NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY, WASHINGTON, DC MIDDLE

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george washingtona national treasureMIDDLE SCHOOL EDITIONV O L U M E 3 , N O. 4 , F A L L 2 0 0 3PatriotPaperstheN AT I O N A L P O R T R A I T G A L L E R Y, W A S H I N G T O N , D C PATRIOT n. [Fr patriote LL. patriota, fellow countryman Gr patriotes patris, fatherland pater, FATHER]George Washington Visits George, WashingtonNational Portrait Gallery Exhibition Tours Country, Opens in MinneapolisComing Soon to a Museum Near YouThe Museum of Fine Arts, Houston:February 15 - June 16, 2002Las Vegas Art Museum:June 28 - October 27, 2002Los Angeles County Museum of Art:November 7, 2002 - March 9, 2003Seattle Art Museum: March 21 - July 20, 2003The Minneapolis Institute of Arts:August 1 - November 30, 2003Oklahoma City Museum of Art:December 12, 2003 - April 11, 2004Arkansas Arts Center: April 23 - August 22, 2004The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Fall 2004ing, “Was he real?”The three-day tour came to a close at the Governor’sMansion in Olympia. And reminiscent of Washington,DC, in the spring, the cherry blossoms were in fullbloom for the occasion. Joined by National PortraitGallery Deputy Director Carolyn Carr and LansdowneProject Manager Michael Fox, congressmen, andeducators, the National Portrait Gallery presentedthe state of Washington with a reproduction of theLansdowne portrait. Governor Gary Locke declaredMarch 26, 2003, Washington State Education Day.And for one last time, there beneath the cherry trees,the legacy of George Washington came to life. Then itwas off to the airport and back to reality. But we can’thelp wondering, “Does George Washington also fly incostume?”Actor William Sommerfield and fifth-grader Clay Cararelli take up fencingSOME PIE!George, Washington, is the home ofthe world’s largest cherry pie, which iseight feet square. The pie is baked eachJuly 4 and served to the public by theGeorgettes, a local ladies’ club.CRUST:159 lbs. flour72 lbs. shorteningsalt to tastewater toright consistencyColin Mulvany, Spokesman-ReviewThe van itself wasn’t that unusual—a two-door, threeseat white Ford van. It was what was inside that causedall the commotion. Most people don’t expect GeorgeWashington, in uniform, to come riding through town.Nor would he stop for gas or eat at the local diner. Butthat’s what he did in the state of Washington, in themonth of March 2003, and the locals took note.Dubbed “The George Tour,” this journey acrossWashington State was organized by the Seattle ArtMuseum in conjunction with its visiting exhibition“George Washington: A National Treasure.” TheNational Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution,has mounted this exhibition to tour the famousLansdowne portrait painted by Gilbert Stuart in 1796.The painting has already visited four of eight venuesacross the country; the tour is made possible throughthe generosity of the Donald W. Reynolds Foundationof Las Vegas, NV.George Washington, played by historical reenactorWilliam Sommerfield, left Seattle on a cold, windy,50-degree morning with four traveling companions:Carol Wyrick, education program director of theNational Portrait Gallery, Mimi Gates, director ofthe Seattle Art Museum, and Jennifer Vary and ErikaLindsey, SAM staffers.Climbing up into the mountains, surrounded bysnow, George and company arrived at their first destination, the small town of George, population 500, andhome of “The World’s Largest Cherry Pie.” GeorgeWashington was everywhere—on street signs, roadsigns, billboards, and even at the Phillips ’76 stationthat proudly displayed a bronze bust in its parking lot.Mayor Elliot Kooy and his wife Debbie joined themfor lunch at, where else but Martha’s Inn, where baking secrets were shared.Taking the stage at George Elementary School,Sommerfield as George Washington summoned several children forward. They learned to bow, curtsey,dance the minuet, plow a field, and even fence. MimiGates spoke to them about heroes and “she-roes.”And a mock press conference gave the kids a chanceto question President Washington: “Do you havewooden teeth? Did you ever live in the White House?Were you hungry after the war? What do you thinkabout our war with Iraq?” And of course, “Are youreally George Washington?”The tour continued on to the Moses Lake Museumand Art Center in Moses Lake and to St. George’sSchool in Spokane. Everywhere President Washingtoncommanded respect; his six-foot, three-inch frameand 18th-century manners somehow demanded it.Everywhere, heads turned and kids were left wonder-FILLING:100 gallons cherries200 lbs. sugar75 c. tapioca2 c. almond extract11 2 c. red foodcoloringThe National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, acquired GilbertStuart’s 1796 Lansdowne portrait of George Washington in 2001 asa gift to the nation through the generosity of the Donald W. ReynoldsFoundation.“Jelly Belly” George:Wow! What a Sweet Deal!It wasn’t the Pied Piper of Hamlin leading theway at the Seattle Art Museum (SAM) on July 2,2003. It was a fife and drum corps, but the 50 kidsgathered in the lobby followed the leader just thesame. The excitement: a four-foot-square portraitof George Washington made entirely of jelly beans.The question: How many beans make up the portrait? The mission, should you decide to accept it:compare the famous Lansdowne portrait of GeorgeWashington to the Jelly Belly portrait, withoutsampling a single bean!The jelly bean portrait is part of an originalseries designed by San Francisco artist Peter Rocha.Working from photographs, this self-proclaimed“king of jelly bean art” captures the famous facesthrough rough pencil drawings. He then paints atight color composition and finishes his unusualwork by applying a mosaic of Jelly Belly beans.Favorites in the growing collection include portraits of Elvis Presley, Abraham Lincoln, MartinLuther King Jr., the Statue of Liberty, and theAmerican bald eagle.Thanks to SAM and the Jelly Belly Candy Co.for sponsoring the event and treating everyone togoody bags of jelly beans and a GW pin. What asweet deal!Ah yes, the answer: 10,008 Jelly Belly beans.“George Washington: A National Treasure” is organized by the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, and made possible through the generosity of the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation.Middle SchoolTeacher’s EditionFellow educators: The Patriot Papers wasdeveloped as a vehicle for enrichment in theclassroom. As a teaching tool it seeks to putGeorge Washington in context, realizing thatwhile Washington influenced America, Americaalso influenced Washington. The news of theday, the social scene, the fashion, the gossip,the political events, his family, and his contemporaries all had their impact. This interdisciplinary approach to studying Washingtonshould serve a variety of subjects—literature, history, language arts, and visual arts.Designed to coincide with national curriculumstandards in both social studies and the language arts, The Patriot Papers provides opportunities to sharpen critical thinking skills, interpret primary source materials, arrange eventschronologically, determine cause and effect,summarize and analyze historical events andideas, and discover relationships betweenAmerica’s early history and the present day.The paper also encourages student involvement. We challenge all to become activelyinvolved in service to country and sharetheir efforts with students across the UnitedStates. We hope to publish student art andpoetry, as well as stories of service throughour website and publication. Pledge It Forwardand enjoy the journey.—Felice Pulles, editor-in-chiefRelated national standards inhistorical thinking Chronological thinking Historical comprehension Historical analysis and interpretation Historical researchAbout the ArtistMaking ConnectionsRelated national standards inlanguage artsGilbert Stuart was born on December 3, 1755, inSaunderstown, Rhode Island. He began to studypainting in his early teenage years, while travelingaround Europe. After painting the Lansdowne portrait, Stuart painted Presidents John Adams, ThomasJefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe. Hismost famous portrait of Washington is recognizabletoday on the one-dollar bill and on postage stamps.Imagine you are an actor who portrays a historical figure. Who would you be? How could you talk, dress, andbehave to be like this person? Create this character. Reading for perspective Reading for understanding Applying knowledge Evaluating data Developing research skills Developing writing skills

Writing to LearnStudents spend numerous hours learning towrite, and we usually depend on the Englishteachers to instruct them. We forget that students can also write to learn. The very act ofthinking an idea through in order to put it onpaper leads to clarification of that idea. Andas students write, more ideas emerge, questions find answers, and confusion finds clarityas words take shape and form. We need notalways know the ending or the answer when webegin to write. The journey will often reveal it.The activities suggested in Writing toLearn are intended for student exploration,to let students meander through inspirations,arguments, and ideas until they make meaning of their own. Initially, don’t worry too muchabout form, structure, spelling, and grammar;it’s only a work in progress. Ideas are bestgenerated when words flow quickly. The mindcan race far faster than the pen. Let it race andcatch those ideas on the fly.Create an Old-FashionedAdvertisementpa g e 2a blast from the pastWashington Wins Electionto House from FortCumberland!FREDERICKSBURG, 1758—George Washington,son of Augustine and Mary Ball Washington, has beenelected to the Virginia House of Burgesses while serving with the British regulars at Fort Cumberland. Hisfriends urged him to return to Virginia and “show hisface,” fearing that he would lose the election. But hechose to stay with his men, and was still successful inwinning a seat in the House.General Washington RalliesTroops at Valley ForgeVALLEY FORGE, 1777–1778—General Washingtonstruggles to keep his troops alive and well in Valley Forge,Pennsylvania, this winter. Inadequate shipments of food,clothing, and supplies have left the regiments in shambles.Poor hygiene and serious disease threaten the lives of all thesoldiers camped there. General Washington has appealedfor more supplies, but has not been successful. In the meantime, General Washington struggles alongside his men,while his political enemies threaten to remove his power.Some critics feel that others are better suited to lead theContinental army.Ask students to create advertisements oftheir own using our authentic 18th-centuryadvertisements as models.Washington Unanimous Pickfor President at Convention!Whiskey RebellionShakes PennsylvaniaNEW YORK, 1789 (AP)—After months of debate toestablish our new American government, the first officialelection was held on February 4, 1789. George Washingtonreceived all 69 electoral votes! Washington, who will beinaugurated on April 30 of this year, accepted the presidency, even though he wished to return to his estate at MountVernon and retire. “I was summoned by my country,” saidWashington. He and his wife Martha will soon move to thecountry’s capital, New York City.PHILADELPHIA, 1794—Western Pennsylvanians havestarted a violent opposition to government taxes. Theyare launching the first major civil disturbance of PresidentWashington’s term in office. Last week, U.S. MarshalDavid Lenox was trying to collect taxes on locally distilledliquor in Westmoreland County. Military action will betaken, much to the regret of the President: “I have accordingly determined to do so, feeling the deepest regret forthe occasion, but withal, the most solemn conviction, thatthe essential interests of the Union demand it.” The army isbeing organized from other northern states and they willadvance into Pennsylvania shortly.Washington GraciouslyDelays Retirement for aSecond TermPHILADELPHIA, 1793 (AP)—President GeorgeWashington has won his second election to the presidencyof the United States! The inauguration will take place onMarch 4 in Philadelphia, the new capital of the UnitedStates. However, Washington is doubtful about being thePresident again. He wrote to his friend Henry Lee “thatit was after a long and painful conflict in my own breast,that I was withheld from requesting, in time, that no votesmight be thrown away upon me; it being my fixed determination to return to the walks of private life.” The next fouryears could be difficult; there are debates over the interpretation of the Constitution. Secretary of the TreasuryAlexander Hamilton, who helped create the NationalBank and the National Mint, will continue to work withthe President. Edmund Randolph will replace ThomasJefferson as secretary of state. Advertise an unusual product Publicize an upcoming event Place a “Help Wanted” advertisementOn Tuesday next,being the 14th Instant,A new COMEDY,The Patriot Papers serves students of all ages. It is publishedquarterly by the National Portrait Gallery, SmithsonianInstitution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, D. C. 2o013-7012editor-in-chief: Felice A. Pulleseditorial staff: Tia Powell Harris,assistant editor: Vicki Fama,review editor: Dru DowdyTerilee Edwards-Hewitt, EmilyMcDonough, Whitney Pickens,Emily van Agtmaeleditorial consultants:guest columnist: J. K. PullesLisa Mullins Bishop, Kate Finch,Shirlee Lampkindesign: Studio A, Alexandria, VA,Hana FieldMartha Washington BuriesFourth Child, John P. CustisYORKTOWN, 1781—After losing two children in infancyand her daughter Patsy to epilepsy, Martha Washingtonlost her last child to camp fever. John Parke Custis,known as Jacky to family and friends, passed away onNovember 5 at Yorktown. This happened just seventeendays after the surrender of Britain’s General Cornwallis.Jacky leaves behind a wife and four children. Generaland Mrs. Washington will raise the younger two children, Eleanor “Nelly” Custis and George WashingtonParke Custis, at Mount Vernon, their home in Virginia.the pudding papers: 1770, Germany: Composer Ludwig vanBeethoven is born 1763, Europe: The Treaty of Paris ends theFrench and Indian War. France cedes Canadato England and gives up all territories in theNew World except New Orleans and a fewscattered islands. 1770, Boston: Boston MassacreThe opinions expressed in The Patriot Papers are not necessarily thoseof the Smithsonian Institution or the National Portrait Gallery.Teaching materials to accompany the exhibition “GeorgeWashington: A National Treasure” are available to educators atno cost by visiting www.georgewashington.si.edu or by calling1-866-NPG-KITS. 2003 Smithsonian Institution. All rights reserved. 1773, Boston: Boston Tea Party 1777, Russia: Alexander I, Czar of Russia is born 1789, France: Bastille stormed, FrenchRevolution beginsNovember 9, 1787,on the Egypt RoadFA L S ED E L I CA C YA Lady’sTIPPET.Whoever has(It may not be improper to giveNotice that the Theatre inWilliamsburg will be closedat the End of the April Court,the American Company’sEngagements calling them tothe Northward, from whence,it is probable, they will notreturn for several years.)lost the same, byapplying to thePrinters, and payingthe expense of theadvertisement, mayhave it again.Margaret ChristmanSuggestions for the timeline 1761, Austria: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozartbegins writing minuets at age fiveand London Graphics,Washington, DCWas foundcalledA WORD TOTHE WISEMaking Connections 1765, Massachusetts: Chocolate is firstproduced in AmericaThe Glorious Washington and Gates, detail fromBickerstaff ’s Boston Almanack, 1778By the author ofBattle of Bunkers Hill, near Boston (detail) by Johann Gotthard Von Müller, afterJohn Trumbull, engraving, 1788–1797. National Portrait Gallery, SmithsonianInstitutionConstruct a timeline that includes both the“Blast from the Past” news stories on page2 and the entries from “The Pudding Papers”on pages 4 and 7. (Students will need to writeheadlines for “The Pudding Papers” entries.)Consider adding drawings, images, or symbols.Add significant world events to the timeline,i.e., the beginning of the French Revolution,advances in science, and noted accomplishments in art, music, and literature. It is important to understand Washington and America’searly history in relation to other world events.th e pat r i o t pa p e r sSmithsonianNational Portrait Gallery8king & queen, march 31, 1772WHEREAS my Apprentice,Christopher Lewis, has absented himself frommy Service, I therefore forewarn all Personsfrom employing or entertaining him underany Pretence whatever.thomas hillThe Women of Valley Forgeand the American RevolutionMartha Washington and other wives assisted withcooking and entertaining the men at Valley Forge.Did you know that some women actually fought inthe American Revolution? Deborah Samson servedin the Continental army for three years, under thename Robert Shirtliffe. She maintained her identityas a man until she was discovered in 1781. MargaretCorbin replaced her husband on the battlefield at FortWashington, performing all of his duties. Anne Baileyrode hundreds of miles alone to gather ammunition tobring to Fort Lee. For more information on women andwar, visit userpages.aug.com/captbarb/index.html.

th e pat r i o t pa p e r sMaking Connectionsnot our finest hourNovember 1796pa g e 3Throughout the coming months The Patriot Papers will addressthe issue of slavery during Washington’s time. In view ofWashington’s many attributes and accomplishments, it is difficult to acknowledge his role as slave owner. Guest historians willshare their perspectives; we invite you to share yours. Hopefully,through dialogue, we will increase our understanding.RUNAWAY SLAVE. Mrs. Washington is greatly distressed by the loss of Olney Judge, her Mount Vernon servant so skilledin needlework. The girl, we hear, was lured away by a Frenchman who tired of her and left her stranded in Portsmouth, NewHampshire. President Washington has sent word that all will be forgiven if she returns to her mistress, but she has refused to comeback unless promised her freedom. This puts the President in an awkward situation. Privately he has said that although he is sympathetic to her demand, setting her free would only reward her for running away and would spread discontent among the rest ofhis servants (as he calls them), who by being faithful are more deserving of their freedom than the runaway. Above all, the Presidentcautioned that no violent means should be used to bring her back, lest a mob or riot be excited. Rather than risk this happening, hewould tell Mrs. Washington she must get along without the services of Olney Judge.— F. A. Pulles, editorPatriotPapers@npg.si.eduDecember 1790RUN away from my plantation, called Newport News, onFREEDOM TOO GREAT A TEMPTATION. President Washington has brought a handful of servants from MountVernon, but he will be faced with the difficulty of complying with the Pennsylvania law freeing adult slaves who have lived inPennsylvania for six months in a row. It is believed that the President, therefore, will have to shuttle these servants back andforth and suffer the inconvenience of sometimes being without his cook, Hercules. Asked if he feared his slaves might takeadvantage of being in the North to run away, the President has privately conceded that “the idea of freedom might be too greata temptation for them to resist.”the 17th of January, a very likely Negro Fellow named Strawsbury,about thirty Years of Age, has lost one of his fore Teeth, and hadon a Cotton Waistcoat and Breeches, Plaid Stockings, andNegro Shoes. The Negroes upon the Plantation saw him go awaywith two Sailors; he can read, and I imagine he will attempt to goout of the Country on Board a Vessel. I do hereby forewarn allMasters of Vessels from carrying him away, as they shall answerit at their Peril. Whoever brings the said Negro to me, in YorkCounty, shall have TEN POUNDS Reward if he is taken inthis Colony, and TWENTY POUNDS if out thereof. George Washington was only 11 years old when he inherited 10 slaves from his father in 1743.—WILLIAM DIGGES, Junior By the time he was 22 years old, George owned approximately 36 slaves. At his death in 1799, Washington had 316 slaves at Mount Vernon, 123 of whom belonged directly to him.The remaining 193 were “dower” slaves—those he acquired through his marriage to Martha. Approximately 75 percent of the slaves at Mount Vernon worked in the fields. Of these, nearly 65 percentwere women. Washington did not buy or sell his slaves after the Revolutionary War. Washington allowed his slaves to marry, although such arrangements were not legally binding at that time. In his will, Washington freed all of the slaves he owned. His personal valet, William Lee, was releasedwith a payment of 30 per year for the rest of his life, a considerable sum in those days.Did You Know.? Washington came from a blended family, having two olderstepbrothers and one stepsister; he was the eldest ofthe children by his father’s second wife. He was actually born February 11, not February 22?England changed its calendar when he was a boy, causinghis birthdate to become February 22. He loved horseback riding, dancing, and farming? He was not always a good student?PRESIDENTIAL RESIDENCE, 190 HIGH STREET, PHILADELPHIA. Senator Robert Morris’s dwelling, at 190 HighStreet, has turned out to be the best house available for the President’s use, and Mr. Morris has graciously agreed to move aroundthe corner. Additions will be made to accommodate Mrs. Washington and her two grandchildren, Nelly, who is about twelve, andGeorge Washington, who is about ten, as well as the President’s secretary and numerous servants. The bathing room has been turnedinto a study to provide for a room in which the President can do business, but unfortunately it will be necessary for visitors to walkup two flights of stairs and pass by the public rooms and private chambers to get to it. The President has insisted that the house is tobe finished in a plain and neat manner and has ruled out tapestry or very rich and costly wallpaper. He has also ruled that the backyard be kept as clean as the parlor, since it is in full view from the best rooms in the house.George Washington and His Family byDavid Edwin, after Edward Savage, stippleengraving, 1798. National Portrait Gallery,Smithsonian InstitutionWANTEDa miller, whois a white Man, fora common Gristmillwithin a Mile of Williamsburg,towhom good Wageswill be given.vsamuel cooke.Petersburg, February 12, 1772George Washington’s family can be tracedback all the way to the mid-1500s. AlthoughGeorge and Martha never had children together, there are numerous recorded cousins, andmany people today claim to be related to ourfirst President. How far back can you trace yourfamily? Design a family tree.The White HousePresident John Adams was the first to live in theWhite House, even though construction was notcomplete. During the War of 1812, the Britishset fire to the White House, but it survived. Theoriginal stone walls, built two centuries ago,are still in place today. The White House nowhas 132 rooms, 35 bathrooms, and 6 levels,with 412 doors, 147 windows, 28 fireplaces, 8staircases, and 3 elevators. Draw a picture ofthe house you would want to live in if you werePresident, or design one special room. His father died when he was 11 years old? He often had a bad temper but slowly learned to control it?December 1790George’s GenealogyPlaying with Possessions He did not always get along very well with his mother,who was bossy and controlling? His older half-brother Lawrence was one of the mostimportant people in young George’s life? He had two stepchildren, but no children of his own.PossessionsToday, most of us own many more things than we really needto live on. When Washington was 11 years old, his familymade an inventory (or list) of their possessions. Here is whatthey owned, besides their land: 16 pairs of sheets17 pillowcases13 bedsA couchDesksChairsA fireplace setTableclothsNapkins A looking glass (mirror)One silver-plated soup spoon18 small spoons7 teaspoonsA watchA sword11 china plates20 slavesHow many of these same items are owned by your family today?Are you surprised to see “slaves” listed as part of the inventoryof possessions? If you were to make an inventory of every itemin your home, how long do you think the list would be? Howmany items would be unfamiliar to George Washington? Possessions tell us a lot about a person.Have each student choose one item to represent each member of his or her family(including the student) and assemble thesein a backpack or box. Then each studentshould choose one item that best represents the entire family. Encourage studentsto do this exercise with their families. Eachstudent should be able to tell the class whyhe or she chose the one item that bestrepresents him or her. (Each student couldassemble a backpack or box with only his orher own items if families prove difficult.)Have students take an inventor y of theirbedroom. (It might be frightening but couldbe revealing of personality.)Students can be divided into groups andassigned a specific historical family to represent. The group would first research thefamily and then discuss issues and debateideas representative of that family. Theycan also construct the same family backpack representing their historical family.For Discussion and DebateHave students do further research on slavery.Good websites include Mount Vernon’s site atwww.mountvernon.org, the Hubbard HouseUnderground Railroad Museum in Ohio at www.hubbardhouseugrrmuseum.org, or theDecatur House at www.decaturhouse.org.

Building VocabularyDefine the terms “Federalist” and “Republican”as used in Washington’s time. What did eachpolitical par ty represent? Which par ties didJefferson and Hamilton support? Why? Howdo these terms relate to the Republican andDemocratic parties of today?the pudding paperspa g e 4th e pat r i o t pa p e r sWe interrupt this edition of The Patriot Papers news to bring you the nearly news—a collection of intimatehistorical glimpses into the past, captured in not-so-living color in The Pudding Papers. The complete episodicadventures can be viewed at your leisure at www.georgewashington.si.edu. Our on-the-scene trustedcorrespondents include: Silas Silvertongue, our presidential reporter; Titus Blunt, our congressional correspondent; and our own Prudence Pudding, who provides social notes from all over. (We leave it for you to decide,Vocabulary Wordscamp fever 1. Typhus: an infection characterized by high fever, headache, and dizziness;a.k.a. camp diarrheacede vt. 1. To surrender possession of, formallyor officially. 2. To yield or grant, as by a treaty.tippet n. 1. A long, slender boa used like a scarf.It was considered a fancy accessory in the 18thcentury, usually made of swansdown or fur.Making Connectionsdear reader, whether she is an upstart hussy or a man in disguise.) In the spirit of the freedom of the press guaranteed by our new Bill of Rights, we intend to act as a watchful eye and a listening ear, sometimes bringing aplate of gossip, but never a dish of scandal.*Editor’s note—We apologize in advance for any improprieties, insults, or slanderous remarks on the part of our correspondents. They are,at times ill-mannered, sometimes indiscreet, and, at all times, want of wit.April 23, 1789February 1792HE COMES! HE COMES! George Washington, Presidentelect of the United States, has just set foot on the New Yorkshore after an eight-day triumphal journey from MountVernon. The excitement here is unbelievable. Thousands linethe streets—all you can see are heads standing as thick as earsof corn before the harvest. Ladies are crowded in every window, anxious for a glimpse of the illustrious man. “I have seenhim!” we heard one young lady call out, “and though I hadbeen entirely ignorant that he was arrived in the city, I shouldhave known at a glance that it was General Washington: Inever saw a human being that looked so great and noble as hedoes. I could fall down on my knees before him.” Washington,it can well be believed, is more popular than the new government he is to head.POLITICAL PARTIES. Not a word about political parties in the Constitution, but they are here and with a passion. Federalists, who are friends of the government, and theRepublicans, who find much to criticize, are at it tooth andnail. Most folks say the parties started over the differencesbetween Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton andSecretary of State Thomas Jefferson. Hamilton, the friend ofbusiness and manufacturers, has pushed for a strong federalgovernment; Jefferson, who wants to see America stay a landof farmers, is deeply suspicious of moneymen and banks. Butwhat has really stirred things up is the war between Franceand England, with the Republicans being passionately onthe side of France, which has beheaded its king and becomea republic, and the Federalists seeing the old mother countryas an important trading partner. The President, who wantsto keep both Hamilton and Jefferson in his cabinet and tosteer a neutral course between France and England, is besetby difficulties.May 14, 1789What qualities made George Washington agood President? What kind of person shouldbe the President of the United States? Do youthink you have what it takes to be a futurePresident? Would you want to be President?Why or why not?WHAT IS THE PRESIDENT TO BE CALLED? Debate,we are told, rages behind the closed doors of the Senate over aproper title for the President. Vice President John Adams anda number of the senators have insisted that a grand and highsounding name, such as “Elective Excellency” or “ElectiveHighness,” is necessary to give respect to the office. Sourcestell us that the committee appointed to draw up a list oftitles “of all the Princes of the Earth” has recommended“HisHighnessthePresident of the UnitedStatesofAmerica,and Protector of theirLiberties.” But theHouse of Representativesre

The National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, acquired Gilbert Stuart’s 1796 Lansdowne portrait of George Washington in 2001 as a gift to the nation through the generosity of the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation. SOME PIE! George, Washington, is the home of the world’s largest cher

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