Photogrammetry - Close Range
PhotogrammetryA. Dermanis
PHOTOGRAMMETRYHistorical Evolutionof PhotogrammetryA. Dermanis
Historical Evolution of PhotogrammetryThe developments in photogrammetry, from around 1850, have followed fourdevelopment cycles.Each of these periods extended about fifty years. These cycles include:(a) Plane table photogrammetry, from about 1850 to 1900,(b) Analog photogrammetry, from about 1900 to 1960,(c) Analytical photogrammetry, from about 1960 to 2010,(d) Digital photogrammetry, which just began to be a presence in thephotogrammetric industry.
Early developementsThere were a number of discoverieslong before the first photographswere made. First there was theChinese philosopher Mo Ti andGreek Mathematicians Aristotle andEuclid who described the idea of apinhole camera that projected lightand image.Aristotle makes practical use of theprinciples of a pinhole camera byobserving the sun during a partialsolar eclispse by using gapsbetween leaves of tree and holes ina sieve.In the 6th Century, this device waslater used in experiments and finallycoined the “camera obscura” in 1604by Johannes Kepler.A. Dermanis
Early developements1038: AD - Al Hazen of Basra iscredited with the explanation of theprinciple of the camera obscura.Al-Haitham, known in the West asAlhazen, is considered as the fatherof modern optics.A. Dermanis
Early developements1267: Roger Bacon uses the principleof the camera obscura to study solareclipses without damaging the eyes.A. Dermanis
Early developementsIn 1480, Leonardo da Vinci wrote the following:“Perspective is nothing else than the seeing ofan object behind a sheet of glass, smooth andquite transparent, on the surface of which allthe things may be marked that are behind thisglass”.In 1492 he began working with perspective andcentral projections with his invention of theMagic Lantern, although there is no evidencethat he actually built a working model andsome claim the device actually dates back tothe early Greeks.A. Dermanis
Early developementsAlbrecht Dürer, in 1525, using the laws of perspective, created aninstrument that could be used to create a true perspective drawingA. Dermanis
Early developementsGirard Desargues (1591-1661) founds projective geometry in 1625A. Dermanis
Early developementsIn 1759, Johan Heinrich Lambert, in a treatise"Perspectiva Liber" (The Free Perspective),developed the mathematical principles of aperspective image using space resection to find apoint in space from which a picture is made.The relationship between projective geometry andphotogrammetry was first developed by R. Sturmsand Guido Hauck in Germany in 1883.A. Dermanis
Early developementsThe first photograph was obtained byJoseph Nicephone Niépce (1765-1833).The positive image of Niépce required aneight-hour exposure.
Early developementsIn 1837, Jacques Mandé Daguerreobtained the first "practical“ photographusing a process called the Daguerreotype.18371838
Early developementsAround 1840, the French geodesistDominique François Jean Arago beganto advocate the use of "photogrammetry",using the daguerreotype, in front of theFrench Arts and Science Academy.
Early developementsIn 1855, Nadar (Gaspard FelixTournachon) used a balloon at 80meters to obtain the first aerialphotograph.In 1859 the Emperor Napoleonordered Nadir to obtainreconnaissance photography inpreparation of the Battle of Solferino.
Early developementsPaulo Ignazio Pietro Porro (1801–1875)was an Italian geodesist and opticalengineer.As a geodesist, he invented the firsttacheometer (his instrument was called atachymeter) in 1839. In 1847 he wasable to improve image quality of a lenssystem all the way to the edges by usingthree asymmetrical lens elements. Healso developed an erecting lens imagingsystem in 1854.Porro developed a panoramic camera in1858 that was equipped with a sightingtelescope, compass, and level. Theimage was recorded on sensitized papermounted on a cylinder.
Early developementsIn 1865 Porro designed thephotogoniometer. This development issignificant in photogrammetry because ofits application in removing lens distortion.His approach was to look at the imagewith a telescope through the camera lens.This concept was also independentlyconsidered by Carl Koppe (1884-1910).Therefore, this concept is called thePorro-Koppe Principle.
Early developementsThe English meteorologist E. D. Archibald was among the first totake successful photographs from kites in 1882.In France M. Arthur Batut took an aerial photographs using a kite,over Labruguiere, France, in May 1888.
Early developementsP. Moëssard, a Frenchmilitary engineer, in 1884,developed a “cylindrographe”that was also used formapping purposes.
Early developementsAimé Laussedat (1819-1907)was the first person to useterrestrial photographsfor topographic mapcompilation in 1849.Aimé Laussedat (1819-1907)
Early developementsAlbrecht Meydenbauer (1834-1921)In 1893, Dr. Albrecht Meydenbauer(1834-1921) was the first person touse the term "photogrammetry".
Early developementsMeydenbauer is known for hisarchitectural surveys usingphotogrammetry.In 1867 he designed the first wide-anglelens camera used for mapping.The photograph was used to map theterrain by intersection.Directions from ground control points weregraphically plotted from the imagery.
Early developementsIn 1903, Julius Neubranner, photographyenthusiast, designed and patented abreast-mounted aerial camera for carrierpigeons
Early developements1903:Airplane invented by Wright brothers1909:the Wright brothers take the firstphotograph from a plane overCentocelli, Italy.
Early developementsCaptain Cesare Tardivo(1870 - 1953)is thought to be the first touse aerial photography froma plane for mappingpurposes. He created a1:4,000 mosaic of Bengasiin Italy that was describedin his paper to the 1913International Society ofPhotogrammetry meeting inVienna.
Analog PhotogrammetryAnalog instruments are based on the concept of stereometric vision.2 photos are relatively oriented ( intersection of homologous bundle rays)to produce a 3D model, where details and contours are drawn.
Analog PhotogrammetryAnalog instruments are based on the concept of stereometric vision.2 photos are relatively oriented ( intersection of homologous bundle rays)to produce a 3D model, where details and contours are drawn.Autograph Wild A7
Analog PhotogrammetryAlternatively the 3D model is realized through projection of the tworelatively oriented images
Analog PhotogrammetryCanadian surveyor Edouard Deville(1849-1924), invented the firststereoscopic-plotting instrumentcalled the Stereo-Planigraph in 1896,which used stereo overlappingphotos.Referred to as "Canada's Father ofPhotogrammetry" and noted for hisphotographic surveys of theCanadian Rockies.
Analog PhotogrammetryTheodor Scheimpflug (1865–1911), anAustrian, developed the theory of thedouble projector, which offered directviewing of the projected images.Scheimpflug also worked with kites butmoved to balloons and later to dirigibleballoons. Scheimpflug introduced theconcept of radial triangulation and issometimes considered the initiator ofaerial photogrammetry since he was thefirst to successfully use aerial photographsfor practical mapping.
Analog PhotogrammetryIn 1899, the German SebastianFinsterwalder described theprinciples of modern double-imagephotogrammetry and themethodology of relative and absoluteorientation. In addition, he introducedthe necessity of redundant rays torecreate the proper geometry andused least squares theory todescribe the relationship of thevectors between corresponding rays.
Analog PhotogrammetryIn 1901, Dr. Carl Pulfrich (18581929), a German physicist, designedthe first stereocomparator employingx and y coordinate scales andpresented the results at the 73rdConference of Natural Science andPhysicians in Hamburg [Doyle,1964]. This was the firstphotogrammetric instrumentmanufactured by Zeiss. Pulfrich issometimes referred to as the "Fatherof Stereophotogrammetry".What was remarkable about Pulfrichwas his research on stereoscopy andstereoscopic instrumentation despitethe fact that he had no vision in hisleft eye.
Analog PhotogrammetryAt about the same time, Dr. HenryGeorge Fourcade (1865-1948), fromSouth Africa, independentlydeveloped a similarstereocomparator. Because of theindependent development, manyrefer to the stereocomparator as thePulfrich-Fourcade stereocomparator.
Analog PhotogrammetryIn Germany, Eduard von Orel(1877-1941), in 1908, developedthe first stereoautograph.This plotter was significantbecause its constructionprinciples made terrestrialphotogrammetry practical inmountainous areas.It allowed the operator to traceelevation contours directly.
Analog PhotogrammetryMax Gasser built a double projection plotter for vertical photography (forerunner of theMultiplex plotter)The Italian Umberto Nistri (1895-1962) created a double projection plotter using alternatingimage projection.Frederick Vivian Thompson developed his stereoplotter in 1908.Prof. Reinhard Hugershoff (1882-1941) created the first analog plotter in 1921 called theHugershoff Autocartograph and his Aerocartograph in 1926.Otto von Gruber (1884-1942) derived, in 1924, the projective equations and their differentials,which are fundamental to analytical photogrammetry.His method of relative orientation of a stereoplotter makes the process of orientation easierand quicker. This procedure is still in use today and the six model points whereparallax is cleared in the model are often referred to as the von Gruber points.Earl Church (August 11, 1890 - May 11, 1956) also contributed to the theory of analyticalphotogrammetry. He developed the analytical solutions to space resection, orientation,intersection, rectification, and control extension using direction cosines. Church, aprofessor at Syracuse University and one of the founding members of the AmericanSociety of Photogrammetry, is referred to as the "American Father ofPhotogrammetry".Dr. Bertil Hallert from Sweden is best known for his investigation into errors, stereoplotterorientation procedures, and standards for plotter calibration.
Analog PhotogrammetryDuring the early part of the twentieth century, many of the figures in analog stereoplottermanufacturing began to develop their unique brand of instrument.Heinrich Wild, who had already made significant advances in surveying instrumentation,developed the “Autograph”.In Italy, Professor Santoni, who was at the Officine Galileo, developed the Autoreductor in1920 and the Stereocartograph in 1925.The production of the C4 by Zeiss in 1930 is important because it is the first Zeiss plotter thatcould be used with both terrestrial and aerial photography.The French. G.J. Poivilliers designed the Stereotopograph in 1919.Early American photogrammetric pioneers included the brothers Arthur Brock Jr. (1887-1943)and Norman H. Brock (1890-1965) who, along with Edward H. Cahill, developed aerialcameras and plotting instruments. They were the first in 1914 to create an aerialcamera that was mounted in the plane instead of holding the camera over the side.
Analog PhotogrammetrySherman Mills Fairchild (1896–1971) was one of the true giants in photogrammetryin the American private sector.In Fairchild Aerial Camera Corporation he developed the K-3 camera and itssuccessors.In Fairchild Airplane Manufacturing Corporation his FC-2, made him the leadingmonoplane manufacturer.In his later years, Fairchild became more involved in the semiconductor industrywhere he made a significant impact on the electronics field.
Analog Photogrammetry1936: Robert Ferver, from France, was awarded a U.S. patent for the GallusFerber Photorestituteur, which was the first orthophoto productioninstrument.In the U.S., Russel Kerr Bean in 1956 he was awarded a patent for an"Ellipsoidal Reflector Projector for Stereo-Photogrammetric Map Plotting"known as the ER-55 and was later manufactured by Bausch and LombOptical Co. as the Balplex plotter.Harry T. Kelsh (1889-1979) made an important contribution to photogrammetricinstrumentation in the development of the Kelsh stereoplotter in 1945.
Analog PhotogrammetrySignificant influences on photogrammetric developments from instrument makers:In 1819, Kern of Aarau, Switzerland, was founded and began manufacturingprecision surveying and mapping instruments.Kern introduced the highly popular PG2 analog stereoplotter (over 700 of theseinstruments sold worldwide).In 1980, Kern introduced the DSR1 analytical stereoplotter.One of the early leading photogrammetry manufacturers was Zeiss. In the early partof the 20th century many of the early pioneers were employed by the company,includIng von Orel, Pulfrich, Walter Bauersfeld, Willi Sandor, and von Gruber.Milestones at Zeiss in photogrammetry include:1901Zeiss’ first photogrammetric instrument, the Stereo-comparator1921Stereoplanigraph C1 produced1930C4 went into production
Analog PhotogrammetrySignificant influences on photogrammetric developments from instrument makers:Wild Heerbrugg was founded in 1921 and became a world leader in themanufacture of accurate surveying and mapping instruments.Their A8 and B8 Aviograph stereoplotters were very successful analog instrumentswith over 2000 sold worldwide.In 1988, Kern and Wild merged and eventually formed Leica in 1990. Using theexpertise from both companies, the SD 2000 analytical plotter was launched in1991.In 2001, Leica acquired Azimuth Corporation, ERDAS, and LH Systems giving Leicathe capabilities of offering clients LIDAR scanning systems, remotesensing/image processing software packages, and digital stereoplottercapabilities.
Analog PhotogrammetrySignificant influences on photogrammetric developments from instrument makers:Wild Heerbrugg was founded in 1921 and became a world leader in themanufacture of accurate surveying and mapping instruments.Their A8 and B8 Aviograph stereoplotters were very successful analog instrumentswith over 2000 sold worldwide.In 1988, Kern and Wild merged and eventually formed Leica in 1990. Using theexpertise from both companies, the SD 2000 analytical plotter was launched in1991.In 2001, Leica acquired Azimuth Corporation, ERDAS, and LH Systems giving Leicathe capabilities of offering clients LIDAR scanning systems, remotesensing/image processing software packages, and digital stereoplottercapabilities.
Analog PhotogrammetrySignificant influences on photogrammetric developments from instrument makers:Milestones for Wild in 719381942194819491950Wild is founded by Jacob Schmidheiny, Robert Helbling and Heinrich WildFirst phototheodoliteFirst Universal Autograph is manufacturedWild begins production of the A2 AutographFirst C1 aerial camera manufacturedBegin production of the C2 and C3 aerial camerasWild manufactures the E1 Rectifier, A3 Autograph and a mirror stereoscopeC12 Stereometric Camera and A4 Autograph being to be builtWild introduces the A5 Autograph and RC Automatic Aerial CameraWild manufactures the A6 Second-Order Stereoplotter and S3 stereoscope.It also begins to design the BC2 Ballistic CameraThe RC5 Automatic Aerial Camera and ST1 and ST2 mirror stereoscopesare produced.The Aviotar high-precision photogrammetric lens is produced.Wild produces the A7Autograph.The A8 Autograph and RC7 aerial camera with Aviotar lens aremanufactured.
Analog PhotogrammetrySignificant influences on photogrammetric developments from instrument makers:Milestones for Wild in photogrammetry (cont.):19521954195519571958196219631964The BC4 Ballistic Camera and the Aviogon lens are produced.The RC8 Aerial Camera with the Aviogon lens is produced.Wild produces the STKL Precision Stereocomparator that is used inanalytical photogrammetry.The A9 Autograph, RC9 Aerial Camera, U3 Diapositive Printer and VG1Enlarger are produced. The RC9 is a super wide-angle camera and the A9is the plotter designed to accommodate the super wide-angle photography.Wild begins manufacture of the B8 and B9 Aviograph stereoplotters and theE3 Rectifier.The BS Stereomat, C120 and C40 Stereometric camera, U9 Fixed-RatioPrinter, E4 Rectifier-Enlarger and the U4 Diapositive Printer enter thephotogrammetric marketplace.Wild introduces the Universal-Aviogon lens which is corrected for visible andinfrared light wavelengths.The A40 Autograph is rolled out for the ISP Congress
Analog PhotogrammetrySignificant influences on photogrammetric developments from instrument makers:Milestones for Wild in photogrammetry (cont.):196819711972197619801982Wild introduces the A2000 Stereomat at the ISP Congress and beginsproduction on the EK8 Coordinate Printer, RC 10 Universal Film Camerawith Super-Aviogon 11 lens, A10 Autograph and ST10 Strip Stereoscope.The B8S Aviograph, P32 Terrestrial Camera and APK1 Panorama Cameraare manufactured.New models of A8 Autograph and P31 and P32 terrestrial camerasintroduced.The OR1 Avioplan begins productionWild begins manufacturing of the AC1 Aviolyt and TA2 Aviotab.Wild BC1 begins delivery.
Analytical PhotogrammetryAnalytical instruments (analytical plotters) are based on the digitization of thehomologous coordinates on two photographs identified by stereoscopic vision.Computer software produce three dimensional coordinates of the point whichare used for detail plotting and contour drawing in topographic maps.
Analytical PhotogrammetryAlready mentioned:In 1899, the German Sebastian Finsterwalder described the principles of moderndouble-image photogrammetry and the methodology of relative and absolute orientation.In addition, he introduced the necessity of redundant rays to recreate the propergeometry and used least squares theory to describe the relationship of the vectorsbetween corresponding rays.Otto von Gruber (1884-1942) derived, in 1924, the projective equations and theirdifferentials, which are fundamental to analytical photogrammetry.His method of relative orientation of a stereoplotter makes the process of orientationeasier and quicker. This procedure is still in use today and the six model points whereparallax is cleared in the model are often referred to as the von Gruber points.Earl Church (August 11, 1890 - May 11, 1956) also contributed to the theory of analyticalphotogrammetry. He developed the analytical solutions to space resection, orientation,intersection, rectification, and control extension using direction cosines. Church, aprofessor at Syracuse University and one of the founding members of the AmericanSociety of Photogrammetry, is referred to as the "American Father of Photogrammetry".
Analytical PhotogrammetryThe invention of the computer is responsible for the development of analyticalphotogrammetry.In 1947, Ralph O. Anderson, working for the Tennessee Valley Authority, developeda semi-analytical approach for analytical control.In the early 1950s, Everett Merritt published works on analytical photogrammetry.He developed a series of analytical solutions for camera calibration, spaceresection, interior and exterior orientation, relative and absolute orientation ofstereo airs, and analytical control extension.In 1953, Dr. Hellmut Schmid, developed the principles of modern multi-stationanalytical photogrammetry using matrix notation, including a rigorously correctleast squares solution, the simultaneous solution of any number ofphotographs, and a complete study of error propagation.Dr. Paul Herget at The Ohio State University developed a new approach toanalytical control extension using vector notation.
Analytical PhotogrammetryIn Canada, G. H. Schut used the coplanarity concept to analytical triangulation. Anadvocate for a simultaneous block adjustment, recognized the limitations ofcomputer technology at the time and developed a method of strip adjustment.Duane Brown (1929–1994) is also responsible for continued work in analyticalphotogrammet
photogrammetry. He developed the analytical solutions to space resection, orientation, intersection, rectification, and control extension using direction cosines. Church, a professor at Syracuse University and one of the founding members of the American Society of Photogrammetry, is referred to as the "American Father of Photogrammetry".
Photogrammetry is a cost efficient surveying method for mapping large areas. Photogrammetry may be safer than other surveying methods. It is safer to take photographs of a dangerous area than to place surveyors in harms way. Photogrammetry provides the ability to map areas inaccessible to field crews.
Photogrammetry has been previously validated as an effective technology for documenting both damaged vehicles and scenes [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. Modern photogrammetry uses the same photogrammetric principles, but requires less user input and delivers more data points in its solution. Photogrammetry software is capable
Unity Photogrammetry Workflow 3 1. Overview 1.1. Introduction What is photogrammetry? Photogrammetry is the process of authoring a digital asset using multiple photos of the original real-
White light scanner (point clouds) Photogrammetry solutions. 18 22/08/2017 Photogrammetry solutions Photogrammetry (Single points, Adapter, Features) . White-Light Scanner (Structured light) Very high accuracy (down to some µm) Highest resolution Scalable for different volumes (mm to several m)
4.1.4 Aerial Photogrammetry Aerial photogrammetry is the science of deducing the physical dimensions of objects on or above the surface of the Earth from measurements on aerial photographs of the objects. The end result produces the coordinate (X, Y, and Z) position of a particular point, a planimetric feature, and a graphic representation
Digital Photogrammetry The digital, or soft copy, photogrammetry systems (Figure 8) are much simpler in design than the analytical systems; they consist of a computer with a stereo-capable graphics system, 3-D glasses with electronic shutters, and a “3-D mouse” as a user interface. The 3-D mouse is a
In order to simplify understanding an abstract definition and to get a quick grasp at the complex field of photogrammetry, we adopt a systems approach. Fig. 1.3 illustrates the idea. In the first place, photogrammetry is considered a black box. The input is characterized by obtaining rel
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