Pipeline Corrosion Report - FINAL
Pipeline CorrosionFINAL REPORTSubmitted toU.S. Department of TransportationPipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety AdministrationOffice of Pipeline SafetyIntegrity Management ProgramUnder Delivery Order DTRS56-02-D-70036Submitted byMichael Baker Jr., Inc.Contributing AuthorRaymond R. Fessler, Ph.D.BIZTEK Consulting, Inc.November 2008
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsIntroduction. 11.1Corrosion Overview . 11.2Corrosion in Perspective. 21.2.1 Frequency and Consequences in the United States . 21.2.2 Transmission Pipelines. 31.2.3 Natural Gas Distribution Pipelines. 51.2.4 Gas Gathering Lines. 61.2.5 Non-U.S. Experience . 61.3State of Knowledge Regarding Corrosion. 82Background . 102.1Problem Statement. 102.2Project Scope . 102.3Report Outline . 103Corrosion in Pipelines. 113.1Understanding the Process. 113.2Uniform vs. Localized Corrosion . 123.2.1 Pitting . 123.2.2 Selective Seam Corrosion . 133.2.3 Microbial Corrosion . 133.3External Corrosion. 143.3.1 Factors that Affect External Corrosion . 143.3.1.1Onshore Buried Pipelines . 143.3.1.2Offshore Pipelines . 153.3.2 Methods to Prevent or Mitigate External Corrosion on Buried Pipelines. 153.3.2.1Coatings. 153.3.2.2Cathodic Protection . 193.3.2.3Other Preventive/Mitigative Measures . 203.3.3 Monitoring Techniques for External Corrosion . 213.4Internal Corrosion. 223.4.1 Gas Pipelines. 223.4.2 Liquid Pipelines . 223.4.3 Preventive/Mitigative Measures for Internal Corrosion. 233.4.3.1Dehydration . 233.4.3.2Inhibitors . 243.4.3.3Coatings. 243.4.3.4Buffering . 243.4.3.5Cleaning Pigs. 243.4.3.6Biocides . 243.4.3.7Additional Preventive Measures. 253.4.3.8Preventive/Mitigative Measures for Selective Seam Corrosion . 253.4.3.9Preventive/Mitigative Measures for MIC on Gas Pipelines . 253.4.4 Monitoring Internal Corrosion . 253.5Environmentally Assisted Cracking . 263.5.1 Stress-Corrosion Cracking (SCC) . 263.5.1.1External SCC . 263.5.1.2Internal SCC . 273.5.2 Corrosion Fatigue. 271Pipeline CorrosionNovember 2008Page i
Table of Contents45673.5.3 Hydrogen Embrittlement. 283.5.3.1Hydrogen-Stress Cracking. 283.5.3.2Hydrogen-Induced Cracking . 293.5.3.3Loss of Ductility . 293.5.3.4Implications for Pipelines in a National Hydrogen Economy . 293.5.4 Sulfide-Stress Cracking. 29Corrosion Threat Identification. 314.1Overview . 314.2External Corrosion. 314.3Internal Corrosion. 314.4Stress Corrosion Cracking . 31Corrosion Damage-Assessment Methods . 335.1Overview . 335.2In-line Inspection. 335.3Hydrostatic Testing . 355.4Direct Assessment . 365.4.1 External Corrosion Direct Assessment . 375.4.2 Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment for Gas Pipelines . 385.4.3 Stress Corrosion Cracking Direct Assessment. 405.5Emerging Technologies. 405.5.1 Long-Range Guided-Wave Ultrasonic Testing (LRGWUT or GWUT) . 405.5.2 Remote Field Testing (RFT) . 415.5.3 Robotic Investigation . 425.5.4 Sound-Wave Testing . 435.5.5 NoPig . 435.5.6 Buried Reference Cell Monitoring. 435.6Specialized Techniques . 445.6.1 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Monitoring Techniques . 445.7Assessing the Severity of Corrosion. 445.8Assessing the Severity of Stress Corrosion Cracking. 45Standards Review. 466.1Overview . 466.2Standard Development Organizations . 466.2.1 NACE International . 466.2.2 American Society of Mechanical Engineers . 466.2.3 American Petroleum Institute. 466.2.4 ASTM International . 466.2.5 American Society for Nondestructive Testing . 466.2.6 American National Standards Institute . 466.2.7 International Organization for Standardization. 476.2.8 Det Norske Veritas . 476.2.9 British Standards Institute . 476.3U.S. Regulations and Standards . 476.3.1 U.S. Regulations. 476.3.2 U.S. Standards. 476.3.3 Relevant Non-U.S. Standards. 506.4Role of Industry Best Practices Regarding Corrosion. 50Corrosion Risk Management . 517.1Overview . 517.2Risk Assessment Methodologies . 517.2.1 Subject Matter Expert Model . 52Pipeline CorrosionNovember 2008Page ii
Table of Contents7.2.2 Relative Risk Model. 527.2.3 Probabilistic Model . 537.3Characteristics of an Effective Risk Assessment. 537.4Summary. 548Corrosion Research . 558.1Overview . 558.2Corrosion R&D Funding Organizations. 558.3Current Corrosion R&D Efforts . 558.3.1 Prevention . 558.3.2 Detection . 568.3.3 Assessment. 568.3.4 Mitigation. 568.4Corrosion R&D Requirements . 578.5Summary of Corrosion R&D Activities . 579Elements of an Effective Corrosion Integrity Management Program. 589.1Overview . 589.2Technology . 589.3Components of an Effective Integrity Management Program . 589.4Resource Requirements (after Byrd, 2004) . 5910Summary and Conclusions. 6110.1Frequency and Consequences of Corrosion Incidents. 6110.2Prevention of Corrosion in Pipelines. 6110.3Corrosion Threat Identification . 6310.4Assessing the Severity of Corrosion. 6310.5Regulations and Standards. 6510.5.1Regulations . 6510.5.2Standard Development Organizations . 6510.6Corrosion Risk Management . 6610.7Corrosion Research . 6710.8Corrosion Integrity Management Programs . 6811Bibliography . 6912Appendix A. 7112.1Listing of Relevant Current Research . 7112.1.1PRCI funded R&D (from Web Site):. 7112.1.2PHMSA Funded R&D (not listed elsewhere). 7112.1.3NYSEARCH (Part of NGA). 7212.1.4AGA. 72Pipeline CorrosionNovember 2008Page iii
List of AbbreviationsList of HICICICDAIDXPipeline CorrosionAlternating CurrentAmerican Gas AssociationAboveground MarkerAnaerobic BacteriaAmerican National Standards InstituteAssociation of Oil PipelinesAcid-Producing BacteriaAmerican Petroleum InstituteAmerican Society of Mechanical EngineersAmerican Society for Nondestructive TestingASTM International (formerly the American Society for Testing and Materials)American Water Works AssociationBritish Standards InstituteCanadian Energy Pipeline AssociationCode of Federal RegulationsCathodic ProtectionCopper/Copper Sulfate ElectrodeDirect AssessmentDirect CurrentDet Norske Veritas(U.S.) Department of Energy(U.S.) Department of the Interior(U.S.) Department of TransportationDouble Submerged Arc WeldEnvironmentally Assisted CrackingExternal CorrosionExternal Corrosion Direct AssessmentEuropean Gas pipeline Incident data GroupElectromagnetic Acoustic TransducerEnergy Resources Conservation Board (formerly EUB)Electric-Resistance WeldedEnergy and Utilities Board (Alberta)Fusion-Bonded EpoxyFitness-For-ServiceFull-Time EquivalentGlobal Positioning SystemGas Research InstituteGas Technology InstituteGuided UltrasonicGuided-Wave Ultrasonic TestingHeat-Affected ZoneHigh-Consequence AreaHorizontal
Pipeline Corrosion FINAL REPORT Submitted to U.S. Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration Office of Pipeline Safety Integrity Management Program Under Delivery Order DTRS56-02-D-70036 Submitted by Michael Baker Jr., Inc. Contributing Author Raymond R. Fessler, Ph.D.
Pipeline device hardware, Pipeline network, the Pipeline host hardware, the Pipeline application software and the Pipeline media disk storage systems. Each of these components is described below. Pipeline device hardware Pipeline device hardware has up to four independent channels with SDI I/O for capture and play out. The SDI
Steward and report program results . Threats to Operating Pipeline Integrity Pipeline fire caused by backhoe 3rd Party Damage External Corrosion Internal Corrosion. Page 7 Threats to Operating Pipeline Integrity – cont’d External Stress Corrosion Cracking .
About Corrosion 4 Parts of a Corrosion Cell Anode (location where corrosion takes place) o Oxidation Half-Reaction Cathode (no corrosion) o Reduction Half-Reaction Electrolyte (Soil, Water, Moisture, etc.) Electrical Connection between anode and cathode (wire, metal wall, etc.) Electrochemical corrosion can be
Page 2 of 22 ODNR‐DSWR Pipeline Standard 12‐3‐13 Pipeline ‐ The pipeline and its related appurtenances. Pipeline Company ‐ The entity responsible for installing the pipeline, its successors, and assigns, on its own behalf and as operator of the company. Right‐of‐Way ‐ Includes the permanent and temporary easements that the pipeline company acquires
and Hazardous Liquid pipeline risk models. Operators establish risk models to address risk and improve safety within their respective pipeline systems. Pipeline risk models are a foundational part of the assessment of operational pipeline risk. Federal pipeline safety integrity management (IM) regulations require pipeline operators to use risk
Page 2 of 22 ODNR‐DSWR Pipeline Standard 12‐3‐13 Pipeline ‐ The pipeline and its related appurtenances. Pipeline Company ‐ The entity responsible for installing the pipeline, its successors, and assigns, on its own behalf and as operator of the company. Right‐of‐Way ‐ Includes the permanent and temporary easements that the pipeline company acquires
Technical Data Sheet Online Only 00816-0100-3045, Rev CA Corrosion and Its Effects May 2003 2 CORROSION BASICS Corrosion is the gradual destruction of a metal by chemical or electrochemical means. The most generic form of corrosion is galvanic corrosion. A combination of a cathode, an anode
Waves API 550 User Manual - 3 - 1.2 Product Overview . The Waves API 550 consists of the API 550A, a 3-Band parametric equalizer with 5 fixed cutoff points per band and the API 550B, a 4-Band parametric equalizer with 7 fixed cutoff points per band. Modeled on the late 1960’s legend, the API 550A EQ delivers a sound that has been a hallmark of high end studios for decades. It provides .
