An Overview Of Lobster And Crab Enhancement Throughout The .

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An Overview of Lobster andCrab Enhancement Throughout the WorldGinny L. EckertUniversity of AlaskaBiology Program (UAS)School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences (UAF)ginny.eckert@uas.alaska.edu

ZoeaeMegalopaGlaucothoeAdultC1-C Crab life historyJuvenile

Stock enhancement programs - lobsterHatcheries throughout NewEngland in late 1800’s –shut down in early 1900’s –no effect of enhancementseenAre American lobstersrecruitment limited?Recent releases ofhatchery individualsdemonstrates highmortality immediately afterrelease (40,000 in 2005)Current efforts to releaselater stage juveniles thatare less mobileAmerican lobster, Homarus americanusCastro et al. 2001 Marine and Freshwater Research 52:1253-1261Tlusty et al. 2005 Aquaculture Nutrition 11: 191-198

Stock enhancement programs - lobsterEnhancement feasibilityinvestigated in UnitedKingdom, France, Norway,and IrelandRecruitment overfishing inNorway – highest potentialfor stock enhancementsuccessNorway – 1997 – 43% oflandings and 73% of prerecruits were of hatcheryoriginEuropean lobster, Homarus gammarusNorway - sea ranching nowon a commercial scaleAgnalt et al. 1999 In Stock Enhancement and Sea RanchingBannister and Addison 1998 Bulletin of Marine Science 62:369-387

Crab stock enhancement programs - JapanFacilities throughout Japanactive for last 30 years andnow produce 60 million C1juveniles annuallyOver the last decade,releases of 28-42 millionC4 juveniles annuallyContribution to fisherycatch ranges from 9 to59%Evidence for enhancementto historical levels has notbeen found, howeverhabitat degradation maycontribute to low carryingcapacityswimming crab, Portunus trituberculatusSecor et al. 2002 Maryland Sea Grant UM-SG-TS-2002-02

Crab stock enhancement programs - MarylandBlue crabs declined 85%since 1990Recruitment limited,overexploitedScientists at SmithsonianEnvironmental ResearchCenter, University ofMaryland BiotechnologyInstitute, Virginia Instituteof Marine Science, andNorth Carolina StateUniversity evaluatingpotential for stockenhancement150,000 hatchery crabsreleased in a four-yearstudy 2002-2005Blue crab, Callinectes sapidus

Raising broods from wild females avoids genetic concerns from hatcherybreeding (e.g., generations of hatchery raised salmon)

Zmora et al. 2005 Aquaculture 244:129-139

Mass production of blue crab juveniles 2002Zmora et al. 2005 Aquaculture 244:129-139

Zmora et al. 2005 Aquaculture 244:129-139Davis et al. 2005 Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62:109-122

Enhancement in first year of release 7- 40%Davis et al. 2005 Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62:109-122

Survivorship to maturity estimated at 5 to 20%Davis et al. 2005 Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62:109-122

Hatchery crabs compared with wild crabs similar in feeding, movement rates in field, growth rate smaller spines, but increased after several weeks lower burial frequency in sediment (predator avoidance), butincreased after 2-4 days greater predation in fieldHatchery crabsunlikely to compete with wild crabsconditioning with sediment did not increase field survivalconditioning with predators to increase spine lengths didincrease field survivalDavis et al. 2004 Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 133:1-14Davis et al. 2005 Aquaculture 243:147-158

Other crab stock enhancement programsLarvae do not feedSurvival of larvae to C1ranges from 10 to 38% onsmall scale – ChileSurvival of larvae to C1ranges from 0 to 70% inexperimental tanks inArgentinaSmall-scale temperatureexperiments demonstrate29-90% larval survival attemperatures of 6, 9, 12and 15 CPhoto: Cardenas et al. 2007Southern king crab, Lithodes santollaChile - Paschke et al. 2006 Alaska Sea Grant AK-SG-06-04Argentina – Lovrich and Tapello 2006 Alaska Sea Grant AK-SG-06-04– Anger et al 2004 Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 306: 217-230

Other crab stock enhancement programs - JapanKing crab larvae firstcultured in Japan in 1940’sFirst efforts in large scaleculture (500 L) 1980’s –larval survival to C1 was2.3%Large scale hatcheryproduction of P. brevipesconducted since 1980’s – amillion larvae raised eachyearProduction at the hatcheryranges from 0 to 800,000C1 released per year – nofollow up conductedPhoto: Cardenas et al. 2007Red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticusStevens 2006 Alaska Sea Grant AK-SG-06-04

Tlusty et al. 2005 Aquaculture Nutrition 11: 191-198 American lobster, Homarus americanus. Stock enhancement programs - lobster . Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, and North Carolina State University evaluating potential for stock

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