Landmark Vertical - Concrete Retaining & Freestanding Wall .
Landmark VerticalRETAINING WALL SYSTEMT E C HN IC A L PE R FOR M A N C E M A NUALANCHORWALL.COM
Table of Contents and IntroductionTABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2Landmark System Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3Landmark System Engineering Performance . . . . 5Landmark Direct-Anchorage System . . . . . . . . . .8Landmark System Components . . . . . . . . . . . . 11The Landmark retaining wall system represents abreakthrough in critical reinforced wall engineering – theculmination of research and development in theengineering of a segmental retaining wall system designedfor high performance under extreme loading conditions.Anchor Wall Systems has combined innovative thinkingwith time-tested engineering principles to develop thenext-generation segmental retaining wall system.What makes the Landmark system so advanced?The system’s innovative mechanical connection of thereinforcement material to the block maximizesreinforcement design strength. This permits materialcost efficiencies as wall height increases, with no risk tointegrity.Test results demonstrate that the Landmark system canconsistently deliver a reliable, economical solution forchallenging projects and tall walls. The Landmark system isespecially suited for high load-bearing walls, transportationThe Landmark retaining wall system was the cost-effectivesolution to completing this 5-mile-long trail project. Nearly30 percent of the project was installed with direct anchorage,which made it possible to complete the project without closingadjacent roadways.The Landmark system was used to create an economical solution for two land bridges across the 75-foot drop between this churchand the overflow parking. The tallest wall is 61 feet high.2 ANCHORWALL.COM
Landmark System Featuresapplications and structures located in seismic regions.The Landmark system has been designed specifically forthe commercial and Department of Transportation (DOT)markets. The performance features of the Landmarksystem make cost-effective design solutions possible using,for instance, the design methodology of the AmericanAssociation of State Highway Transportation Officials(AASHTO) or the National Concrete Masonry Association(NCMA).The Landmark system is the first segmental retaining wallsystem in the world that has undergone the rigorousevaluation by the Highway Innovative TechnologyEvaluation Center (HITEC) and that has been approved foruse by the British Board of Agrément (BBA) and many stateDepartments of Transportation.A COST-EFFECTIVE SOLUTIONThe Landmark system saves money by more efficientlyusing the strength of soil reinforcement materials. Thesystem’s high-performing mechanical connection systempermits designers to generally use 100 percent of the soilreinforcement’s design strength at the connection. As aresult, the designed wall typically requires fewer layers ofreinforcement than a conventional segmental retainingDesigners needed a tall wall capable of supporting a 100-tonloading capacity in a Pennsylvania, USA, rock quarry. Takingadvantage of the mechanical connection, the Landmark wallwas built with high-strength fabric reinforcement and stonebackfill. Then the 44-foot-tall wall was incorporated into ahopper loading system.The aesthetics of the Landmark retaining wall system and thenearly vertical system batter were both needed by the designersof this retention pond near a high-profile shopping area.wall. The result is lower material cost, with savings thatincrease with wall height.Because of the shape of the units, no core fill within orbetween the units is required. This further reduces projectmaterial requirements and costs.BUILT-IN CONSISTENCY FOREASE OF INSTALLATIONThe manufacturing process for the Landmark systemproduces units that are remarkably consistent in height.Units are manufactured on their side, allowing the heightof each unit to be precisely controlled by the distancebetween the parts inside the mold. This method ofmanufacturing also ensures a precise fit between the upperand lower units.The controlled height consistency of Landmark unitspermits tight horizontal joints, uniform bearingsurfaces with minimal point loading and uniform stressdistribution throughout the wall face. These qualities makeconstruction easier while also contributing to the reliabilityand structural integrity of the installed system. 3
Landmark System Featuresattached to rock bolts or soil tieback systems by steelwalers concealed inside the cores of the units.Tapered full and half-high units can be used to createoutside curves. Corner units allow construction ofoutside 90 corners. The base course is constructed withfoundation units. Cap units are available to top off the wallfor a finished look.OUTSTANDING WALL PERFORMANCEExtensive research, testing and analysis of the Landmarksystem demonstrate its outstanding performancecapabilities. The lock bar and mechanical connectionsystem ensure connection capacities far greater than whatis required or expected of a properly designed wall.A brownfield in Northern Ireland was to be developed forhousing. To make the 36-foot-high structure more aestheticallyappealing and to provide access to a nearby park, the wall wasterraced and steps were installed.IMPRESSIVE WALLS WITHVISUAL APPEALUntil now, the standard profile for commercially availablesegmental retaining walls has been horizontal. With a heightof 15 inches and a length of 8 inches, Landmark units createa completely different vertical visual appeal in a constructedwall. When placed randomly in a wall, the offset split ortextured faces of the units give a free-form “in-and-outstagger” appearance to the wall face, replicating natural rockformations. The offset blocks cast shadows that accent theoverall presentation of the wall.This is achieved by a manufacturing process that producesunits of two different depths. The width at the bottom ofeach unit is ½ inch greater than at the top for a naturaltransition between courses of block. Fully constructed, theLandmark system is a refreshingly sophisticated addition tothe landscape.UNLIMITED POTENTIALFOR CREATIVE DESIGNLandmark units come in several shapes to offer designersand installers multiple and flexible design solutions.Straight units are used for straight wall sections, insidecurves and inside angled corners. The shape of the block isalso designed for use in applications where the system is4 ANCHORWALL.COMThe Landmark system is designed to perform efficiently,especially in tall walls, highly surcharged walls, highwayapplications and seismic areas. From simple walls to themost challenging application, the Landmark system ismeant to meet and exceed expectations.The random, staggered nature of the units and the verticalappearance of the assembled system give the Landmark systeman exceptional visual signature.
Landmark System Engineering PerformanceUNPARALLELED ENGINEERINGPERFORMANCEThe Landmark system represents the technologicalevolution of the segmental retaining wall industry and hasbeen developed through careful analysis of factors affectingwall performance. Its design assigns reinforcementmaterials a more active role under more controlledcircumstances, afforded by a true mechanical connectionbetween block and reinforcement materials.The Landmark system has been engineered to achievetwo goals.1. The units must mechanically interlock. A mechanicalinterlock between the blocks provides a more stable wallduring construction and, as a final product, greaterinherent resistance to overturning and shear forces.2. The units must mechanically secure a wide varietyof reinforcement products to the blocks. This goalreflects Anchor’s commitment to providing a versatilesystem, compatible with the full range of reinforcementmaterials found in the marketplace.The goals have been achieved by maximizing threeperformance characteristics: overturning resistance, shearcapacity and reinforcement connection capacity.SUPERIOR OVERTURNING RESISTANCEFundamental to wall performance, overturning capacitydescribes a segmental retaining wall unit’s ability to resistrotation or overturning due to soil or external surchargeforces from construction and in-service loads.For most conventional segmental wall units, theoverturning resisting moment is a function of the unit’sin-filled weight multiplied by the distance to its center ofgravity. The Landmark system was designed so its unitsmechanically interlock to one another. The lock flange ofone unit engages the receiving channel of the units below toresist overturning.Overturning test results performed on the Landmarksystem demonstrate that the conservative overturningresistance of Landmark units is 600 percent greater thanthe overturning resistance of conventional segmentalretaining wall units of similar depth.To provide drainage, this land bridge structure has two 6-footdiameter culverts through the 61-foot-high walls.REMARKABLE SHEAR CAPACITYThe shear resistance of a segmental retaining wall is ameasure of the unit’s ability to resist displacement or shear ofone unit relative to another. The Landmark units have uniquelyshaped flanges that establish a high resistance to shear forces.The units have more than sufficient capacity to resist the shearforces generated from lateral earth pressure and surchargeloads.Shear capacity testing was performed at Bathurst ClarabutGeotechnical Testing Inc. Shear capacity tests, followingASTM D 6919 (previously SRWU-2), show that theLandmark system is capable of withstanding greater shearloads than conventional systems. With zero normal load,the Landmark system achieves shear capacities exceeding3,000 lbs./ft. At higher than normal loads, the units reachedshear capacities exceeding 10,000 lbs./ft. 5
Landmark System Engineering PerformanceThe shear capacity test results demonstrate the system’sability to transfer shear loads through the wall units to thenext adjacent reinforcement layer, an attribute of superiorstrength. (For complete shear test reports, see an Anchorrepresentative.)A UNIQUE MECHANICAL CONNECTIONUnlike other segmental retaining wall systems that rely ongravity and frictional forces to connect block andreinforcement materials, the Landmark system features atrue mechanical connection of the reinforcement materialto the block. This mechanical connection is achieved by alock bar, made from an engineered polymer, that fits snuglyinto a channel formed in the block and secures thereinforcement product.The unit’s specially designed locking system allows theassembled wall to more reliably withstand the forces ofearth pressures, surcharges and seismic loads. Testsdemonstrate that the Landmark connection system iscapable of withstanding loads that well exceed thereinforcement’s allowable design strength.This is one of two land bridge structures that are 61 feet high toconnect a church with the overflow parking lot.Connection test apparatus with Landmark modular units.TENACIOUS CONNECTION CAPACITYWhile system connection strength controls the design ofmost segmental retaining wall systems on the market today,the Landmark system changes the status quo. With thissystem, the lock bar mechanically secures the soilreinforcement products to the Landmark units. A carefullyengineered channel accommodates the specific shape of thelock bar and a range of reinforcement product types.Connection capacity tests performed on the Landmarksystem in combination with a range of reinforcementproducts prove that the system’s mechanical connectionmaintains a firm grip on reinforcement materials.Lateral loads applied to the back of a segmental retainingwall system place the reinforcement in tension. Tensioncauses the lock bar to mechanically secure thereinforcement product to the unit. Increased tension in thereinforcement causes an increase in the securing efficiencyof this true mechanical connection system.Following ASTM D 6638, the connection testing performedon the Landmark system proves the effectiveness of thewall’s mechanical connection system.With its vertical orientation and outstanding capacityto perform, the Landmark system sets a precedentfor engineered segmental retaining wall innovation.6 ANCHORWALL.COM
Landmark System Engineering PerformanceThe Landmark system was tested for connection capacitywith many reinforcement products at zero normal load,meaning the lock bar and reinforcement sit in the receivingchannel with no block or other vertical load applied to thetop of the units. Results show the connection capacity istypically not a function of normal load. These test resultsafford designers, owners, contractors and architects anextremely high level of confidence in the wall’s ability toperform. The effects of differential settlement, seismicloading, removal of block from the wall and other concernsare significantly lessened with the Landmark system’smechanical connection.Landmark block with Miragrid 5XT geogrid50004000Connection capacity (lbs./ft.)INNOVATION IN DESIGNFor more than 20 years, architects, engineers andcontractors have chosen Anchor retaining wall systemsfor everything from residential landscaping to highvolume, commercial tall-wall construction. The productsinvented by Anchor Wall Systems represent innovation inengineered design and functional versatility.Block by block, Anchor products are built to last. Thesewalls are cost-effective and virtually maintenance-free. Inwarm earth tones with a variety of face textures, Anchorsegmental retaining walls enhance landscapes withenduring beauty.4500Peak capacityTu 3911 N tan 9 3500The Landmark system optimizes segmentalretaining wall reliability through a mechanicalconnection between block facing andreinforcement materials.Long-term allowablegeogrid design load3000At Anchor Wall Systems, these products are designedto help achieve superior results. These quality productsare supported by a network of knowledgeable concreteproducers, superior design technologies andengineering experts.2500200015001000The Landmark retaining wall system made it easier to buildthis exit ramp in a very tight space.5000500100015002000250030003500N, normal load (lbs./ft.)Results of connection test performed with the Landmark systemand Mirafi Miragrid 5XT.FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (FEA) OF THELANDMARK LOCK BARThe patented, polymer-based lock bar was engineeredto withstand the most extreme loading conditions inextreme environments. The polymer used to manufacturethe lock bar was tested to determine applicable yield andmodulus values, two of the strength characteristics used asinput for a Finite Element Analysis (FEA).Landmark lock bar 7
Landmark Direct-Anchorage System DIRECT-ANCHORAGE SYSTEMIn many retaining wall applications, sufficient space doesnot exist behind the face units to allow excavation andsubsequent placement of geosynthetic reinforcement. Inthese applications, retaining wall systems – such as drivenH-pile with wood or concrete lagging or soil nailing with atemporary or permanent facing – are generally used. Thepermanent facing for these types of walls has typically beencast-in-place concrete. The Landmark direct-anchoragesystem is a less costly alternative that is also moreaesthetically pleasing than conventional cast-in-placeconcrete.This system consists of an anchor installed into the groundand connected to galvanized steel beams (walers) placedwithin the specifically designed horizontal cavity in thefull-height Landmark blocks. This unique design allows thewalers to be directly attached to soil nails, rock bolts or soiltieback systems. Each steel beam spans two adjacentanchors, transferring the load from the wall units to theanchors.The space between the excavated face and the Landmarkunits is filled with free-draining aggregate. In addition totransferring stresses from the retained soil to the blockunits, the fill is selected to provide drainage between theexcavated surface and the wall face. Since the Landmarkunits are not mortared, but interlocked, hydrostaticpressure is released through the joints in the blocks as wellas the drain outlets typically placed along the bottom of thewall.By using soil nails and the Landmark system, thisparking lot was enlarged to meet the developer’sneeds. The cut was close to a highway, and there wasno room to excavate for reinforcement.8 ANCHORWALL.COM
Landmark Direct-Anchorage SystemThe timbers facing the wall below a tennis courthad failed. The owner wanted the wall repairedwhile the tennis court was in use. By using theLandmark direct- anchorage system, the wall wasrefaced, and play was uninterrupted.APPLICATIONSTypical applications for the Landmark direct-anchoragesystem include earth retention structures where limitedspace prevents excavation of soil behind the retentionstructure (e.g., lane-widening under an overpass).Another application of the Landmark direct-anchoragesystem is the repair of existing earth retention systems.Retaining walls that have experienced internal, externalor facing instability may be repaired with this system. Thesoil nails or tieback anchors are designed to address theinternal and external failure modes. The Landmark unitstransfer the load from soil to walers and earth anchorsand provide a structurally sound solution. The case studypresented on page 10 highlights this application.The exposed face of many earth retention structuresdeteriorates without affecting internal and externalstability. Facing stability is the only issue requiringThe Landmark system manufacturing methodproduces units with consistent heights, reducingconstruction challenges and providing a nearperfect mechanical interlock.remediation for these existing structures. The Landmarkdirect-anchorage system is ideally suited for correctingthis problem. Working from the bottom to the top of thestructure, soil nails may be installed and connected toLandmark units, creating a new stable face in front of theold face.Rock cuts are often susceptible to weathering of theexposed rock and local instabilities. The Landmark units, incombination with rock bolts, may be used as permanentfacing for this condition, protecting the rock face fromweathering and strength loss.In summary, the Landmark direct-anchorage systemprovides project owners an alternative earth retentionsystem for new construction where space is limited, andright-of-way restrictions prohibit overexcavation andreplacement with conventional retaining walls. Moreover,it is a tool to repair existing deteriorated earth retentionstructures and to provide a permanent facing forexcavations in rock. 9
Landmark Direct-Anchorage SystemPreparation for installation of theLandmark retaining wall systemThe collapsed structureDIRECT-ANCHORAGE CASE STUDYAfter a 30-foot-high wall was constructed, questions aroseconcerning the stability of the completed structure whena portion of the wall collapsed following a rainfall event.Because of these concerns, the owner solicited bids to teardown and replace the structure. A lower-cost alternativewas proposed to leave the existing wall in place and installanother segmental retaining wall in front using theLandmark retaining wall system with direct anchorage.After upper portions of the existing wall were removed dueto safety concerns, selected segmental retaining wall unitswere removed from the existing wall face. Tiebacks with30-foot embedment lengths were then driven through theexisting reinforced soil, spaced at approximately 2 feet 6inches vertical and roughly 6 feet horizontal.Installation of the tiebacksAnchor locations for the tiebacks will be facedwith veneers made from Landmark unitsA waler in theLandmark unit cavityThe tieback anchors were connected to the new segmentalretaining wall with a structural steel system. This systemof steel walers was placed in the horizontal channel cavityinherent in the Landmark units. At anchor locations,Landmark units wer
segmental retaining walls has been horizontal. With a height . especially in tall walls, highly surcharged walls, highway applications and seismic areas. From simple walls to the most challenging application, the Landmark system is meant to meet and exceed expectations.
commercial applications (Landmark PRO, Landmark Premium and Landmark TL) StreakFighter algae-resistance warranty (10-year - Landmark, 15-year - Landmark PRO, Landmark Premium and Landmark TL) 10-year SureStart protection 15-year 110 mph wind-resistance warranty Wind warranty upgrade to 130 mph available.
example of geosynthetically reinforced concrete block retaining wall is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Example of CBR wall 1.1 Uses of concrete block retaining walls Concrete block retaining walls are reasonably versatile structures, and generally provide a more cost effective solution when compared to reinforced concrete walls or gabion structures.
Landmark U.S. Supreme Court Case Study Tinker v. Des Moines, 1968 Landmark U.S. Supreme Court Case Study United States v. Nixon, 1974 Landmark U.S. Supreme Court Case Study Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier, 1987 Landmark U.S. Supreme Court Case Study Bush v. Gore, 2000 Landmark U.S. Supre
the crib lock retaining walls for future references. II. BACKGROUND A. Mechanics of a Concrete Criblock Retaining Wall A criblock retaining wall is basically a gravity-type retaining structure with a face consisting of a grid of precast reinforced concrete members, as shown in Figure 1. The face is generally inclined at a slope of
Page 2Page 2 Retaining wall design and price guide 2022-2023 Retaining wall design and price guide 2022-2023 Page 3 Contents. Basic design principles. 5. Cantilever retaining walls. King post 6 L shape 10 Reinforced block 7014 Stepoc masonry 18. Gravity retaining walls. Concrete block 22 Masonry 26 Gabion basket 30 Inclined concrete block 34
earth retaining structures. This dissertation aims to study the behavior of retaining walls executed under historical facades, maintained through a retaining structure, based on a case study related to the construction of a hotel at Avenida Duque de Loulé. For the numerical study of the behavior of the peripheral and facade retaining .
Retaining Wall: Walls on both sides of the track that hold back the surrounding earth where there are changes in grade Buffer around retaining walls Portal roof Retaining wall Tunnel Figure 2: Diagram depicting the various components of a typical portal and retaining walls Portals & Retaining Walls TRANSIT DESIGN GUIDE
Safety-sensitive employees of city, county or other public transit services are subject to alcohol and drug testing requirements under rules issued by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), a DOT agency. Additionally, employees who operate a vehicle requiring a commercial driver's license (CDL) are subject to substance abuse testing. This expansion of the scope of the Federal Motor Carrier .
