81mm HE Mortar Cartridges (M889A1, M889A2, And M821A12 .

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81mm HE Mortar Cartridges(M889A1, M889A2, and M821A12)Harmonized IM/FHC Testing ResultsBriefed by: Daniel ZalogaUS Army ARDECPicatinny Arsenal, NJ973-724-2980daniel.zaloga@us.army.mil1May 2012 IM/EM SymposiumLas Vegas, NevadaReference #13857Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

Introduction 81mm HE Mortars IM testingconducted in 2011 Harmonized with FHC testing IM Scores have greatly improvedcompared to the Comp Bbaseline2Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

81mm SystemDescription These cartridges are high explosive, fragmentation munitionsdesigned for use with the 81mm M252 Mortar System All rounds contain identical parts, except: M889A1 uses the M935 Point Detonation (PD) Fuze M889A2 uses the M783 PD/Delay Fuze M821A2 uses the M734A1 Multi Option Fuze for Mortars(MOFM)Plastic Fuze AdapterM734A1/M783 Fuzew/ PBXN-5M935 PD Fuzew/ PBXW-14 BoosterIMX-104 ExplosiveM220 Propelling ChargePBXW-14 Aux. ChargeM299 Ignition Ctg.ObturatorHF-1 Steel BodyM24 Fin Assembly3Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

81mm MortarsIM ScoresBaseline (Comp RSCJIM Configuration 89A2M889A1Assessed scores in parentheses ( )Reactions:V – BurnIV – DeflagrationIII – ExplosionII - Partial DetonationI - VIVIV(V)VV(I)IVLogistical Unconfined (F)(F) Scored September 2011 by AIMB Two test series: M821A2 tested by analogy to the M889A2 M889A1 underwent select testing Some tests for the M889A1 scored by analogy tothe M889A2Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

81mm IM/FHC Test 9A1Fast Cook-Off1 test, single round1 test, 6 cans1 test, single round1 test, 6 cansLiquid fire with a flame temperature above1600 FSlow Cook-Off2 tests, 1 can each2 tests, 1 can each8 hour temperature soak at 122 F, 6 Fper hour heating rate until T 689 FBullet Impact3 tests, single round3 tests, single can each1 test, single round1 test, single can3 tests, single round3 tests, single can each1 test, single round1 test, single canFragmentImpactSympatheticDetonationShaped ChargeJet ImpactThermalStability40 Foot Drop5 Through booster only Shot lines through HE,booster, and propelling charge Shot lines through main fill, Through booster onlybooster, and propelling charge2 test, 6 cans eachAnalogy to M889A2No testNo test1 test, single round1 test, single round3 tests, single can eachPROPOSED TEST PARAMETERSThree 0.50 caliber M2 AP bullets fired at @2,800 ft/sSingle conical fragment at 8300 ft/s:Initiation through donor First test unconfined Second test confinedAssessed to failIn oven at 75 2 C for 48 hours3 tests, single can each 40 foot free fall drop at 3 orientationsTest plan approved by DDESB and AIMB 2QFY11Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

Blast Gauge and VideoCamera ArrangementP-3One near field &one far field view videoP-2Side witness plate24” from test itemP-1BI, FI shot lineDistance markers at 50’ and 100’P-4P-5P-6Blast gauges at 20’, 40’, and 60’Note: Blast gauge threshold is 0.05 psi6One high speed &one far field view videoDistribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

Thermal Stability M889A1 andM889A2 – singleround each Conditioned at 75C for 48 hours7Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

Drop Testing 40 foot drop 3 orientations Fuze up Fuze down HorizontalM889A2Fuze Down No reactions Broken parts Propellant cases broken in each Fuze Downtest Damage to fiber tube and tube lids Cans deformed Fuze shields cracked in a coupleHorizontalcases8Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimitedHorizontal

Slow Cook Off Two tests, single can each 8 hours conditioning at 122 F 6 F per hour heating rate 8 inches minimum separationbetween oven walls and testitem 6 thermocouples, locations onthe right Testing until reaction or itemtemperature reaches 689 F Typical Results Flashes and popsPA156 can swelling, bowed lidMelted HENo damage to witness plates0 psi recorded on pressuregaugesV9Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

Fast Cook Off 1st Test: tactical 6 thermocouples 2nd Test: logistical 12 thermocouples Sample situated on grate 18”above fuel 1600 F flame temperaturerequirement 1000 gallons Jet-A fuel M889A2 / M821A2 Logistical “No Test” – cans fell into fuel Scored by analogy to M889A1 Typical Results: Can and lid deformation Explosive consumed in fire Audible “pops” Small fragments ( 50 grams)around test site Fuze booster, tail fin, etcV10Tactical SetupLogistical SetupDistribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

Fast Cook OffM889A1 ResultsPre-test Setup(V)V11Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

Impact Tests BI - 50 cal. AP, triple burst, 2800 ft/s FI - Conical fragment at 8300 ft/s Logistical and tactical testing of each target area In the logistical test, shot line will be through thecenter of the middle round, otherwise the canhasp interferes Bullet path through diameter of the centerround M889A2 – shot lines through fuze booster, mainfill, and prop charges M889A1 – shot line through fuze booster only12Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

M889A2 BI ResultsTactical – HE Shot First bullet broke the body apart Unreacted HE scattered aroundtest site No damage to either witness plate 0 psi recorded on all pressuregauges Fragments found beyond 50 feetIV13Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

M889A2 BI ResultsTacticalFuze Booster ShotV14Prop Charge ShotIVDistribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

M889A2 BI ResultsLogistical – HE Shot Test article was knocked off test stand,container lid blown off after first impact Three entrance holes, one exit hole Test article burned and smoked for 40min Several popping reactions No damage to either witness plate 0 psi recorded on all pressure gauges No fragments beyond 50 feetV15Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

M889A2 BI ResultsLogisticalFuze Booster ShotV16Prop Charge ShotVDistribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

M889A2 FI ResultsTactical – HE Shot Large flash upon impact Side witness plate thrown 20 ft Heavy pitting and scarring Few recoverable fragments Peak 3.17 psi recorded onpressure gauge 4 Fragments found beyond 50 feetI17Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

M889A2 FI ResultsTacticalFuze Booster ShotI18Prop Charge ShotVDistribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

M889A2 FI ResultsLogistical – HE Shot Flash inside the can uponimpact Test article knocked offstand Smoked for 20 min No damage to eitherwitness plate 0 psi recorded on allpressure gauges No fragments beyond 50V19Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

M889A2 FI ResultsLogisticalFuze Booster ShotIV20Prop Charge ShotVDistribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

Sympathetic Detonation 2 tests- confined and unconfined Donor located at center of the bottom row All rounds livePre-test Setup21Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

M889A2 SD ResultsUnconfinedAdjacentAcceptor Acceptor PA-156 cans rippedopen Mortars cast out of cans Mortars either intact or broken atogive Unconsumed HE in most rounds No marks on bottom tion Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

M889A2 SD ResultsUnconfined Pressure readings: 2.76 psi on gauge 1 2.86 psi on gauge 4 Blast gauge pressure less thansingle round calibrationTopAcceptorDirectlyAboveDonor Numerous large fragmentsbeyond 50 ftTopAcceptorTopAcceptorPASS23Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

M889A2 SD ResultsUnconfined24Peak 3.75 psiPeak 2.86 psiCalibration TestUnconfined SD TestPeak PressureDistribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

M889A2 SD ResultsConfinedPost-testResults Sand confinement pile opened Acceptors in can with donorwere broken into several largepieces Bottom row of acceptors Either intact or broken at ogive Top row of acceptorsDonorCan Either intact or broken at ogive Some had HE, the rest other HEhad burned out Items smoked, then burned for 1 hr and 45 min No marks on bottom witnessplate No fragments beyond 50 feetPASS25Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

M889A2 SD Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

Summary Based on SD results, data shows therounds are not mass detonating Drastic improvement over the baselineresponse has been witnessed Plans exist for full harmonized IM/FHCtesting of 60mm and 120mm HE mortarcartridgesIM Configuration IVIVIV(V)VV(I)I(I)SRSCJLogistical Unconfined Confined(IV)IVV(Pass)Pass(Pass)Assessed scores in parentheses ( )Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited(Pass)Pass(Pass)(F)(F)(F)

BACK UP CHARTS28Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

81mm IM TechApproach Explosive Replacement– IMX-104 identified as best main fill candidate after PM CAS CLIMEx effort– Inclusion of PBXW-14 auxiliary charge– Risk mitigation effort using pressed IMX-104NOL (cards)Pressure(kbar)DV (km/s)Gurney(km/s)IMX-1041092087.382.536Comp 2063758.762.909 Fuze Booster Design– PBXN-5 for the M734A1 and M783 fuzes– PBXW-14 booster charge and PBXN-5 lead pellet for M935 fuze Venting Technology– Use of a threaded fuze adapter to allow fuze venting during cook-off situations29Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

Explosive ComparisonExplosiveTMD(g/cc)DcTc( C)IMX 1041.780.745”164 100 Reaction at 168 N,None at 160 N0 out of 10 at0.25 JComp B1.7280.169”19033.9Reaction at 318 N,None at 282 N0 out of 10 at0.25 JPBXW-141.90.125”21638 980 lbf on ABL0 out of 10 at0.25 J1.817 0.2”22320No reaction at 250 N 0 out of 10 at0.25 JN-530ERL(cm)BAMDistribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimitedESD

Full IM Scoring(by individual test)31Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

TEST CONFIGURATION M889A2/M821A2 CONFIGURATION M889A1 PROPOSED TEST PARAMETERS Fast Cook-Off 1 test, single round 1 test, 6 cans 1 test, single round 1 test, 6 cans Liquid fire with a flame temperature above 1600 F Slow Cook-Off 2 tests, 1 can each 2 tests, 1 can each 8 hour temperature soak at 122 F, 6 F per hour heating rate until T 689 F

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