CALIFORNIA CONTENT Geography And The Mayan,

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NameDateREVIEWCALIFORNIA CONTENTSTANDARD 7.7.1Geography and the Mayan,Aztec, and Incan EmpiresSPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: Study the locations, landforms, and climates ofMexico, Central America, and South America and their effects on Mayan,Aztec, and Incan economies, trade, and development of urban societies.Read the chart to answer questions on the next page.GeographyImpactMayan Civilization (250–900)Location: The Mayan empire stretched fromsouthern Mexico to northern Central America.Landforms: Lowlands are located in the north;the highlands are in the south.Climate and Vegetation: The lowlands includedry scrub forest and fertile rain forest. Themountainous region is cool and dry.Farmers grew many crops. Terraces andirrigation canals increased land available forfarming. This led to population growth andspecialized labor. A class system developed.Cities grew from villages and became centers ofreligious ceremonies and trade.Copyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin CompanyAztec Civilization (1200–1521)Location: The Aztecs built an empire in the Valleyof Mexico in central Mexico. Their first site wason an island in the middle of a large lake.Landforms: The Valley of Mexico is a mountainbasin 7,500 feet above sea level. It has severallarge, shallow lakes.Climate and Vegetation: The valley is fertile.A rainy season begins in May and ends inSeptember.Aztecs developed farming techniques thatallowed them to raise crops on human-madeislands. Tenochtitlán was the center of theempire. Bridges and causeways connected it tothe mainland. The city had as many as 400,000people by the early 1500s. They used trade toobtain goods they could not get locally.Incan Civilization (1400–1532)Location: The center of the Incan empirewas in a valley in the Andes Mountains. Theempire extended along the west coast of SouthAmerica.Landforms: The central Andes have mountains,valleys, and highland plateaus.Climate and Vegetation: Rain forest coversareas in the northern Andes. Fertile valleysbetween mountains are in the center. Elevationaffects temperatures and land use.The Inca terraced land and built irrigation systems to add farmland. They raised animals inhigher elevations that were too cool and dry forcrops. They built mountain roads, connectingparts of the empire. Runners called chasquiscarried messages along the roads. Trade waslimited to local and seasonal exchange. Lack offarmland and suitable sites prevented development of large urban centers.CSS Specific Objective 7.7.1: Review 101wh07ec.PG101-110.indd 1012/11/05 2:52:54 PM

NameDateREVIEWCALIFORNIA CONTENTSTANDARD 7.7.2Mesoamerican andAndean SocietiesSPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: Study the roles of people in each society, includingclass structures, family life, warfare, religious beliefs and practices, andslavery.Read the summary to answer questions on the next page.The Maya The four classes of society were the ruling class, the nobility, peasants, andslaves. The god-kings of each city-state and their families made up the rulingclass. The nobles were scholars, architects, and merchants. The peasantsincluded farmers and laborers. Slaves were prisoners of war or criminals. The Maya worshiped more than 160 gods, but they did not believe in ahappy afterlife. Mayan rulers performed religious rituals in temples on topof pyramids. Kings sometimes declared war on neighboring city-states to gain control oftrade routes or to get tribute.Copyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin CompanyThe Aztecs Aztec society had three main classes. Within the highest noble class, theemperor was at the top, followed by government officials, large landowners, military commanders, and priests. Merchants and artisans formedthe middle class. The lowest class included farmers, fishers, and soldiers. Aztecs lived in family groups. Men farmed and women cared for the homeand children. Boys learned about religion and were taught fighting skills. Most Aztec families had small altars in their homes. They believed in about1,000 gods, mostly agricultural. Waging war was important. When taking a village, Aztecs would often killeveryone except warriors, who would become Aztec slaves.The Inca There were two main classes. Nobles ran the government and the army.Commoners included farmers and artisans. There were no slaves. The Inca were led by a divine emperor, believed to be the son of Inti, thesun god. They built temples and held daily prayers and rituals. The Inca had a military force of almost 200,000 soldiers. Most soldiers werecommoners who served a required period of time.CSS Specific Objective 7.7.2: Review 103

NameDateREVIEWCALIFORNIA CONTENTSTANDARD 7.7.3The Rise and Fallof the Mesoamericanand Andean EmpiresSPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: Explain how and where each empire arose and howthe Aztec and Incan empires were defeated by the Spanish.Read the summary to answer questions on the next page.Maya History1500 B.C.: The Maya began to establish villages in Mesoamerica.A.D.250: The Maya would build more than 40 cities and make importantcontributions in mathematics, science, architecture, and art.700s: Warfare broke out among Maya. Food shortages resulted.800s: The Maya abandoned many cities, leaving only a few weak city-states.Aztec History1200s: Aztecs arrived in the Valley of Mexico.1325: Aztecs founded the city of Tenochtitlán.1300s–1400s: Aztecs developed a thriving agricultural system. Theymade alliances with and conquered neighboring states.Copyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company1500s: The Aztec empire stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific.1502: Montezuma II came to power. His demands for tribute and victimsfor sacrifice led to rebellion within the empire.1519: The Spanish arrived, led by Cortés. Fighting broke out andMontezuma was killed. Diseases such as smallpox weakened theAztecs.1521: The Spanish conquered Tenochtitlán.Incan History1100s: The Inca moved from the highlands to the valley of Cuzco.1438: Pachacuti came to the throne. Under his rule, the empire expandedto include Peru and neighboring lands. This was accomplished bydiplomacy and, when necessary, force.1527: Civil war broke out in the empire, weakening it.1532: The Spanish arrived under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro.1530s–1570s: The steel weapons and horses enabled the Spanish to takecontrol of the Incas.1572: The last Incan emperor was defeated.CSS Specific Objective 7.7.3: Review 105

NameDateREVIEWCALIFORNIA CONTENTSTANDARD 7.7.4Art and Architecturein Mesoamerican andAndean CivilizationsSPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: Describe the artistic and oral traditions and architecture in the three civilizations.Read the summary to answer questions on the next page.Mayan CivilizationThe Maya built pyramids, temples, and palaces. The pyramids were builtto allow priests to communicate with the gods. They had steps alongthe sides and temples on top. The Maya decorated the walls of templesand other buildings with murals. Skilled carvers created sculptures, madeobjects out of jade, and set up steles. Steles are pillars inscribed withsymbols that record information.The Maya’s writing system had more than 800 hieroglyphic symbols. TheMaya recorded much of their history and customs. The Popol Vuh is theMayan story of creation.Copyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin CompanyThe Aztec CivilizationThe Aztecs built large structures. Tenochtitlán had many palaces,temples, and government buildings. The Great Temple in the center wasa giant pyramid with two temples on top. The Aztec also made featherheaddresses and jewelry with precious stones.The Aztecs used pictures and symbols to represent words and ideas. Theirglyphs were also collected in codices, folded sheets of bark or deerskinwith colorful pictures.The Incan CivilizationThe Inca were great builders. They constructed more than 14,000 miles ofroad through the mountains. They built forts, palaces, and temples fromhuge blocks of stone without using any mortar. Some of their templeswere heavily decorated with gold. Incan artisans also used gold to makejewelry. Their weavers used wool from alpacas to create cloth withcomplicated designs.The Inca preserved facts and ideas through oral tradition and a quipu, aknotted string device that had symbols for numbers.CSS Specific Objective 7.7.4: Review 107

NameDateREVIEWCALIFORNIA CONTENTSTANDARD 7.7.5Mesoamerican andAndean AchievementsSPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: Describe the Mesoamerican achievements inastronomy and mathematics, including the development of the calendarand the Mesoamerican knowledge of seasonal changes to thecivilizations’ agricultural systems.Copyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin CompanyRead the summary to answer questions on the next page.Mayan Achievements The Maya believed that time was carried on the backs of various gods. These godstook turns. To identify the god for each day, the Maya developed a religious calendar. Depending on the god, some days were lucky and some were not. They also created a solar calendar based on their studies of the planets, sun,and moon. They calculated the year to be 365.2420 days. They were within0.0002 of a day by today’s estimation. The religious calendar had 260 days broken into 13 months. The solar calendar had18 months, each with 20 days, and a separate period of 5 days at the end. The twocalendars were used together to help the Maya determine the best time to plantcrops, attack enemies, and crown rulers. The Maya invented zero, which enabled them to make precise calculations. Theyalso had a number system with a base of 20 that helped them in their calendar andastronomical work.Aztec Achievements The Aztec calendar system was based on the Mayan system. The Aztecs had two calendars. The sacred calendar had 13 months; the solar calendar had 18 months, each with 20 days. The separate 5-day period at the end wasthought to be unlucky. Every 52 years, the two calendars would start on the same day. A ceremonymarked the occasion.Incan Achievements The Inca used a string device known as the quipu to record data. The knots andtheir positions on the strings represented numbers. The colors of the stringsrepresented other information. The Inca are also believed to have had a calendar system with two calendars, onefor day and one for night. These calendars were used for religious purposes. TheInca believed that gods ruled the day and time.CSS Specific Objective 7.7.5: Review 109

also had a number system with a base of 20 that helped them in their calendar and astronomical work. Aztec Achievements The Aztec calendar system was based on the Mayan system. The Aztecs had two calendars. The sacred calendar had 13 months; the solar cal-endar had 18 months, ea

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