pandemic under control.In this time of crisis, International IDEA’s TheGlobal State of Democracy Indices (GSoD) is a vitalenterprise. The analysis and accompanying report,based on a robust methodology and a broad, multidimensional understanding of democracy, offers acritical assessment of the global context and seeks togalvanize the countries of the world to strive for bettergovernance. The GSoD legitimizes an expanding purviewof democracy, which is now no longer limited to justelections and political rights. The report analyses howcountries are faring in terms of upholding democraticprinciples, including factors such as Basic Welfare, theAbsence of Corruption and Social Group Equality.As the former Chief Election Commissioner of my owncountry, India, I have personally been witness to thechanging times of global democracy. Despite Indiafalling in the democracy ranks, I can personally attestthat the spirit of democracy among the Indian peopleremains strong. Difficult times undoubtedly lie ahead.Democracy is on the back foot, and more countries aremoving towards authoritarianism than at any other pointsince 1995. However, I am confident that democracy’sresilience, perhaps its greatest asset, will allow itultimately to triumph.Dr S. Y. QuraishiFormer Chief Election Commissioner of Indiaiii
PrefaceThe Global State of Democracy 2021Building Resilience in a Pandemic EraPrefaceTwo years ago, when International IDEA publishedthe second iteration of its Global State of DemocracyReport, there was a clear sense that the headwindsthat democracy was facing all over the world weresevere and growing. Nonetheless, it was still relativelysimple to point to positive examples that suggestedthat democracy’s remarkable global expansion of thepast 70 years had not come to a screeching halt. Thenumber of polities able to hold credible and competitiveelections had continue to grow, and countries likeMyanmar, Ethiopia, and Sudan, to name a few cases,were still undergoing vulnerable but real processesof political opening. The report made a case for theurgency of leveraging those green offshoots to revivethe democratic promise.Little did we know that only a few months laterdemocracies around the world would be subject tothe most severe stress test imaginable. As in manyother aspects of life, the Covid-19 pandemic hasaccelerated and magnified pre-existing political trendswhile adding a whole new plethora of unprecedentedchallenges to democracies that were already underpressure. Virtually overnight, all democratic systemsfound themselves dealing with enormous obstaclesto hold minimally adequate elections and secure thefunctioning of legislative and judicial institutions.More importantly, executives all over the world feltcompelled—and also tempted—to deploy wide-rangingemergency powers to confront the calamity that hadbefallen the world. Unsurprisingly, the results havebeen problematic. The two years since our last reporthave not been good for democracy. The monumentalhuman victory achieved when democracy became thepredominant form of governance now hangs in thebalance like never before.This report documents the myriad signs of this story.It is not simply that the number of democracies hasgone down from the peak of two years ago, but thatsome of the worst reversals have happened precisely inplaces like Myanmar, which had appeared as beacons ofhope until recently. Moreover, the quality of democracycontinues to travel a very visible downward pathacross the board. In the context of the pandemic, manydemocratic governments have adopted questionableivrestrictions to fundamental freedoms that, in manycases, mimic the practices of authoritarian regimes.Democratic backsliding, namely the sustained anddeliberate process of subversion of basic democratictenets by political actors and governments, isthreatening to become a different kind of pandemic—itnow afflicts very large and influential democracies thataccount for a quarter of the world’s population. And allthis is happening while authoritarian systems intensifytheir repressive practices and engage in ever morebrazen attempts to silence their critics and distort theworkings of democracies.The drivers of all these phenomena are complex and,in some cases, barely understood. This is a story inwhich democracies are being weakened because theunderlying polis—without which no set of democraticinstitutions is durable—is being rent asunder bydifferent forces, from the polarization nurtured bysocial media and disinformation to grotesque levelsof economic inequality. It is also a tale in whichdemocracies are hollowed out by the citizens’ lossof faith in the ability of democratic institutions torespond to social demands and solve problems, aswell as by the toxic disease of corruption, whichdemolishes any semblance of trust. Add to this thecredibility-sapping blunders performed by leadingdemocratic powers over the past two decades—fromthe invasion of Iraq to the global financial crisis of2008-2009 and to the violently contested elections inthe United States—and the simultaneous emergenceof credible alternative models of governance, and wehave the equivalent of a witches’ brew for the globalhealth of democracy. The pandemic has simply madethat brew thicker and more poisonous.While it is clear that the effects of this global crisis willtake many years, if not decades, to sediment, we haveaccrued sufficient information over the past nearlytwo years to gauge some of the initial consequencesand identify many of the dangers and opportunities fordemocracy that come with them. This is the exercisethat readers have before them—a health check ofdemocracy in the age of Covid-19. It is an examinationthat aspires to be comprehensive, rigorous, nuanced,and constructive.
International IDEA2021As with our previous reports, this one is based on acomprehensive conceptual framework that unpacks anddissects the many facets of the democratic construct,including the workings of representative institutions,the protection of fundamental rights, the robustnessof checks and balances, and the vibrancy of popularparticipation. Twenty-nine attributes and sub-attributesare examined in total. And they are examined in arigorous manner, by resorting to a mass of empiricalevidence that encompasses 116 indicators, covering165 countries, with data going back to 1975 for everyyear until 2020. Indeed, our report is based on our GlobalState of Democracy Indices, a freely available database,updated yearly. This information is complemented bythe analytical capacities that come with keeping a closeear to the ground in all major regions of the world, wherewe operate and deal on a daily basis with the actorsthat give life to democracy. Our work is not simply deskresearch—it reflects International IDEA’s nature as athink- and do-thank.Crucially, we want our analysis to be nuanced, to gobeyond the relentless negativity of the most recentheadlines about democracy and lend visibility to thepositive happenings, to the promising trends and thesuccessful struggles happening around the world.In a conscious way, we are trying to avoid the clickbaiting and the ephemeral attraction that often comeswith merely gloating about the travails of democracy.We analyze the evidence without fear or favor, goingalways where it takes us, but with an eye open for thepossibilities and the promises. Always predicting a bearmarket for democracy is easy. It is also inaccurate andunhelpful. And help democracy we must. Hence ourinsistence in being constructive, namely marrying ouranalysis with policy recommendations to guide andinspire those working in the trenches of democracy,from election management bodies to legislators, partyofficials, and civil society organizations.With this report we hope to convey a sense of urgencyabout the global plight of democracy but also ofopportunity. We want to use this report, born in thedark days of Covid-19, to press upon our audiencesthe message that this is the best time for democraticactors to be bold. This is the time to rethink wholesalethe connection between citizens and institutions, toexperiment with new institutional designs and forms ofdeliberation, to leverage digital technologies to enhancePrefaceparticipation, transparency, and accountability, to placethe ability of democratic institutions to respond tocitizens’ demands at the heart of policy agendas. Thisis the time to revitalize the democratic project in orderto prepare it for the even sterner challenges that lieahead, including those posed by the climate crisis. If wedon’t do that now, when the fault lines tearing apart oursocieties have been laid bare by the pandemic, we willnever do it. Democracies will then be doomed to leadinga dangerous life, where the lure of authoritarianismwill only grow. The best way to defend the democraticproject is to go on the offense, revitalize it, and make itlive up to its promise.In the process of doing that, we should never forget whythis work matters. This is about more than safeguardingabstract principles or winning geopolitical battles—itis about protecting the dignity of real human beings,which democracy does better than any other politicalarrangement. Every democratic reversal is not ageopolitical battle lost—it is a constellation of lives thatgoes dark. As we are witnessing in Afghanistan today, itis a group of human beings that lose their opportunity tofulfill their potential and dreams. And that is also our loss.This report is our small contribution to this globalstruggle. It is very small compared to the deeds thatare performed on a daily basis by the brave young prodemocracy activists in Myanmar, by the women thatrefused to by cowed by fanatics in Afghanistan, by thecitizens that have not withdrawn their umbrellas in HongKong, by the jailed opposition leaders in Nicaragua, by thedissidents that are daring to say out loud what the rest ofsociety whispers in Cuba—that no amount of repressioncan hide that their absolute rulers are naked and lost.Each of these acts of defiance is a triumph ofthe human spirit that deserves our homage andrecommitment to the democratic project. In these pagesis our small tribute and our sincere pledge—that we willuse the knowledge we gather and the experience weaccrue to help reformers improve democracy where itexists, to support those who fight for it where it doesn’texist, and to inspire the million others that need to jointhis cause if democracy is to endure and prevail.Kevin Casas-ZamoraSecretary-General, International IDEAv
AcknowledgementsThe Global State of Democracy 2021Building Resilience in a Pandemic EraAcknowledgementsThis report was conceptualized and written by AnnikaSilva-Leander, with inputs from Elisenda BallesteBuxo, Alberto Fernandez Gibaja, Alexander Hudson,Miguel Angel Lara Otaola and Seema Shah, under thesupervision of Kevin Casas-Zamora and MassimoTommasoli. It was edited by Alistair Scrutton andSeema Shah, with assistance from Jeremy Gaunt.Feedback and inputs on the report draft were providedby external peer reviewers: Birgitta Ohlsson (NDI),Kristen Sample (NDI), Carlos Santiso (CAF), JeffreyThindwa (World Bank) and members of InternationalIDEA’s Board of Advisers, including Christian Leffler.International IDEA staff and consultants who providedfeedback to draft versions were Olufunto Akinduro,Sead Alihodžić, Elisenda Balleste Buxo, AlbertoFernandez Gibaja, Erin Houlihan, Alexander Hudson,viNana Kalandadze, Therese Pearce Laanela, LauraMancilla, Jonathan Murphy, Miguel Angel Lara Otaola,Tomas Quesada, Mark Salter, Maria Santillana, LeenaRikkila Tamang, Laura Thornton, Adina Trunk andRobin Watts. Alexander Hudson and Joseph Noonanproduced all the graphs in the report. Many thanksto Clara Alm, Megan Bequette, Benjamin Gelman,Gentiana Gola, Miriam Ekvall Halila, Maud Kuijpers,Maria Santillana and Rixte Schermerhorn for theirinvaluable fact-checking.Notwithstanding all the generous advice, helpand comments received from external partners,International IDEA takes sole responsibility for thecontent in this report.
International IDEA2021IntroductionIntroductionDemocracy is at risk. Its survival is endangered by aperfect storm of threats, both from within and from arising tide of authoritarianism. The Covid-19 pandemichas exacerbated these threats through the impositionof states of emergency, the spread of disinformation,and crackdowns on independent media and freedomof expression.The Global State of Democracy 2021 shows that morecountries than ever are suffering from ‘democraticerosion’ (decline in democratic quality), including inestablished democracies. The number of countriesundergoing ‘democratic backsliding’ (a more severeand deliberate kind of democratic erosion) has neverbeen as high as in the last decade, and includesregional geopolitical and economic powers such asBrazil, India and the United States.More than a quarter of the world’s population now livein democratically backsliding countries. Together withthose living in outright non-democratic regimes, theymake up more than two-thirds of the world’s population.Fully fledged authoritarian regimes are also growingin number, and their leaders are acting ever morebrazenly. The pandemic provides additional toolsand justification for repressive tactics and silencingof dissent in countries as diverse as Belarus, Cuba,Myanmar, Nicaragua and Venezuela. These regimes arebuoyed by a lack of sufficient geopolitical pressures andsupport from other autocratic powers. Some of themthrive on the narrative that authoritarian governance ismore effective for economic prosperity and pandemicmanagement.Worryingly, many democratically elected governmentsare also adopting time-honoured authoritarian tactics,often with popular support. The pandemic hasmade it easier to justify this behaviour, including thepoliticization of judiciaries, the manipulation of media,restrictions on civil liberties and minority rights, and theweakening of civil society.The pandemic has preyed more on weakerdemocracies and fragile states while political systemswith strong rule of law and separation of powers haveproved more resilient.Yet, the pandemic has also evinced democracy’sresilience in key ways. It has fuelled pro-democracymovements to challenge this authoritarian tide fromBelarus to Myanmar. Protests over climate change andracial inequality have gone global, despite restrictionson assembly in most countries during the pandemic.Many states have adhered to democratic principlesduring the public health crisis, thanks to transparentand innovative governance. Some studies point to areinvigoration of democratic values globally, particularlyamong younger generations.1Some governments have provided crucial democraticinnovation during the pandemic by accelerating theadoption of new democratic practices such as digitalvoting. There are tentative signs of new geopoliticalalliances in which some countries—for example,Sweden, and recently the USA—are making democracya foreign policy priority. The Summit for Democracy, thefirst of which will be held in December 2021, will providean important opportunity to reassert a multilateral worldorder based on democratic norms.Many democracies that were seduced into years ofcomplacency during stable times have managed toreform themselves during this crisis. This resilienceand revitalizing zeal are more important than everif democracies are to survive the pressing globalchallenges ahead.This report offers lessons and recommendations thatgovernments, political and civic actors, and internationaldemocracy assistance providers should consider inorder to counter the worrying erosion of democracyand instead foster its resilience and deepening. Thereport documents global trends, but it should be read inconjunction with its accompanying four regional reports(Africa and the Middle East, the Americas, Asia and thePacific, Europe) and three thematic papers. The latterexplore lessons learned from the pandemic regardingelectoral processes, the use of emergency powers, andpandemic-related responses in democracies versusother regime types.The conceptual framework on which this report isbased is International IDEA’s expansive and inclusivedefinition of democracy: popular control over publicvii
Introductiondecision-making and decision-makers, and equalitybetween citizens in the exercise of that control. Theseprinciples are operationalized through an analysisof five core attributes of democracy: RepresentativeGovernment, Fundamental Rights, Checks onGovernment, Impartial Administration and ParticipatoryEngagement. Each of these attributes is broken downinto multiple subattributes. This report does not detailviiiThe Global State of Democracy 2021Building Resilience in a Pandemic Erathe findings for every subattribute; it focuses only onthe most important and urgent findings.It closes with a three-point agenda to harness theenergy for democratic reform, which can be used asa framework to unite policymakers, civil society andglobal leaders, and to exploit democracy’s capacity forself-correction.
International IDEA2021About the reportAbout the reportInternational IDEA’s The Global State of Democracy 2021reviews the state of democracy around the world over thecourse of 2020 and 2021, with democratic trends since2015 used as contextual reference. It is based on analysisof events that have impacted democratic governanceglobally since the start of the pandemic, based on variousdata sources, including International IDEA’s Global Monitorof Covid-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights,and International IDEA’s Global State of Democracy(GSoD) Indices. The Global Monitor provides monthly dataon pandemic measures and their impact on democracyfor 165 countries in the world. The GSoD Indices providequantitative data on democratic quality for the samecountries, based on 28 aspects of democracy up until theend of 2020. Both data sources are developed arounda conceptual framework, which defines democracy asbased on five core attributes: Representative Government,Fundamental Rights, Checks on Government, ImpartialAdministration and Participatory Engagement. These fiveattributes provide the organizing structure for this report.This report is part of a series on The Global State ofDemocracy, which complement and cross-referenceeach other. This report has a global focus, and it isaccompanied by four regional reports that providemore in-depth analysis of trends and developments inAfrica and the Middle East; the Americas (North, Southand Central America, and the Caribbean); Asia and thePacific; and Europe. It is also accompanied by threethematic papers that allow more in-depth analysisand recommendations on how to manage electoralprocesses and emergency law responses, and howdemocracies and non-democracies fared based onlessons learned from the pandemic.ParticipaEngage torymentocietyCivil SipationicrtPaDemocracypin artiaistrat lionImmsckChe ernmvGoEfPa fectirlia vemential edic ncJu ndeeepIndMediaIntegrityAbsenceCorrupt ofionCiviltiesLiberSocial Rightsand EqualityPopular Control andPolitical EqualityAdleab tict ened emrP orcfEnssce iceAc ustJtooen ntnesentativeReprnmGover entmentalndaFu RightsElectoralParticipatioEGo lecteverdnmentlca acyLo ocrmDeDiDem rectocracyFree PoliticalPar tieseInclusiveSuffraganCle nstioceElThe GSoD conceptual frameworkix
About the reportCONCEPTS IN THE GLOBAL STATEOF DEMOCRACY 2021 The reports refer to three main regime types:democracies, hybrid and authoritarian regimes.Hybrid and authoritarian regimes are both classifiedas non-democratic. Democracies, at a minimum, hold competitiveelections in which the opposition stands a realisticchance of accessing power. This is not the case inhybrid and authoritarian regimes. However, hybridregimes tend to have a somewhat more open—butstill insufficient—space for civil society and themedia than authoritarian regimes. Democracies can be weak, mid-range performing orhigh-performing, and this status changes from year toyear, based on a country’s annual democracy scores. Democracies in any of these categories can bebacksliding, eroding and/or fragile, capturingchanges in democratic performance over time.xThe Global State of Democracy 2021Building Resilience in a Pandemic Era– Backsliding democracies are those that haveexperienced gradual but significant weakeningof Checks on Government and Civil Liberties,such as Freedom of Expression and Freedomof Association and Assembly, over time. This isoften through intentional policies and reformsaimed at weakening the rule of law and civicspace. Backsliding can affect democracies at anylevel of performance.– Eroding democracies have experiencedstatistically significant declines in any of thedemocracy aspects over the past 5 or 10 years.The democracies with the highest levels oferosion tend also to be classified as backsliding.– Fragile democracies are those that haveexperienced an undemocratic interruption at anypoint since their first transition to democracy.– Deepening authoritarianism is a decline in any ofthe democracy aspects of non-democratic regimes.For a full explanation of the concepts and how they aredefined, see Table 6 on p. 8 of the summary methodology.
International IDEA2021Chapter 1Key facts and findingsChapter 1Key facts and findingsCHALLENGESThe number of countries moving in an authoritariandirection in 2020 outnumbered those going in ademocratic direction. The pandemic has prolongedthis existing negative trend into a five-year stretch,the longest such period since the start of the thirdwave of democratization in the 1970s.Democratically elected governments, includingestablished democracies, are increasingly adoptingauthoritarian tactics. This democratic backsliding hasoften enjoyed significant popular support.Some of the most worrying examples of backslidingare found in some of the world’s largest countries(Brazil, India). The United States and three membersof the European Union (EU) (Hungary, Poland andSlovenia, which holds the chair of the EU in 2021)have also seen concerning democratic declines.Authoritarianism is deepening in non-democraticregimes (hybrid and authoritarian regimes). Theyear 2020 was the worst on record, in terms ofthe number of countries affected by deepeningautocratization. The pandemic has thus had aparticularly damaging effect on non-democraticcountries, further closing their already reducedcivic space.Electoral integrity is increasingly being questioned,often without evidence, even in establisheddemocracies. The former US President DonaldTrump’s baseless allegations during the 2020 USpresidential election have had spillover effects,including in Brazil, Mexico, Myanmar and Peru,among others.The uneven global distribution of Covid-19vaccines, as well as anti-vaccine views, underminethe uptake of vaccination programmes and riskprolonging the health crisis and normalizingrestrictions on basic freedoms.OPPORTUNITIESMany democracies around the world have proved resilientto the pandemic, introducing or expanding democraticinnovations and adapting their practices and institutions inrecord time.Despite pandemic restrictions oncampaigning and media space unfairlyfavouring incumbent governments insome countries, the electoral componentof democracy has shown remarkableresilience. Countries around the worldlearned to hold elections in exceedinglydifficult conditions, and they rapidlyactivated special voting arrangements toallow citizens to continue exercising theirdemocratic rights.1
Chapter 1Key facts and findingsThe Global State of Democracy 2021Building Resilience in a Pandemic EraThroughout 2020 and 2021, pro-democracy movements havebraved repression in many places, such as Belarus, Cuba,Eswatini, Hong Kong and Myanmar. Social movements fortackling climate change and fighting racial inequalities haveemerged globally and continue to make their voices heard,despite pandemic restrictions. More than 80 per cent of countrieshave experienced protests during the pandemic, despiterestrictions on assembly in almost all countries in the world.Some countries have continued tomake headway in their democratizationprocesses. In Zambia, the oppositionleader sailed to victory in August 2021,despite the incumbent party’s strong-armtactics.There are also signs of the private sector taking ondemocratic rights issues, such as over the treatment ofUighurs in China, while forthcoming EU legislation onmandatory human rights due diligence for private sectorcompanies may provide an additional push for greaterengagement as well.Recent research shows that authoritarianregimes have not been better thandemocracies at fighting
country, India, I have personally been witness to the changing times of global democracy. Despite India falling in the democracy ranks, I can personally attest that the spirit of democracy among the Indian people remains strong. Difficult times undoubtedly lie ahead. Democracy is on the back foot, and more countries are
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