Copyright 2011 By Michio Kaku All Rights Reserved .
Copyright 2011 by Michio KakuAll rights reserved. Published in the United States by Doubleday, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto.www.doubleday.comDOUBLEDAY and the DD colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.
this page constitutes an extension of this copyright page.LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATAKaku, Michio.Physics of the future : how science will shape human destiny andour daily lives by the year 2100 Michio Kaku.—1st ed.font p. cm.Includes bibliographical references.1. Science—Social aspects—Forecasting. 2. Science—History—21st century. I. Title.Q175.5.K257 2011303.4830112—dc222010026569eISBN: 978-0-385-53081-1v3.1To my loving wife, Shizue,and my daughters, Michelle and AlysonCoverTitle :Predicting the Next 100 YearsFUTURE OF THE COMPUTER:FUTURE OF AI:Mind over MatterRise of the Machines
Perfection and BeyondFUTURE OF MEDICINE:NANOTECHNOLOGY:FUTURE OF ENERGY:Everything from Nothing?Energy from the StarsFUTURE OF SPACE TRAVEL:FUTURE OF WEALTH:To the StarsWinners and LosersFUTURE OF HUMANITY:Planetary CivilizationA DAY IN THE LIFE IN 2100NOTESRECOMMENDED READINGINDEXILLUSTRATION CREDITSAbout the AuthorOther Books by This AuthorI would like to thank those individuals who have worked tirelessly to make this book a success. First, I would like tothank my editors, Roger Scholl, who guided so many of my previous books and came up with the idea for achallenging book like this, and also Edward Kastenmeier, who has patiently made countless suggestions and revisionsto this book that have greatly strengthened and enhanced its presentation. I would also like to thank Stuart Krichevsky,my agent for so many years, who has always encouraged me to take on newer and more exciting challenges.And, of course, I would like to thank the more than three hundred scientists I interviewed or had discussions withconcerning science. I would like to apologize for dragging a TV camera crew from BBC-TV or the Discovery andScience channels into their laboratories and thrusting a microphone and TV camera in front of their faces. This mighthave disrupted their research, but I hope that the final product was worth it.I would like to thank some of these pioneers and trailblazers:Eric Chivian, Nobel laureate, Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard Medical SchoolPeter Doherty, Nobel laureate, St. Jude Children’s Research HospitalGerald Edelman, Nobel laureate, Scripps Research InstituteMurray Gell-Mann, Nobel laureate, Santa Fe Institute and CaltechWalter Gilbert, Nobel laureate, Harvard UniversityDavid Gross, Nobel laureate, Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physicsthe late Henry Kendall, Nobel laureate, MITLeon Lederman, Nobel laureate, Illinois Institute of TechnologyYoichiro Nambu, Nobel laureate, University of Chicago
Henry Pollack, Nobel laureate, University of MichiganJoseph Rotblat, Nobel laureate, St. Bartholomew’s HospitalSteven Weinberg, Nobel laureate, University of Texas at AustinFrank Wilczek, Nobel laureate, MITAmir Aczel, author of Uranium WarsBuzz Aldrin, former NASA astronaut, second man to walk on the moonGeoff Andersen, research associate, United States Air Force Academy, author of The TelescopeJay Barbree, NBC news correspondent, coauthor of Moon ShotJohn Barrow, physicist, University of Cambridge, author of ImpossibilityMarcia Bartusiak, author of Einstein’s Unfinished SymphonyJim Bell, professor of astronomy, Cornell UniversityJeffrey Bennet, author of Beyond UFOsBob Berman, astronomer, author of Secrets of the Night SkyLeslie Biesecker, chief of Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Institutes of HealthPiers Bizony, science writer, author of How to Build Your Own SpaceshipMichael Blaese, former National Institutes of Health scientistAlex Boese, founder of Museum of HoaxesNick Bostrom, transhumanist, University of OxfordLt. Col. Robert Bowman, Institute for Space and Security StudiesLawrence Brody, chief of the Genome Technology Branch, National Institutes of HealthRodney Brooks, former director, MIT Artificial Intelligence LaboratoryLester Brown, founder of Earth Policy InstituteMichael Brown, professor of astronomy, CaltechJames Canton, founder of Institute for Global Futures, author of The Extreme FutureArthur Caplan, director, Center for Bioethics, University of PennsylvaniaFritjof Capra, author of The Science of LeonardoSean Carroll, cosmologist, CaltechAndrew Chaikin, author of A Man on the MoonLeroy Chiao, former NASA astronautGeorge Church, director, Center for Computational Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolThomas Cochran, physicist, Natural Resources Defense CouncilChristopher Cokinos, science writer, author of The Fallen SkyFrancis Collins, director of the National Institutes of HealthVicki Colvin, director of Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, Rice UniversityNeil Comins, author of The Hazards of Space TravelSteve Cook, director of Space Technologies, Dynetics, former NASA spokespersonChristine Cosgrove, author of Normal at Any CostSteve Cousins, president and CEO, Willow GarageBrian Cox, physicist, University of Manchester, BBC science hostPhillip Coyle, former assistant secretary of defense, U.S. Defense DepartmentDaniel Crevier, author of AI: The Tumultuous History of the Search for Artificial Intelligence, CEO of CorecoKen Croswell, astronomer, author of Magnificent UniverseSteven Cummer, computer science, Duke UniversityMark Cutkosky, mechanical engineering, Stanford UniversityPaul Davies, physicist, author of SuperforceAubrey de Gray, Chief Science Officer, SENS Foundationthe late Michael Dertouzos, former director, Laboratory for Computer Science, MITJared Diamond, Pulitzer Prize winner, professor of geography, UCLAMariette DiChristina, editor in chief, Scientific AmericanPeter Dilworth, former MIT AI Lab scientistJohn Donoghue, creator of BrainGate, Brown UniversityAnn Druyan, widow of Carl Sagan, Cosmos StudiosFreeman Dyson, emeritus professor of physics, Institute for Advanced Study, PrincetonJonathan Ellis, physicist, CERN
Daniel Fairbanks, author of Relics of EdenTimothy Ferris, emeritus professor at the University of California, Berkeley, author of Coming of Age in the MilkyWayMaria Finitzo, filmmaker, Peabody Award winner, Mapping Stem Cell ResearchRobert Finkelstein, AI expertChristopher Flavin, WorldWatch InstituteLouis Friedman, cofounder, Planetary SocietyJames Garvin, former NASA chief scientist, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterEvalyn Gates, author of Einstein’s TelescopeJack Geiger, cofounder, Physicians for Social ResponsibilityDavid Gelernter, professor of computer science, Yale UniversityNeil Gershenfeld, director, Center of Bits and Atoms, MITPaul Gilster, author of Centauri DreamsRebecca Goldburg, former senior scientist at Environmental Defense Fund, director of Marine Science, PewCharitable TrustDon Goldsmith, astronomer, author of The Runaway UniverseSeth Goldstein, professor of computer science, Carnegie Mellon UniversityDavid Goodstein, former assistant provost of Caltech, professor of physicsJ. Richard Gott III, professor of astrophysical sciences, Princeton University, author of Time Travel in Einstein’sUniversethe late Stephen Jay Gould, biologist, Harvard Lightbridge Corp.Ambassador Thomas Graham, expert on spy satellitesJohn Grant, author of Corrupted ScienceEric Green, director of the National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of HealthRonald Green, author of Babies by DesignBrian Greene, professor of mathematics and physics, Columbia University, author of The Elegant UniverseAlan Guth, professor of physics, MIT, author of The Inflationary UniverseWilliam Hanson, author of The Edge of MedicineLeonard Hayflick, professor of anatomy, University of California at San Francisco Medical SchoolDonald Hillebrand, director of Center for Transportation Research, Argonne National LaboratoryFrank von Hipple, physicist, Princeton UniversityJeffrey Hoffman, former NASA astronaut, professor of aeronautics and astronautics, MITDouglas Hofstadter, Pulitzer Prize winner, author of Gödel, Escher, BachJohn Horgan, Stevens Institute of Technology, author of The End of ScienceJamie Hyneman, host of MythBustersChris Impey, professor of astronomy, University of Arizona, author of The Living CosmosRobert Irie, former scientist at AI Lab, MIT, Massachusetts General HospitalP. J. Jacobowitz, PC magazineJay Jaroslav, former scientist at MIT AI LabDonald Johanson, paleoanthropologist, discoverer of LucyGeorge Johnson, science journalist, New York TimesTom Jones, former NASA astronautSteve Kates, astronomer and radio hostJack Kessler, professor of neurology, director of Feinberg Neuroscience Institute, Northwestern UniversityRobert Kirshner, astronomer, Harvard UniversityKris Koenig, filmmaker and astronomerLawrence Krauss, Arizona State University, author of The Physics of Star TrekRobert Lawrence Kuhn, filmmaker and philosopher, PBS TV series Closer to TruthRay Kurzweil, inventor, author of The Age of Spiritual MachinesRobert Lanza, biotechnology, Advanced Cell TechnologyRoger Launius, coauthor of Robots in SpaceStan Lee, creator of Marvel Comics and Spider-ManMichael Lemonick, former senior science editor, Time magazine, Climate CentralArthur Lerner-Lam, geologist, volcanist, Columbia University
Simon LeVay, author of When Science Goes WrongJohn Lewis, astronomer, University of ArizonaAlan Lightman, MIT, author of Einstein’s DreamsGeorge Linehan, author of SpaceShipOneSeth Lloyd, MIT, author of Programming the UniverseJoseph Lykken, physicist, Fermi National Accelerator LaboratoryPattie Maes, MIT Media LaboratoryRobert Mann, author of Forensic DetectiveMichael Paul Mason, author of Head CasesW. Patrick McCray, author of Keep Watching the Skies!Glenn McGee, author of The Perfect BabyJames McLurkin, former scientist at MIT AI Laboratory, Rice UniversityPaul McMillan, director, Spacewatch, University of ArizonaFulvio Melia, professor of physics and astronomy, University of ArizonaWilliam Meller, author of Evolution RxPaul Meltzer, National Institutes of HealthMarvin Minsky, MIT, author of The Society of MindHans Moravec, research professor at Carnegie Mellon University, author of Robotthe late Phillip Morrison, physicist, MITRichard Muller, astrophysicist, University of California at BerkeleyDavid Nahamoo, formerly with IBM Human Language TechnologyChristina Neal, volcanist, Alaska Volcano Observatory, U.S. Geological SurveyMichael Novacek, curator, Fossil Mammals, American Museum of Natural HistoryMichael Oppenheimer, environmentalist, Princeton UniversityDean Ornish, clinical professor of medicine, University of California, San FranciscoPeter Palese, professor of microbiology, Mt. Sinai School of MedicineCharles Pellerin, former NASA officialSidney Perkowitz, professor of physics, Emory University, author of Hollywood ScienceJohn Pike, director, GlobalSecurity.orgJena Pincott, author of Do Gentlemen Really Prefer Blondes?Tomaso Poggio, artificial intelligence, MITCorrey Powell, editor in chief, Discover magazineJohn Powell, founder, JP AerospaceRichard Preston, author of The Hot Zone and The Demon in the FreezerRaman Prinja, professor of astrophysics, University College LondonDavid Quammen, science writer, author of The Reluctant Mr. DarwinKatherine Ramsland, forensic scientistLisa Randall, professor of theoretical physics, Harvard University, author of Warped PassagesSir Martin Rees, professor of cosmology and astrophysics, Cambridge University, author of Before the BeginningJeremy Rifkin, founder, Foundation on Economic TrendsDavid Riquier, director of Corporate Outreach, MIT Media LabJane Rissler, Union of Concerned ScientistsSteven Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthPaul Saffo, futurist, formerly with Institute for the Future, consulting professor at Stanford Universitythe late Carl Sagan, Cornell University, author of CosmosNick Sagan, coauthor of You Call This the Future?Michael Salamon, NASA’s Beyond Einstein programAdam Savage, host of MythBustersPeter Schwartz, futurist, cofounder of Global Business Network, author of The Long ViewMichael Shermer, founder of the Skeptics Society and Skeptic magazineDonna Shirley, former manager, NASA Mars Exploration ProgramSeth Shostak, SETI InstituteNeil Shubin, professor of organismal biology and anatomy, University of Chicago, author of Your Inner FishPaul Shuch, executive director emeritus, SETI League
Peter Singer, author of Wired for War, Brookings InstituteSimon Singh, author of Big BangGary Small, coauthor of iBrainPaul Spudis, Planetary Geology Program of the NASA Office of Space Science, Solar System DivisionSteven Squyres, professor of astronomy, Cornell UniversityPaul Steinhardt, professor of physics, Princeton University, coauthor of Endless UniverseGregory Stock, UCLA, author of Redesigning HumansRichard Stone, The Last Great Impact on Earth, Discover MagazineBrian Sullivan, formerly with the Hayden PlanetariumLeonard Susskind, professor of physics, Stanford UniversityDaniel Tammet, autistic savant, author of Born on a Blue DayGeoffrey Taylor, physicist, University of Melbournethe late Ted Taylor, designer of U.S. nuclear warheadsMax Tegmark, physicist, MITAlvin Toffler, author of The Third WavePatrick Tucker, World Future SocietyAdmiral Stansfield M. Turner, former Director of Central IntelligenceChris Turney, University of Exeter, UK, author of Ice, Mud and BloodNeil deGrasse Tyson, director, Hayden PlanetariumSesh Velamoor, Foundation for the FutureRobert Wallace, coauthor of Spycraft, former director of CIA’s Office of Technical ServicesKevin Warwick, human cyborgs, University of Reading, UKFred Watson, astronomer, author of Stargazerthe late Mark Weiser, Xerox PARCAlan Weisman, author of The World Without UsDaniel Werthimer, SETI at Home, University of California at BerkeleyMike Wessler, former scientist, MIT AI LabArthur Wiggins, author of The Joy of PhysicsAnthony Wynshaw-Boris, National Institutes of HealthCarl Zimmer, science writer, author of EvolutionRobert Zimmerman, author of Leaving EarthRobert Zubrin, founder, Mars SocietyEmpires of the future will be empires of the mind.—WINSTON CHURCHILL
When I was a child, two experiences helped to shape the person I am today and spawned two passions that have helpedto define my entire life.First, when I was eight years old, I remember all the teachers buzzing with the latest news that a great scientist hadjust died. That night, the newspapers printed a picture of his office, with an unfinished manuscript on his desk. Thecaption read that the greatest scientist of our era could not finish his greatest masterpiece. What, I asked myself, couldbe so difficult that such a great scientist could not finish it? What could possibly be that complicated and thatimportant? To me, eventually this became more fascinating than any murder mystery, more intriguing than anyadventure story. I had to know what was in that unfinished manuscript.Later, I found out that the name of this scientist was Albert Einstein and the unfinished manuscript was to be hiscrowning achievement, his attempt to create a “theory of everything,” an equation, perhaps no more than one inchwide, that would unlock the secrets of the universe and perhaps allow him to “read the mind of God.”But the other pivotal experience from my childhood was when I watched the Saturday morning TV shows,especially the Flash Gordon series with Buster Crabbe. Every week, my nose was glued to the TV screen. I wasmagically transported to a mysterious world of space aliens, starships, ray gun battles, underwater cities, and monsters.I was hooked. This was my first exposure to the world of the future. Ever since, I’ve felt a childlike wonder whenpondering the future.But after watching every episode of the series, I began to realize that although Flash got all the accolades, it was thescientist Dr. Zarkov who actually made the series work. He invented the rocket ship, the invisibility shield, the powersource for the city in the sky, etc. Without the scientist, there is no future. The handsome and the beautiful may earnthe admiration of society, but all the wondrous inventions of the future are a by-product of the unsung, anonymousscientists.Later, when I was in high school, I decided to follow in the footsteps of these great scientists and put some of mylearning to the test. I wanted to be part of this great revolution that I knew would change the world. I decided to buildan atom smasher. I asked my mother for permission to build a 2.3-million electron volt particle accelerator in thegarage. She was a bit startled but gave me the okay. Then, I went to Westinghouse and Varian Associates, got 400pounds of transformer steel, 22 miles of copper wire, and assembled a betatron accelerator in my mom’s garage.Previously, I had built a cloud chamber with a powerful magnetic field and photographed tracks of antimatter. Butphotographing antimatter was not enough. My goal now was to produce a beam of antimatter. The atom smasher’smagnetic coils successfully produced a huge 10,000 gauss magnetic field (about 20,000 times the earth’s magneticfield, which would in principle be enough to rip a hammer right out of your hand). The machine soaked up 6 kilowattsof power, draining all the electricity my house could provide. When I turned on the machine, I frequently blew out allthe fuses in the house. (My poor mother must have wondered why she could not have a son who played footballinstead.)So two passions have intrigued me my entire life: the desire to understand all the physical laws of the universe in asingle coherent theory and the desire to see the future. Eventually, I realized that these two passions were actuallycomplementary. The key to understanding the future is to grasp the fundamental laws of nature and then apply them tothe inventions, machines, and therapies that will redefine our civilization far into the future.There have been, I found out, numerous attempts to predict the future, many useful and insightful. However, theywere mainly written by historians, sociologists, science fiction writers, and “futurists,” that is, outsiders who arepredicting the world of science without a firsthand knowledge of the science itself. The scientists, the insiders who areactually creating the future in their laboratories, are too busy making breakthroughs to have time to write books aboutthe future for the public.That is why this book is different. I hope this book will give an insider’s perspective on what miraculous discoveriesawait us and provide the most authentic, authoritative look into the world of 2100.
Of course, it is impossible to predict the future with complete accuracy. The best one can do, I feel, is to tap into theminds of the scientists at the cutting edge of research, who are doing the yeoman’s work of inventing the future. Theyare the ones who are creating the devices, inventions, and therapies that will revolutionize civilization. And this bookis their story. I have had the opportunity to sit in the front-row seat of this great revolution, having interviewed morethan 300 of the world’s top scientists, thinkers, and dreamers for national TV and radio. I have also taken TV crewsinto their laboratories to film the prototypes of the remarkable devices that will change our future. It has been a rarehonor to have hosted numerous science specials for BBC-TV, the Discovery Channel, and the Science Channel,profiling the remarkable inventions and discoveries of the visionaries who are daring to create the future. Being free topursue my work on string theory and to eavesdrop on the cutting-edge research that will revolutionize this century, Ifeel I have one of the most desirable jobs in science. It is my childhood dream come true.But this book differs from my previous ones. In books like Beyond Einstein, Hyperspa
FUTURE OF HUMANITY: Planetary Civilization ADAY IN THELIFE IN 2100 NOTES RECOMMENDEDREADING INDEX ILLUSTRATIONCREDITS About the Author Other Books by This Author . Nick Bostrom, transhumanist, University of Oxford Lt. Col. Robert Bowman, Institute for Space and Security Studies
perkerasan kaku. jalan percobaan telah banyak dibuat selama beberapa tahun, Evaluasi pertama kali pada kinerja perkerasan kaku telah dilakukan oleh Departemen Pekerjaan Umum Detroit pada tahun 1909. Jalur percobaan ini mencakup beton, granit, creosote blok, serta cedar block. Berdasarkan hasil . Modul 1 - Konsep Dasar Konstruksi Perkeasan .
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Ventilated barbecue systems, invented in nagoya in the mid-1970’s, enabled diners to eat yakiniku in a smoke-free environment. Gyu-Kaku uses down draft systems where the smoke from the grill is sucked into
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registration in Brunei Darussalam. ii) Arrangement of Sections Part I - deals with subsistence, ownership and duration of copyright which cover areas on rights of the copyright owner, acts permitted to copyright works, moral rights, dealing with rights in copyright works, remedies for infringement,
MOUNT ASPIRING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH - FEMINIST LITERARY CRITICISM - PAGE !3 OF !7. WHAT MARXIST CRITICS DO TAKEN FROM BEGINNING THEORY, BY P. BARRY2: 1. They make a division between the ‘overt’ (manifest or surface) and ‘covert’ (latent or hidden) content of a literary work (much as psychoanalytic critics do) and then relate the covert subject matter of the literary work to .
