Chapter 6 Religion

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Chapter 6Religion1

ReligionWhere are religions located?Why do they have differentdistributions?Effects on landscapeWhy does conflict arise among religiousgroups?2

What is Religion?System of beliefs regarding conduct inaccordance with either divinecommands found in sacred writings, ordeclared by authoritative teachers3

What is Religion?Most involve a god or gods, but someare ethical or psychological beliefsystemsSome do not address the nature ofgod/s or an afterlife4

Types of ReligionsUniversalizingUniversalizing has universal appealAppeals to all peopleEthnicLocal appealAppeals mainly to group in one place5

Types of Religions60% of world belongs to universalizingreligion,24% to an ethnic religion,15% to no religion6

Types of ReligionsAtheist – no godsMonotheist – one godPolytheist – many gods7

Why study?All religions haveHearthPattern of DiffusionCurrent Distribution8

BiggiesChristians2 BillionCatholics1 BillionProtestants500 MillionEastern Orthodox 200 MillionMuslimHinduBuddhist1.2 Billion900 Million350 Million9

Universalizing ReligionsChristianityIslamBuddhismSikhsBaha’i10

ChristianityBelief that God lived on Earth as JesusLargest religion in world3 main branchesRoman CatholicProtestantEastern Orthodox14

Diffusion patternsRelocation diffusion by missionariesContagious diffusion within RomanempireHierarchical diffusion by RomanEmperor Constantine in AD 313, alsoEmperor Theodosius in AD 380, alsoKing Harald Fairhair in Norway AD1000ish15

Spatial PatternsNorthwest Europe and its colonieslargely Protestant, including USSouthwest and Eastern Europe and itscolonies largely Roman CatholicEastern and Southeastern Europelargely Greek Orthodox18

Spatial PatternsUS mainly protestantBaptist in southeastCatholic in southwestLatin and South America RomanCatholic20

22

IslamSecond largest religion in worldFastest growingIslam means submission to will of AllahOne who submits is a Muslim25

5 Pillars of IslamThere is no god but Allah, andMohammad is his prophetPray 5 times a day facing MakkahGive generously to charityFast during the month of RamadanMake pilgrimage to Makkah26

History and Diffusion of IslamMohammad born in 570 in MakkahAt age 40 got revelation from AngelGabriel and wrote Q’uran27

Sects of IslamShi’a or Shi’ites 15%Prince Ali, cousin of Mohammad12 ImamsImam Mahdi – the hidden ImamSunni 85%Abu Bakr – Father-in-Law of MohammadSufiMystical branch28

30

HinduismActually means “religions of India”One of world’s oldestTexts date to at least 1800 BCEReligion introduced by Aryan people31

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HinduismOne God consciousness BrahmanThree emanationsBrahma the creatorVishnu the preserverShiva the destroyer1000s of other deities – Ganesh,Krishna, Hanuman, and on and on33

Brahma34

Vishnu35

Vishnu36

37

Shiva38

Shiva39

ShivaNatraj40

Ganesh41

BabyKrishna42

Krishna askingfor butter byJamini Roy

44

Krishna45

Krishnawith Radha46

Hanuman47

Kali Durga48

Kali Durga49

50

53

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HinduismGoal (?) is to reach NirvanaEscape cyclical existencePresent is based on past karmaKarma is simple causality, not activeforce58

Caste systemOutlawed by constitution of 1950Four bles59

SikhsGuru NanakWas Hindu andMuslimOpposed priesthoodand caste systemsMen named Singh lionWomen named Kaur princess60

SikhsGuru GobindSingh10th Sikh Gururevised Guru Granth61

5 KsKeshKangaKirpanKachhKara62

5 KsKesh – Hair and beard not cutKanga – Hair neatly combedKirpan – Sword kept at all timesKachh – Soldiers shortsKara – Iron bracelet63

Khanda64

BuddhismFounded by Siddartha Gautama, born in563 BCEBorn in Nepal/IndiaFather was KingBecame enlightened, not godBuddha means enlightened one65

Four Noble TruthsThere is sufferingSuffering has cause – attachment anddesireSuffering ends when these endFreedom from suffering is possible byeight fold path66

Eight fold tration67

Big ideasIncorporated many Hindu beliefsKarmareincarnationTwo main branchesTheravada/Hinayana – way of the eldersor lesser vehicle (raft)Mahayana – greater vehicle68

Main branchesTheravada – way of the elders orHinayana – lesser vehicle (raft)Southeast AsiaFull time monksEmphasis on knowledge69

Main branchesMahayana – greater vehicleTibet, China, JapanEmphasis on compassion70

71

ChenrezigOrAvelokiteshvara74

Six classes of beingsGods universes or galaxiesDemi-Gods like Greek or RomanHumans bestAnimalHungry GhostsHell beings75

ChenrezigOrAvelokiteshvara76

th14HH theDalai Lama77

Chinese invasion of Tibet1949-1950 China invaded1787 monasteries / 1780 destroyedPopulation was 6,000,0001,000,000 killed150,000 refugees79

Chinese invasion10th Panchen Lama died in Chinesecustody11th identified by Dalai Lama on May14, 1995May 15, 1995 Panchen Lama kidnappedby Chinese govt. Hasn’t been seen since80

K’ung Fu-TzeLived around 500 BCEWrote the AnalectsStrived for harmony in societyHarmony found by obedience, patience,sincerity, fulfillment of obligationsbetween parents/children orrulers/subjects86

K’ung Fu-Tze1-1. The Master said, "Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseveranceand application?"Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters?"Is he not a man of complete virtue, who feels no discomposure though men maytake no note of him?"1-2. The philosopher Yu said, "They are few who, being filial and fraternal, arefond of offending against their superiors. There have been none, who, notliking to offend against their superiors, have been fond of stirring upconfusion."The superior man bends his attention to what is radical. That being established,all practical courses naturally grow up. Filial piety and fraternal submission,are they not the root of all benevolent actions?"1-3. The Master said, "Fine words and an insinuating appearance are seldomassociated with true virtue."87

TaoismFounded by Lao TzeName means Mr. Old ManStrived for harmonyMain text Tao Te Ching -88

Tao Te ChingChapter 63: Consider beginningsDo without doing. Act without action. Savor the flavorless. Treat the smallas large, the few as many.Meet injury with the power of goodness.Study the hard while it's easy. Do the big things while they're small. Thehardest jobs in the world start out easy, the great affairs of the worldstart out small.So the wise soul, by never dealing with great things, gets great thingsdone.Now, since taking things too lightly makes them worthless, and takingthings too easy makes them hard, the wise soul, by treating the easyas hard, doesn't find anything hard.89

AnimismInanimate objects havespirits/awareness97

ShamanismDirect communication with spiritsUsually in trance stateDrummingDancingFastingEntheogens98

Universalizing Universalizing has universal appeal Appeals to all people Ethnic Local appeal Appeals mainly to group in one place. 6 Types of Religions 60% of world belongs to universalizing religion, 24% to an ethnic religion, 15% to no religion . 7 Types of Religions Atheist – no go

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