LIVING IN THE DUNES
LIVING IN THE DUNESA HOMEOWNER'S GUIDE TO LANDSCAPING IN INDIANA'S DUNE COMMUNITIES
AcknowledgmentsThis project would not have been possible without our Advisory Committee, staff, and fundingpartners. We greatly appreciate those who dedicated their time and knowledge to this project.Advisory CommitteeNameAffiliationJenny AllisonCardnoLaura BrennanIndiana Dunes National LakeshoreDorreen CareyIndiana Department of Natural ResourcesRich HawksworthDune ResidentSusan MiHaloThe Nature ConservancyMyrna NewgentShirley Heinze Land TrustSandy O’BrienContractor, Ecorealm LLCNoel PavlovicUnited States Geological SurveyNathanael PillaIndiana Native Plant and Wildflower SocietyBarbara PlampinShirley Heinze Land TrustRoger RhodesOdgen Dunes Building CommissionDaniel RobertsonShirley Heinze Land TrustCarol SmithMiller Garden ClubThis publication was made possible by a grant from the National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration and the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Lake Michigan CoastalProgram. Generous supporting funds for this project have also been awarded to us fromArcelorMittal, the Lake County Community Fund at Legacy Foundation, and theGaylord & Dorothy Donnelley Foundation.We greatly appreciate all our funders for helping us to create this valuable resource.Printed on Recycled Paper.Introduction“The dunes are to the Midwest what the Grand Canyon is to Arizona and the Yosemite is to California.They constitute a signature of time and eternity. Once lost, the loss would be irrevocable.”– Carl SandburgThis guide aims to provide you with the tools to help protectthese dunes, the landscape of Indiana's nearshore communities.As a resident, you have the ability to help protect the dunes at themost local level – your own yard.The dune landscape represents at least four major successivestages of Lake Michigan shorelines. The landscape includes15,000 acres of open beaches, grass- and forest-covered dunes,oak savannas, swamps, bogs, marshes, prairies, rivers, and forests.Its intricate biology is globally unique and is one of the only placeswhere examples of every type of natural community in theChicagoland region can be found. From arctic bearberry to pricklypear cactus and southern dogwoods, the dunes' biodiversity isextraordinary. Over 1,200 species of vascular plants and 400species of wildlife can be found here.Over the next millennia, the dunes will face a variety of challenges.Some of the major challenges include climate change, invasiveplants, shoreline erosion, diminished water quality, andencroaching urbanization. If changes happen to our climate, theIndiana Dunes will be one of the first places to reflect thesechanges. These changes could include a shift in the migrationpatterns of mobile species, the possible extinction of somespecies, and change the timing of many natural processes fromflower blooming to bird nesting. From a decline in wildlife habitatto suppression of native plants and wildlife, invasive species alsohave a significant impact on the dunes ecosystem.In this guide, you will find resources to help you protect thislandscape. You’ll be able to identify ten of the most problematicinvasive species found in the region and understand which nativeplants to use instead. Template garden designs will help youlandscape your own property and a list of best practices willprovide you with other resources related to preserving thisecosystem.As one of the nation’s premier recreational and scientific jewels,we hope that you use this guide to help preserve the pricelesslandscape that is the Indiana Dunes.Photo Credit: Tony Troche1
Your Place in the Indiana Dunes LandscapeNorthSlope of Dune WoodlandDune woodlands are found on stabilized dunes protected from intense wind erosion. In general,these areas are dominated by woody species such as oaks, hickories, basswoods, cottonwoods, andjack pines. The orientation of the dune slope affects the types of plants that will grow. North-facingslopes are shaded and more moist than south-facing slopes.Within which landscape does your home fall? The information provided below can help youdetermine which of the five different dune landscapes your home lies within. Depending on thesize of your property you may have more than one landscape present within your yard.Conditions: Moist soil conditions Shaded Tall canopy trees with shade-tolerant understory plantsInterdunalWetlandA landscape typically found in swales between dune ridges dominated by rushes, sedges, shrubs,and other plants like goldenrod, red osier dogwood, and jack pines. These shallow ponds or poolsmay also form in wind-formed depressions at the base of blowouts, in hollows of dune fields, and inabandoned river channels that once flowed behind foredunes. The interdunal wetland experiencesseasonally-fluctuating water tables.Conditions:BeachThis area is where the land Alkaline wetlands situated in depressionsbetween dunes Seasonally-fluctuating water levels Moist soil conditions Sedges, rushes, and water-tolerant shrubsmeets the waters of LakeMichigan. Few plants or animalslive along the beach, due tothe constant movements ofsand, storm waves, and winterice and snow.South Slope ofDuneWoodlandSimilar to the north-facing slope of the dune woodland, theBlackOak SavannaSavannas are open, sunny areasdominated by grasses and forbs such as little bluestem grass,wild lupine, and rough blazing star. Savannas are sparsely treed,and include black and white oaks in silty soils.Conditions:ForeduneThe first ridge behind the beach where Pioneer species likemarram grass and sand reed grass help stabilize the sand withtheir extensive root systems. A stabilized foredune can alsosupport wildflowers and shrubs like common milkweed,beach pea, bearberry, poison ivy, and wild grape. Cottonwoodtrees can also be found in this landscape.2Conditions: Low dune, parallel to the shoreline Sparse vegetation with primarily pioneer species(hardy species which are the first to colonize an areaand begin ecological succession) Periods of drought Storm waves Alternating periods of sand burial and erosionsouth slope is generally dominated by tall canopy plants likeoaks and hickories. Unlike the north slope, the south-facingslope receives more sunlight and has drier soil conditions.This encourages the growth of spring wildflowers and othersun-loving plants, in addition to woody species like witchhazel, sassafrass, and dogwoods.Conditions: Dry soil conditions Sun-loving tall canopy trees with bothshade-tolerant and sun-tolerant understory plants Sunny, dry conditions Dominated by grasses and forbs A few oak trees are present,but only provide sparse canopy cover† Sources:Michigan Department of Natural Resources, MichiganState University Extension, Indiana Department of NaturalResources, Lake Michigan Coastal Program.3
Invasive Species: The Terrible TenImpacts to Natural Resources: †An “invasive” plant is a non-native plant that infests natural areas and causes environmental oreconomic harm, or harm to human health.Invasive plants significantly impact our natural resources thefollowing ways: Declining wildlife habitat Decreasing soil stabilization and interrupting forest succession Increasing management expense Hurting and suppressing native plants and wildlife Destroying habitats for rare wildflowers and animals Decreasing access to outdoor areas like forest floorsand waterwaysWhy These Ten?The following lists ten of the key invasive species dune communityresidents should look out for, not buy / plant, and remove.The selection criteria for these “terrible ten” were: Presence and abundance in Lakeshore communities Presence in landscaping species or in nursery trade Likelihood of the species to spread in Lakeshore habitat / soils Ability to alter ecosystem processes Aggressiveness in undisturbed communities Difficulty to control"Early Detection" species are identifiedby a white outline of the circular photo.Early Detection is a process by which volunteerskeep a lookout for invasive species that areunknown or minimally known so they can bereported and potentially controlled beforebecoming problematic. You can report earlydetection species at EDDmaps.org.Alliaria petiolataGarlic MustardBerberis thunbergiiCentaurea stoebessp. micranthosJapanese BarberryOriental BittersweetHerbaceous,garlic-odored biennialThorny shrubwith grooved stemsClimbing vinethat forms dense infestationsHerbaceous perennialIdeal conditions:Rich, moist, shaded areasHeight: up to 4' tallIdeal conditions:Moist, shaded areasHeight: up to 6' tallIdeal conditions:Grows in nearly all soil and light availabilityconditions, and in dry to moist soilsHeight: up to 60' tallLeavesLeavesLeavesFirst year:Young leaves kidney-shaped4" longand arranged in a circular manneraround the base of plant.Scalloped margins and wrinkly appearance.Small, oval-shaped, clustered above a spine,alternate along stem.No teeth or lobes.Mature: leaves aretriangular-shaped andalternate along the stem.FlowersClusters of one to foursmall six-partedcream / yellow flowers.Spring blooms.Seasonal ChangeSeasonal ChangeFruit turns tan in summerand persists through winter.Foliage often becomes orange todark reddish-purple in fall / winter.FruitsFruitsNarrow seed pods.Present from mid-summerinto winter.2 ½"longGlossy, round, toothedleaves with abruptlypointed tipsthat alternatealong stem.Up to 5" longFlowersFlowers4 petals.Blooms spring(and sometimes fall).1/4" dia.4Celastrus orbiculatusSmall, five-petaledgreenish-yellow flowersclustered along leaf axils(where the leaf meets the stem).Late spring blooms.FruitsRound green fruit in leaf axilsthat turn yellow-orange infall and split to reveal a red,fleshy coating around seeds.Seasonal ChangeYoung reddish-brown vines turn into gray,spotted or ridged woody vines and wrap treetrunks as they grow into the canopy.Euonymus alatusLonicera spp.Lyme GrassBush HoneysuckleDeciduous shrubthat forms dense thicketsCoarse, clump andcolony-forming grassMulti-stemmed shrub; developsleaves earlier in year than nativespecies; forms dense thickets in springIdeal conditions:Dry, sandy areasHeight: up to 4' tallIdeal conditions:Open to shaded, moist to dry areasHeight: up to 9' tallIdeal conditions:Dry sand areas, especially on the foreduneHeight: up to 5' tallIdeal conditions:Grows in nearly all soil, moisture,and light availability conditionsHeight: up to 12' tallLeavesLeaves & StemLeavesLeavesSpotted KnapweedUp to 4 years prior to producingflowers: Narrow, ovalshaped unlobed todeeply lobed gray-greenleaves arranged in acircular manner aroundthe base.Burning BushLeymus arenariusSmooth, toothed, egg-shaped, darkgreen leaves that taper at the tiparranged opposite each otheralong the stem.Up to 2"longLeaves becomesmaller and morelinear as theyalternate upthe stem.Up to 6" longalong baseFlowersPink or purple thistle-like flower heads withmany tubular flowers and five narrow lobesthat fan out. Bloom persists frommid-summer into fall.Smooth, rigid, blue-greenleaves up to 1' long.Up to ½"wideFlowersStems often formconspicuouslycorky “wings.”Tubular, paired flowers withflaring petals. Flowers formin the spring at the pointswhere leaves meet thestem. Color rangesfrom white to yellowto pink to rose.FlowersSmall, four-parted greenish-yellowflowers form in leaf axils(where the leaves meet the stem).Spring blooms.FruitFour-parted angular pink topurplish fruit splits to reveal ared-orange, fleshy coatingaround seeds.Seasonal ChangeLeaves become bright red / crimsonto purplish in fall.Dark green to blue-green oblong /egg-shaped leaves without teethalong margins and abruptlypointed to rounded at tip.Arranged opposite each otheralong stem. Twigs are hollow.FlowersFlowers and fruit form dense spikethat grows taller than leaves.Flower spike beginsblue-green and becomesbeige in summer.FruitsPaired red, orange, or yellow fleshy berries.† Source:Impacts to Natural Resources: Indiana Invasive SpeciesCouncilPhoto credits:Garlic MustardMain (circle): Paul McAfeeLeaves: Scott NamestnikFlowers: Scott NamestnikFruits: Ohio State Weed Lab, The Ohio State UniversityJapanese BarberryMain (circle): R. A. NonenmacherOther Photos: Scott NamestnikOriental BittersweetMain (circle): James H. Miller, USDA Forest ServiceLeaves: Paul McAfeeFlowers: Paul McAfeeFruits: Public domainSeasonal left: Scott NamestnikSeasonal right: Sten PorseSpotted KnapweedMain (circle): H. ZellLeaves: Arthur Haines New England Wild Flower SocietyFlowers: Scott NamestnikBurning BushMain (circle): Matt LavinLeaves & Stem: Scott NamestnikFlowers: Scott NamestnikFruits: Steven J. Baskauf http://bioimages.vanderbilt.eduSeasonal: Jeffrey BelthLyme GrassAll photos: Scott NamestnikBush HoneysuckleMain (circle): Leonora Ellie EnkingLeaves: Paul McAfeeFlowers: Hitchcock Design GroupFruits: Paul McAfeeUp to 1' long5
Invasive Species: The Terrible Ten, continued.Cedar Waxwing ImpactCedar Waxwings are medium-sized brown and gray birds, namedfor their wax-like yellow tail bands. While these birds enjoy devouring theberries of native plants like the Serviceberry and Eastern Red Cedar, aninvasive species known as Morrow’s Honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii)has begun to dominate much of the Waxwings’ habitat. The honeysuckle’sberries cause the Waxwings' yellow tail bands to take on an unusualorange hue, and this color change affects the birds’ abilities to selectprime mates and resolve territorial disputes.An “invasive” plant is a non-native plant that infests natural areas and causes environmental oreconomic harm, or harm to human health."Early Detection" species are identifiedby a white outline of the circular photo.Early Detection is a process by which volunteerskeep a lookout for invasive species that areunknown or minimally known so they can bereported and potentially controlled beforebecoming problematic. You can report earlydetection species at EDDmaps.org.Photo Credit: Ben Thomas/GBBCWhat to plant instead:Serviceberry, Hawthorns, Eastern Red Cedar,Nannyberry, Swamp Rose.Where Do I Start with my Native Landscape?Miscanthus sinensisPyrus calleryanaCallery PearMultiflora RoseClump-forming coarse grassthat forms dense coloniesTree with spine-like tips onyoung stems, hairy budsArching shrub with curved thornsthat forms dense thicketsIdeal conditions:Moist to dry open areasHeight: up to 10' tallIdeal conditions:Open areas with moist to dry soilsHeight: up to 50' tallIdeal conditions:Full sun or shade, moist to dry soilsHeight: up to 15' tallChinese SilvergrassLeavesDrooping leaves with adistinct silver midveinthat form at the base ofthe plant.LeavesLeathery, smooth, glossy, darkgreen leaves that alternatealong the stem.Long hairs form frombase of individual flowers.up to¾" acrossClustered white,five-petaledflowers formin mid-spring.FruitsHard, smooth, brown, round fruit developin summer and persist through winter.up to 1"acrossFruitsChinese SilvergrassMain (circle): Norbert NagleLeaves: Evan RaskinFlowers (fan shaped): Miya.mFruits (long hairs): KenpeiCallery PearMain (circle): Jeffrey BelthLeaves: Scott NamestnikFlowers & Fruits: Jeffrey BelthMultiflora RoseMain (circle): Jeffrey BelthLeaves: Scott NamestnikFlowers: Paul McAfeeFruits: Barry Rice 20091. Evaluate your siteAfter invasive plants have been controlled in your yard, you’llneed to understand which Indiana Dunes landscape your homelies within. Use the information on pages 2 and 3 to help youdetermine this. Next, use a map or aerial image of your property toevaluate the existing site conditions. This will help you determinethe appropriate plant species and locations to plant them.Consider the following: North, south, east and west orientation Soil types (fertility, texture, structure, and moisture) Vegetation Patterns of shade and sunlight Natural drainage patterns and topography Location of structures, utilities, and pedestrian / vehicularcirculation patterns.2. Determine your plant selection criteriaFlowersNearly flat-toppedclusters of whitefive-petaled flowersthat form in the spring.Clusters abundanton trees.up to½" across6up to 3"longDivided into 5 to 11 oval, toothedleaflets and alternatelyarranged along the stem.Paired fringed wing-likestructures (stipules) form atthe base of the leafstalk.FlowersPinkish fan-shapedclusters heldabove leaves.up to 2'longLeavesTiny teeth along marginsand abruptly pointed tips.Become various bright colors in fall.Flowers & FruitsRosa multifloraPhoto credits:Hard, smooth, red, round fruit develop insummer and persists through winter.Your site evaluation will determine which plants to chooseand where those selected plants will thrive on your property.You’ll want to develop an outline of the criteria from whichyou’ll be selecting your plants, paying close attention to: Sun / shade requirements Soil moisture and type Height and width / spread Seasonality (blooming, winter interest)3. Determine where to purchase native plants4. Ask QuestionsWhen buying natives, consider asking your nursery the followingquestions to evaluate their native plant selection. The correctanswer that the nursery should provide is noted in parenthesis. What is the source of this plant? Are your plants locally sourced fromlocal stock? (answer: yes) Is the plant native to this region? (answer: yes) Are these plants treated with neonicotinoids? (answer: no) Does the plant information list the scientific name? (answer: yes) Is the plant a nativar (nearly native) or cultivar? Is there an additionaldescription behind the name (e.g. Acer rubrum ‘Brandywine”) (answer: no)5. PlantThis is the part where all your hard work finally comes to fruition.Once you’ve designed your landscape and purchased your plantsyou’re ready to plant your native landscape. Keep the followingconsiderations in mind as your plant your landscape: Utilities: Before digging, mark all utilities and avoid planting in those areas. Planting seasons: Spring and fall are the best times to plant. During these seasons,plants establish quickly because soil is cooler and moister. Layout of your plants: Arrange your plants per spacing requirements while they are stillin their containers. The sizes of the initial plants you install are small, but they grow! Pay closeattention to the layout recommendations for each plant to avoid overcrowding. Top Soil and Mulching: To install your plant, insert it into the ground so that pottingsoil is level or just below the top of the ground and fill in with topsoil. The exact amountwill vary based on the type of plant, so check the plant tag for direction or check with yourlocal nursery. Watering: Always water newly installed plants immediately after planting.You can purchase many of the native plants shown in thisguide, and more, at local home and garden centers. This guiderecommends the following resources for purchasing native plants: Cardno Native Plant Nursery in Walkerton, Indiana ( 100 minimum purchase) Chesterton Feed & Garden Center in Chesterton, Indiana Friends of the Dunes Annual Native Plant Sales in Beverly Shores,Indiana (early April) Naturally Native Nursery in South Bend, Indiana Possibility Place in Monee, Illinois (by appointment only) Spence Restoration Nursery in Muncie, Indiana( 500 minimum purchase, wholesale only) Wild Ones Native Plant Sale at Gibson Woods in Hammond, Indiana(early May)7
Use Natives Instead: The Top 20Benefits:A native plant is one that occurs naturally in a particular region, ecosystem, or habitat without director indirect human intervention. Indiana Native Plant and Wildflower Society (INPAWS) defines a nativeplant species as one that has occurred naturally in the area since European settlement.AmmophilabreviligulataAquilegia canadensisAsclepias incarnataAsclepias tuberosaCoreopsis lanceolataClump and colony formingcoarse grassHerbaceous perennialHerbaceous single stemmedperennial that forms ascendingbranches near the topIdeal conditions:Dry sand, especially on the foreduneHeight: up to 5' tallIdeal conditions:Tolerant of various soil, light, andmoisture (except wet) conditionsHeight: up to 3' tallIdeal conditions:Saturated sunny areas, buttolerates moist soilsHeight: up to 6' tallMarram GrassLeaves13’ long, /3" widerigid, rolled leaveswith pale greenupper surface andshiny, greenunderside.FlowersDense, spike-likeclusters up to 10" longand held above leavesFruitsPale green clusters form in summer and becomebeige in fruit, persisting into winter8Wild ColumbineLeavesCompound andultimately divided intothree lobed gray-greenleaflets to 3" long;leaves in basalrosettes and stemleaves alternate.FlowersDrooping, 5-parted1 ½" long flowers withred sepals and longpointed corolla tubesand yellow petals formin mid-spring.FruitsFive erect, tan, dry, papery follicleswith long beaks.Swamp MilkweedLeavesLance-shaped tooblong, no teeth onmargins and shortstalks, pointed tips,up to 6" long by1 ½" wide; evenlyspaced along stemfragrant and white sappresent when leavesare broken.Sand CoreopsisBottlebrush GrassEryngium yuccifoliumHerbaceous multi-stemmedperennial that becomes branchedat the flowersHerbaceous perennial prairieand savanna plantPerennial grass that lacks denseconspicuous clump at baseUnbranched hairless, waxy,herbaceous perennialIdeal conditions:Dry to moist soil infull sun to partial shadeHeight: up to 6' tallIdeal conditions:Dry sandy soil, but tolerates loamy orclayey soil and medium moistureHeight: up to 1-2' tallIdeal conditions:Moist or dry soils in shadeHeight: up to 5' tallIdeal conditions:Full sun and dry to saturated soilHeight: up to 5' tallButterfly WeedLeavesWrinkly, deeply-veined,pointy-tipped, 4" longby 1” wide with smoothmargins. Smooth ontop, hairy beneath.Alternate along hairystem. Clear sappresent when broken.FlowersClusters are up to 3 ½"across at top of stem.Clusters are up to 2 ½"across at top of stem.FruitsSmooth, lance-shaped, green follicle up to 4"long. Turns tan and papery and splits to exposebrown seeds with long silky white tufts of hair.savedunes.org/dunes-residential-guideElymus hystrixFlowersSmall pink 5-partedflower that spreadsfrom a common pointin clusters and bloomsin late summer.For moreinformation visit:Native plants are adapted to the climate and soil in which they liveand also provide food and habitats necessary for a healthy wildlifepopulation. Other benefits include: Providing seed, nuts, nectar, and fruits for wildlife Providing habitats and cover for wildlife Serving as larval host plants for butterfly caterpillars Requiring less fertilizer, fewer pesticides, and less water Storing carbon dioxide effectivelySmall orange 5-partedflower that spreadsfrom a common pointin clusters and bloomsin early summer.FruitsLance-shaped, greenish follicle up to 6" long.Turns tan and papery and splits to expose brownseeds with long silky white tufts of hair.LeavesAt base of plant: upto 1" wide, taper tobase and tip. Up to 8"long, strong midvein.Stem leaves:Smooth or hairy,many simple andunlobed, but somewith lateral lobes.Flowers2" dia. compositeflower head, with10 yellow petal-like,toothed ray flowerssurrounding numerousdisk flowers. Springbloom.Fruits½" dia. fruiting head turns dark brown.LeavesGray-green, up to1' long by ½" wide,alternate along stem.Sometimes hairy onone side. Whitishwaxy-coated sheaths.Purplish auricles (earshaped structures) atbase of blade.FlowersIn summer, stemterminates inwhitish-green,inflorescence (flowercluster) up to 8" long.Clusters have florets(small flowers)oriented early perpendicular to the axis.Seasonal ChangeInflorescence becomes straw-coloredat maturity and florets fall off, leaving smallbumps along the axis.Rattlesnake MasterLeavesStiff strap-like, bluegreen, sharp-tipped,2 ½' long by 2 ½"wide, with parallelveins and scatteredbristles on margins.Form in circularpattern at base ofplant.FlowersTiny white 5parted flowers form inmid-summer in manydensely packed 1 ½"diameter pricklyball-shaped clusters attop of plant.FruitsFlower heads become reddish brownat maturity.Photo credits:Marram GrassMain (circle): Scott NamestnikLeaves: Tony TrocheFlowers: Scott NamestnikFruits: Scott NamestnikWild ColumbineMain Photo: Joshua MayerLeaves: Scott NamestnikFlowers: Christopher David BendaFruits: Scott NamestnikSwamp MilkweedMain (circle): Paul McAfeeLeaves: Jenny AllisonFlowers 1: Paul McAfeeFlowers 2: Scott NamestnikFruits: Paul McAfeeButterfly WeedMain (circle): Scott NamestnikLeaves: Bob BarberFlowers: Bob BarberFruits: Paul McAfeeSand CoreopsisMain (circle): Scott NamestnikLeaves 1: Arthur Haines New England Wild Flower SocietyLeaves 2: Forest and Kim Starr rs: Scott NamestnikFruits: Steven J. Baskauf, 2003, http://bioimages.vanderbilt.eduBottlebrush GrassMain (circle): Scott NamestnikLeaves: Scott NamestnikFlowers: Jeffrey BelthSeasonal: Scott NamestnikRattlesnake MasterMain (circle): Tony TrocheLeaves: Scott NamestnikFlowers: Tony TrocheFruit: Scott Namestnik9
Use Natives Instead: The Top 20, continued.Types of Native Plants:According to the Indiana Wildlife Federation, native Indiana plants are best suited for the soil andweather conditions in our area. As a result, native plants require less fertilizer, fewer pesticides, andless water. Native plants are necessary for healthy wildlife populations and help prevent the spread ofinvasive exotic species.Eurybia macrophyllaBig-leaved AsterGeranium maculatumWild GeraniumHamamelis virginianaWitch HazelJuniperus communisWildflowers are typically the first plants to come to mind whensomeone mentions "native plant." In reality, there is actually alarge range of plant types that make up the native plant pallette,including: Trees Forbs (annuals and perennials) Shrubs Ferns Sedges Mosses and Liverworts Grasses FungiLiatris asperaLobelia siphiliticaCommon JuniperRough Blazing StarGreat Blue LobeliaMonarda fistulosaWild BergamotHerbaceous perennialHerbaceous perennialMulti-branched shrubor small treewith smooth gray-brown barkEvergreen spreading shrubor small treeHerbaceous unbranched perennialHerbaceous unbranched,short-lived perennialBranched herbaceous perennialIdeal conditions:Tolerates moist to dry soilsin shade or partial shadeHeight: up to 3' tallIdeal conditions:Thrives in moist to dry soils inshade or partial shadeHeight: up to 2 ½' tallIdeal conditions:Dry to moist shaded topartially-shaded areasHeight: up to 25' tallIdeal conditions:Dry sand in sunny topartially shaded areasHeight: up to 10' tallIdeal conditions:Tolerates dry to moist open topartially-shaded conditionsHeight: up to 5' tallIdeal conditions:Saturated open to shaded conditions,Can tolerate moist soilsHeight: up to 4' tallIdeal conditions:Moist to dry sunny areasHeight: up to 5' tallLeavesYoung: heart shapedup to 8" long withcoarsely toothedmargins that form in acluster at base of plant.Mature: Less heartshaped, alternatealong upright stemsthat branch into theinflorescence (flowercluster). Develop insummer.Flowers1 ¼" wide headsform a flat-toppedinflorescence (flowercluster) up to 8" acrossin late summer.Heads comprised of white to lavender petal-likeray flowers and yellow disk flowers that becomered / brown with age. Tiny glandular hairs coverthe branches.LeavesAt base: oppositedeeply-veined, up to5" long with 5-7 lobesradiating from a singlepoint; lobes narrowat base.Opposite along stem,smaller than those atbase, with 3-5 deepprimary lobes.Flowers1 to 5 pink to lavender5-petaled flowers to1 ¼" across form inspring atop each stem.FruitsNarrow fruit to 1 ½" long that becomes darkbrown and unfurls from the base to the tip.LeavesLeaves alternate, onshort stalks, to 5" long,smooth on top surface,widest above themiddle, with irregularwavy margins in theupper half and unevenbases.Twigs are reddishbrown with paintbrushlike buds.FlowersClusters of yellowfour-parted flowersform along branchesin fall and persist intowinter; petals to 1"long and strap-like.Seasonal ChangeLeaves turn yellow to orangish brown beforefalling while flowers are present; flowers matureinto brown woody capsules.LeavesLeavesNeedle-like leavesgreen with singlewhite band, to 2/3"long in whorls of 3on drooping branches.FlowersFlowers inconspicuous.FruitsBerry-like cones to ¼" diameter that begingreen and mature to blue with a waxy coating.Young: Short-stalked,simple, unlobed,toothless, taperedtip, up to 16" long by2" wide with strongmidrib. Form incircular pattern at thebase of plant.Mature: alternatealong green to reddish,rough, hairy stem.Become smaller up thestem, similar shape toleaves at base.FlowersUp to 1 ½' longterminal spikes withnumerous pink topurplish disk flowerscluster together in 1"button-like heads.Late summer blooms, with flowering sequencefrom top of inflorescence to bottom.LeavesYoung: Up to 5"long, ellipse-shapedwith shallow irregularteeth and pale marginsform at base of plant;yellowish-green sappresent when broken.Mature:Ellipse-shaped, longerthan wide, alternatealong stem.FlowersUp to 2' long,spike-like terminalcluster with numerouswhite-throated blue,tubular, 2-lippedflowers.Flowers form in late summer, are up to1 ½" long, face upward, and have two lobeson upper lip and three lobes on lower lip.LeavesYoung: Opposite,purplish green, triangular to egg-shapedwith toothed marginsand short stalks onsquare stem; fragrant,often oregano-likesmell, when crushed.Mature: Similar inall respects to youngleaves, up to 4" longby 2" wide, with strongwhite to reddishmidrib.Flowers1" long irregularlavender flowers formin tight 3" dia. heads inmid-summer at endsof branches.Seasonal ChangeButton-shaped remains of flower heads turnbrown after flowers fall, persist through winter.† Source:Types of Native Plants: Indiana Native Plant and WildflowerSocietyPhoto credits:Big-leaved AsterMain (circle): Tony TrocheLeaves: Scott NamestnikFlowers: Tony TrocheFruit: Scott NamestnikWild GeraniumMain (circle): Paul McAfeeLeaves 1: Scott NamestnikLeaves 1: Paul McAfeeFlowers: Pete GrubeFruit: Scott NamestnikWitch HazelMain (circle): NetPS Plant
Fruits Paired red, orange, or yellow fleshy berries. Flowers Tubular, paired flowers with flaring petals. Flowers form in the spring at the points where leaves meet the stem. Color ranges from white to yellow to pink to rose. Flowers Small, four-parted greenish-yellow flowers form in leaf axi
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Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. 3 Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
