Cell Structure And Division

Biology Final 2011-2012 » Form A (Master Copy)Directions: Review the content below and answer the questions that followMendel's ExperimentsIn the 1860s, Gregor Mendel, an Austrian scientist, began a series of experiments to learn how traits are passed fromgeneration to generation. He used pea plants with different flower colors. He concluded that the plants had a factor thatdetermined flower color and that the factor could be passed from parent to offspring.Mendel performed thousands of these experiments and recorded the details of the parent plants as well as the offspring ofthose plants. By analyzing the data, Mendel determined the laws of inheritance that predict the inheritance of traits. Theseprinciples are now known as Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance.Although Mendel published a paper describing his findings in 1866, his work did not become widely known until after 1900,when three European scientists read the paper and realized its importance.At the time of his experiments, Mendel did not know that the factors determining inheritance were genes. Years after Mendel’sresearch, scientists discovered the structure of genetic material, which explained the mechanism of Mendel’s Laws ofInheritance. Since then, much more work has been done in the field of genetic research.30.Which statement BEST describes how the knowledgegained through Mendel’s work became available toothers?A.Mendel's work became available to scientistswhen the Internet was invented.B.As soon as Mendel's work was discovered, itmade headlines all around the world.C.Mendel's work was withheld from the generalpublic until its validity was tested many times.After scientists recognized the importance ofD. Mendel's work, the information became availableto everyone.Go on to the next page »DataDirector Assessment ID: 66563Page 14 of 33 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved.

Biology Final 2011-2012 » Form A (Master Copy)Directions: Review the content below and answer the questions that follow31.Refer to the illustration above. The structures labeled4 areA.vesicles.B.lysosomes.C. ribosomes.D. chloroplasts.32.Refer to the illustration above. Which structurepackages and distributes proteins and lipids?A.structure 1B.structure 2C. structure 3D. structure 4Go on to the next page »DataDirector Assessment ID: 66563Page 15 of 33 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved.

Biology Final 2011-2012 » Form A (Master Copy)Directions: Please choose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.33.What is the purpose of a stop codon?34.A.to signal the end of a growing chain of aminoacidsB.to signal the end of an intron being cut out of anRNA transcriptC.to signal the end of a tRNA molecule where it linksto an amino acidD.to signal the end of a growing strand of mRNA asit is transcribed from DNAThe table below shows the genetic code used totranslate RNA sequences into amino acid sequences.The figure below shows the first 10 nucleic acids in astrand of RNA.Below are some possible mutations at position 6 of thegiven strand. Which mutation would not change theamino acid sequence of the resulting protein?A.if G is deletedB.if G is changed to AC. if G is changed to CD. if an extra G is insertedGo on to the next page »DataDirector Assessment ID: 66563Page 16 of 33 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved.

Biology Final 2011-2012 » Form A (Master Copy)Directions: Review the content below and answer the questions that followProtein SynthesisTraits in DNA are expressed through the process of protein synthesis, several stages of which are shown below. Theexpression of traits in DNA can be affected by external agents, such as chemicals or high-energy radiation.35.What is the function of DNA in stage 1 of the process?A.It transfers amino acids to the ribosomes.B.It codes for protein synthesis by first coding forRNA.C.It binds various molecules necessary for proteinsynthesis.D.36.It translates bases into codons that are thentransferred to RNA.Which of these BEST describes how DNA and RNAdiffer based on each of their functions in this process?A.DNA stores the information for protein synthesis,and RNA carries out the instructions encoded inDNA.B.DNA carries the genetic information copied fromRNA, and RNA assembles the amino acids in thecorrect sequence.DNA carries the amino acids to the ribosomes forC. protein synthesis, and RNA carries the geneticcode into the cytoplasm.DNA catalyzes the assembling of amino acids intoD. protein chains, and RNA binds various moleculesnecessary for protein synthesis.Go on to the next page »DataDirector Assessment ID: 66563Page 17 of 33 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved.

Biology Final 2011-2012 » Form A (Master Copy)37.What is the role of RNA polymerase in stage 1 of theprocess shown in the diagram?A.It transfers messages to the amino acids.B.It transcribes RNA from a DNA template.C. It strengthens the DNA strand during replication.D.It speeds up the translation of mRNA to theribosomes.Go on to the next page »DataDirector Assessment ID: 66563Page 18 of 33 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved.

Biology Final 2011-2012 » Form A (Master Copy)Directions: Please choose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.38.The enzymes that unwind DNA are calledA.double helixes.B.DNA helicases.41.C. forks.A species of herbivore from South Americawas accidentally released into an ecosystem in Africa,as shown in the map below. Over time, the nonnativeherbivore caused the extinction of one type of plant inthe ecosystem in Africa.D. phages.39.Transcription is the process by which geneticinformation encoded in DNA is transferred to a(n)A.RNA molecule.B.DNA molecule.C. uracil molecule.D. transposon.40.The sequence A-T-T-C-G in DNA would be convertedinto which of the following mRNA sequences?A.A-U-U-C-GB.T-A-A-G-CWhat is the MOST LIKELY impact that the extinction ofa plant could have on an ecosystem?C. U-A-A-G-CD. G-C-C-U-A42.A.Animals that depend on the extinct plant willdecrease in number.B.Less carbon dioxide will be released due to theloss of the plants.C.Herbivores that rely on the extinct plant may preyon other organisms.D.Other organisms such as fungi will becomeproducers to replace the extinct plant.In a balanced ecosystem with predators and prey, ifthe number of prey decreasesA.the number of predators will decrease.B.new predators will move into the area.C. there will be no change in the ecosystem.D. the number of prey will eventually increase.Go on to the next page »DataDirector Assessment ID: 66563Page 19 of 33 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved.

Biology Final 2011-2012 » Form A (Master Copy)43.Biodiversity is greatest in the tropics and decreasestoward both poles. For example, many morespecies of birds exist in Central America than inthe Arctic. Based on data collected, scientists haveproposed many different, reasonable explanations forthis pattern.Which of these statements BEST explains thispattern?A.Tropical ecosystems contain fewer diversehabitats than arctic ecosystems.B.Arctic ecosystems have more predictable climatesthan tropical ecosystems.Tropical ecosystems receive more sunlight, whichC. allows for more productivity of plants than arcticecosystems.Arctic ecosystems are older, so organisms haveD. had more time to evolve than organisms in tropicalecosystems.Go on to the next page »DataDirector Assessment ID: 66563Page 20 of 33 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved.

Biology Final 2011-2012 » Form A (Master Copy)Directions: Review the content below and answer the questions that followAntarctic Food Web44.45.Glacier melting has caused a decrease in the salinityof the Antarctic Ocean. As a result, the number ofdiatoms, a type of phytoplankton, has decreased.Which of these is the MOST LIKELY result of thereduction of ocean salinity in the Antarctic?A.an increase in the energy available to the krillB.a decrease in the energy available to the algaeC.a decrease in the population of all the organismsof the food webD.an increase in the population of organisms thatfeed on phytoplankton46.Some studies indicate that global warming may becausing a decline in the population of krill in theAntarctic. Which organism in the Antarctic food webis LEAST LIKELY to be affected by this decline in thepopulation of krill?A.fishB.penguinsAlgae found in the Antarctic grow on the undersideof sea ice. Over the past thirty years the number ofalgae in the Antarctic has decreased. In which way arehumans MOST LIKELY contributing to the decrease inthe number of algae in the Antarctic?A.over-hunting krill in the Antarctic, which reducesthe food supply for algaeB.burning fossil fuel, which increases globaltemperatures and melts ice in the Antarcticmining for coal in the Antarctic, which releasesC. carbon dioxide into the air and leads to globalwarmingusing fertilizers that drain into the ocean andD. reduce the number of zooplankton, on which thealgae feedC. phytoplanktonD. carnivorous zooplanktonGo on to the next page »DataDirector Assessment ID: 66563Page 21 of 33 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved.

Biology Final 2011-2012 » Form A (Master Copy)Directions: Please choose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.47.Scientists on an island tracked the populationof a particular species of rodent over a ten-yearperiod. Their data are shown in the graph below.49.In some aquatic food chains, mackerel are preyedupon by tuna, yet the size of the mackerel populationremains constant. Which statement BEST explainswhy the mackerel population is maintained in this foodchain?A.They mate only once before dying.B.They are rarely eaten by many tuna.C. They reproduce to give birth to new fish.D. They are able to protect themselves from tuna.Which of the following statements describes apossible cause of the trend observed in the populationduring this period?A.The death rate was greater than the birth rate.B.The birth rate was greater than the death rate.C. The birth rate and the death rate were balanced.D. The birth rate and the death rate were both zero.48.The food chain below represents the interdependenceof living organisms in a pond.If the tadpoles were removed from the pool,which population would be MOST LIKELY to increase?A.the algae populationB.the water flea populationC. the dragonfly nymph populationD. the water stick insect populationGo on to the next page »DataDirector Assessment ID: 66563Page 22 of 33 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved.

Biology Final 2011-2012 » Form A (Master Copy)Directions: Review the content below and answer the questions that followEnergy from the SunThe diagram below shows how energy moves through an ecosystem.50.In the food chain shown on the right side of thediagram, which organism receives the maximumuseful energy?A.hawkB.plant52.C. ratD. snake51.Using the diagram, what can be BEST concludedabout useful energy?A.Some useful energy is lost as heat at all levelsbecause energy transfer is not efficient.B.Minimum useful energy is lost as heat at level 1because energy transfer is not efficient.C.Maximum useful energy is lost as heat at level 1because energy transfer is not efficient.D.Most of the useful energy is lost as heat at alllevels because energy transfer is not efficient.Which inference can be derived about the energytransfer at level 2?A.90% of the energy released by the Sun is used bythe rat, and the rest of the energy is released asheat.B.90% of the energy released by the plant is usedby the rat, and the rest of the energy is releasedas heat.10% of the energy released by the Sun is used byC. the rat, and the rest of the energy is released asheat.10% of the energy released by the plant is usedD. by the rat, and the rest of the energy is releasedas heat.Go on to the next page »DataDirector Assessment ID: 66563Page 23 of 33 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved.

Biology Final 2011-2012 » Form A (Master Copy)Directions: Please choose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.53.54.In the oxygen–carbon dioxide cycle,A.animals produce oxygen used by plants forphotosynthesis.B.animals produce oxygen used by plants forrespiration.C.animals produce carbon dioxide used by plants forphotosynthesis.D.animals produce carbon dioxide used by plants forrespiration.Energy flows from the sun through the living worldwhenA.plants capture sunlight and producecarbohydrates.B.animals eat plants.C. animals eat other animals that have eaten plants.D. All of the aboveGo on to the next page »DataDirector Assessment ID: 66563Page 24 of 33 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved.

Biology Final 2011-2012 » Form A (Master Copy)Directions: Review the content below and answer the questions that follow55.Refer to the illustration above. Level A is composed ofA.carnivores.B.herbivores.C. producers.D. omnivores.Go on to the next page »DataDirector Assessment ID: 66563Page 25 of 33 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved.

Biology Final 2011-2012 » Form A (Master Copy)Directions: Please choose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.56.Antibiotics are used to prevent bacterial growth orkill bacteria in the human body. However, continuoususe of antibiotics has led to the evolution of antibioticresistant bacteria. Which process favored theadaptation of biological resistance during the evolutionof the bacteria?A.mutationB.replication58.Which factor MOST LIKELY led to these variations inthe species of finches?C. gene migrationD. natural selection57.The various species of finches found in the GalapagosIslands evolved with beaks of different sizes andshapes.Before increased carbon dioxide emissions, thepeppered moth found in a certain area of Great Britainwas white in color. Over time, this peppered mothbecame darker gray, as shown below.59.A.The species of finches adapted to a variety offeeding conditions.B.The species of finches lived in regions withdifferent temperatures.C.The species of finches mated with a variety ofother bird species in different regions.D.The species of finches adapted to protectthemselves from predators of different sizes.An allele that is lethal when homozygous is maintainedat a constant rate in a population. Why doesn't thislethal allele disappear from the population?Very few white peppered moths now exist in this area.Which of these MOST LIKELY contributed to thechange in color of this peppered moth?A.Heterozygotes pass on the allele.A.variation and increased matingB.Homozygotes pass on the allele.B.mutation and selective breedingC. Heterozygotes benefit from the allele.C. adaptation and natural selectionD. Homozygotes benefit from the allele.D. selective breeding and adaptation60.A population of spiders has two common phenotypes:a tan form and a brown form. Often white spiders areproduced when two tan spiders mate, but the whitespiders always die before they can reproduce. What isthe best genetic explanation for the existence of whitespiders?A.They are a result of spontaneous mutation.B.They are dominant heterozygotes.C. They are dominant homozygotes.D. They are recessive homozygotes.Go on to the next page »DataDirector Assessment ID: 66563Page 26 of 33 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved.

Biology Final 2011-2012 » Form A (Master Copy)61.Caterpillars have ways to protect themselves frompredators. Caterpillars of the cabbage butterfly havea poison at the end of their hairs. If an ant touches thepoisoned hairs, the ant backs away and cleans itself.How do the caterpillars produce the poison?A.Caterpillars learn how from their parents.B.Caterpillars steal it from other caterpillars.64.C. Caterpillars learn how from other caterpillars.D. Caterpillars inherit the ability from their parents.62.A tropical rain forest in Brazil is being destroyed tomake room for cattle to graze. An increase in whichof these would BEST help the rain forest ecosystemto withstand environmental disasters and changes?A.types of native organismsB.predators in the ecosystemC. organisms emigrating from the ecosystemD. number of years that each organism livesA scientist observes that when a pesticide iscontinuously used to kill insects, the pesticidebecomes less effective over a period of time. Whichstatement BEST explains why some insects are ableto survive the use of pesticides?A.Some individuals are able to successfully matenumerous times before dying.B.Selective individuals choose mates based on thesurvivability of their genetic traits.C.Successful individuals mate randomly to developbiological resistance in the population.Some individuals with more favorable geneticD. traits due to random mutations are able toreproduce.63.The World Health Organization determined thatinsecticides are often initially effective at getting rid ofmosquitoes. However, they are unable to eradicatemosquitoes completely from a region. Which of theseis MOST LIKELY the reason for the insecticides'inability to completely rid a region of mosquitoes?A.Instructions to use insecticides are not properlyfollowed.B.Insecticides available in the market are noteffective enough.C.Through natural selection some of the mosquitoessurvive and repopulate the area.Some mosquitoes sense the insecticide andD. are able to adapt so as to not be affected by theinsecticide.Go on to the next page »DataDirector Assessment ID: 66563Page 27 of 33 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved.

Biology Final 2011-2012 » Form A (Master Copy)Directions: Review the content below and answer the questions that followPeppered MothsA large population of peppered moths live in the forests of Manchester. Before the Industrial Revolution, most of the pepperedmoths in the area were light in color, and a few moths were dark. The trunks of the trees in the forest around Manchesterhad been a light gray color for hundreds of years. However, during the Industrial Revolution, several factories were built inthe surrounding town. These factories relied on burning coal for fuel. As the Industrial Revolution progressed and additionalfactories were built, the tree trunks became covered with soot and turned almost black. During this same time, the darkvariety of the peppered moths became more common. The chart below details how many dark moths and light moths werecaught in a certain amount of time.65.Based on the information in the graph, what will MOSTLIKELY happen to the moths in Manchester over thenext several years?66.Which of the following MOST LIKELY explains thetrend displayed in the graph?A.The dark-colored moths swarmed the area andforced the light-colored moths to leave.B.The spots on the light-colored moths grew bigger,until the moths were completely dark.A.The number of light-colored moths will increaseand the dark-colored moths will migrate away fromManchester.B.The number of dark-colored moths will increaseand the light-colored moths will eventually die out.C.C.The number of dark-colored moths will stabilizeand the light-colored moths will begin to increase.The light-colored moths became an easy target forpredators against the d

Jun 18, 2011 · Whichcell in the table is MOST LIKELY a eukaryotic plant cell? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 4. . One difference between plants and animals is that plants are A. prokaryotic and animals are eukaryotic. B. eukaryotic and animals are prokaryotic. C. autotrophs and animals are heterotrophs. D. heterotrophs and animals are autotrophs.