ACADEMIC CATALOG - Oak Hills Christian College

2y ago
92 Views
2 Downloads
1.94 MB
70 Pages
Last View : 10d ago
Last Download : 3m ago
Upload by : Duke Fulford
Transcription

ACADEMIC CATALOG2017-20181600 Oak Hills Rd SWBemidji, MN 56601(218 or 888) 751-8670oakhills.eduADMISSIONS OFFICE1-866-307-OHCC (6422)admissions@oakhills.eduThe most up to date version of the Oak Hills Christian Collegeacademic catalog is available on the college’s website at oakhills.edu.This catalog is intended to be an accurate representation of OakHills Christian College. However, the college reserves the rightto make changes as circumstances may require. We will attemptto communicate any such changes to faculty, staff, and studentsinvolved.Oak Hills Christian College is an interdenominational Christian collegethat welcomes all applicants who are personally committed to faith inJesus Christ. We do not discriminate on the basis of race, gender, age,physical ability, and national or ethnic origin in the administration ofour educational policies, admissions policies, scholarship and loanprograms, and athletic and other school-administered programs.2 017. 0 4 . 212017.07.20

TABLE OF CONTENTSTRADITIONAL (ON-CAMPUS) STUDENTSDoctrinal Statement & Objectives. 4Mission Statement, History, Accreditation & Registration . 5Affiliations and Memberships. 6Campus. 7Student Life. 8Academic Policies. 9-13Admission Policies. 14-15Financial Policies. 16Financial Aid. 17Cost & Payment Schedule. 18Curriculum. 19Academic Programs, Course Sequence & Public Disclosure Information. 20Emphasis Options & Academic Calendar. 21Bachelor of Arts in Biblical Studies. 22Bachelor of Arts in Camp Ministry & Biblical Studies. 23Bachelor of Arts in Intercultural Studies. 24Bachelor of Arts in Pastoral Ministry & Biblical Studies. 25Bachelor of Arts in Youth Ministry & Biblical Studies. 26Bachelor of Science in Addictions Counseling. 27Bachelor of Science in Applied Psychology. 28Bachelor of Science in Business. 29Bachelor of Science in Sports Management. 30Associate in Arts in Biblical Studies. 31Associate in Arts. 32Associate in Arts in Pre-Communication. 33Associate in Arts in Pre-Elementary Education. 34Certificate in Biblical Studies. 35Course Descriptions. 36-43Administration. 66Faculty. 67-68Board of Directors. 69Index.70ONLINE STUDENTSOnline, Adult & Professional Studies. 44Adult & Online at Oak Hills. 45Online Academic Policies. 46-50Online Admission Policies.14-15Online Financial Policies. 50Online Financial Aid. 51Online Program Cost & Payment Schedule and Online Academic Programs. 52Bachelor Degree in Business Administration (Online). 53-54Bachelor Degree in Leadership & Ministry (Online). 55-56Associate in Biblical Studies & Ministry (Online). 57Associate of Science in Business Administration (Online). 58Online Course Descriptions. 59-63Academic Year Online Courses. 64Online Course Sessions. 65

DOCTRINAL STATEMENTSCRIPTURES: We believe the Scriptures of the Old and NewTestaments are all verbally inspired by God, without error asoriginally written, and our only infallible rule of faith and practice.GOD: We believe God is the creator and externally exists in threepersons - the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit - and thesethree are one God; having precisely the same nature, attributes,perfection, and worthy of precisely the same worship, honor,confidence and obedience.THE SAVIOR: We believe the Lord Jesus Christ is God manifest inthe flesh. We hold to His virgin birth, sinless life, vicarious death,bodily resurrection, His ascension into heaven, His present highpriestly ministry, His translation of the church, and His personalpremillennial return to set up an earthly kingdom.THE HOLY SPIRIT: We believe the Holy Spirit is the third Personof the Trinity who convicts the unsaved and effects the fullsalvation of the believer.MANKIND: We believe that all human beings are made in theimage of God and, therefore, have dignity and worth. We furtherbelieve that, through the fall of mankind in Adam, all are sinnersby nature and stand in need of regeneration.SALVATION FOR SINNERS: We believe salvation was providedthrough Jesus Christ by His substitutionary and sacrificial deathon the cross, sufficient for all, taking every legal obstacle outof the way, and that all must be born again or be forever lost.ETERNAL LIFE: We believe eternal life is the sovereign workof God’s grace given to those who believe and receive Christ.TWO DESTINIES: We believe the destiny for the believer is tobe present (at home) with the Lord and for the unbeliever isto be separated from the presence of the Lord in everlastingpunishment.THE CHURCH: We believe the church is an organism of whichChrist is the head, made up of individual believers who havebeen saved by personal faith in the Lord Jesus Christ through thegrace of God and baptized into Christ’s body by the Holy Spirit.ONE COMMISSION: We believe the great evangelistic andmissionary commission given by Jesus Christ to the disciplesand to the continuing church is that of making Christ known byword and example and bringing to maturity those who believeby instruction in the Word.OBJECTIVESOak Hills Christian College strives to see students grow in these five areas.GROWING IN FAITH AND WORSHIP: Students are committedto continuous growth in their trust in, love for and worship ofGod, seeking to live lives pleasing to him.UNDERSTANDING THE BIBLE: Students will know the Bibleand handle it rightly, interpreting it properly for personal andcultural application.UNDERSTANDING OUR WORLD: Students will have aknowledge of human thought, history and culture adequate tounderstand and critique worldviews, to communicate effectivelya Christian worldview to others, and to interact meaningfully withtheir own and other cultures.4 DOCTRINAL STATEMENT & OBJECTIVESINTEGRATING FAITH AND LEARNING: Students will have abiblical worldview, integrating their understanding of Christianityand the world, providing the foundation for a lifetime ofcontinued learning and growth in all areas of life.SERVING OTHERS: Students will have and practice a servanttheology of life and will have skills appropriate for effectivelyserving God through serving others in the home, the workplace,the church and the world.

MISSION STATEMENTOak Hills Christian College is a Christian academic community whose mission is to provide biblicallycentered higher education which contributes to growth towards Christ-likeness and preparesstudents for effective service in their homes, careers, churches, and communities.To accomplish its mission, OHCC uses the means of undergraduate higher education, including thestudy of the Bible as central to the formation of a Christian life and worldview; the study of humanthought, history, and culture; the study of theory and skills of Christian ministry; and the applicationof this learning in ministry and internship experiences.This academic program is conducted within the context of a Christian college community in whichall members are encouraged to treat each other respectfully as persons made in the image of God.Oak Hills seeks to serve a broad section of qualified students who profess faith in Christ and whodesire a Bible-centered education.HISTORY OF OHCCIn August of 1925, six men with a vision met under a big oak tree on the shores of Lake Marquette near Bemidji, Minnesota. Theyasked God for the land to be used as a Christian camp and training facility, and God answered their prayer. Through donations fromfriends and by using their own money, they accumulated 250 to purchase 14 acres of lakeshore property.That oak tree became known as the Prayer Oak, and the organization became known as Oak Hills Fellowship. After two decades ofministry in camping, evangelism, and church planting, the second part of their vision began with the development of a training facility.The purpose of this facility, known as Oak Hills Christian Training School, was to provide instruction in the Bible, Christian character,and fellowship. The first graduating class of four men and three women took place on April 8, 1949.Oak Hills Christian Training School became Oak Hills Bible Institute in 1961, Oak Hills Bible College in 1985, and Oak Hills ChristianCollege in 1998. The name and academic criteria have changed over the years, but the original purpose of teaching and equippingmen and women to be effective servants of Jesus Christ continues to guide us.ACCREDITATION & REGISTRATIONASSOCIATION FOR BIBLICAL HIGHER EDUCATIONOak Hills Christian College is accredited by theCommission on Accreditation of the Association forBiblical Higher Education. They are located at 5850 T.G.Lee Blvd., Ste. 130, Orlando, FL 32822, (407)207-0808.COUNCIL FOR HIGHER EDUCATION ACCREDITATIONThe Association for Biblical Higher Education is recognized by theCouncil for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA). This affirmsthat the standards and processes of the accrediting organizationare consistent with the academic quality, improvement, andaccountability expectations CHEA has established.Students may contact the Minnesota Office of Higher Education to filea grievance at: http://www.ohe.state.mn.us/mPg.cfm?pageID 1078PURPOSE OF ACCREDITATIONAccreditation assures students of high quality education.Accredited status is also significant in the transfer of credits.However, the transfer of credit is always at the discretion of thereceiving school.MINNESOTA OFFICE OF HIGHER EDUCATIONOak Hills Christian College is registered with the Minnesota Officeof Higher Education pursuant to sections 136A.61 to 136A.71.Registration is not an endorsement of the institution. Creditsearned at the institution may not transfer to all other institutions.MISSION STATEMENT, HISTORY, ACCREDITATION & REGISTRATION 5

AFFILIATIONS & MEMBERSHIPSDENOMINATIONAL AFFILIATIONOak Hills Christian College is interdenominational; we are not associated with any one denomination. Our students, staff, and facultycome from a variety of churches. We welcome all applicants who are personally committed to faith in Jesus Christ.TRANSFER AGREEMENT WITH CROWN COLLEGEOak Hills Christian College and Crown College (St. Bonifacius, MN) have entered into a cooperative agreement regarding studentswho transfer to Crown College for programs not available at OHCC. Benefits include arrangements for the transfer of credits and thepossibility of a cooperative grant. Contact the Admissions Office for more information.FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITYOak Hills is a charter member of the Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability.INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICSOak Hills Christian College intercollegiate athletics are members of the Northern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (NIAC), theAssociation of Christian College Athletics (ACCA), and the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA).NC-SARAOak Hills Christian College is approved to participate in the State Authorization Reciprocity Agreement.SARA is overseen by a National Council and administered by four regional education compacts. The StateAuthorization Reciprocity Agreement is an agreement among member states, districts and territoriesthat establishes comparable national standards for interstate offering of postsecondary distanceeducation courses and programs. It is intended to make it easier for students to take online coursesoffered by postsecondary institutions based in another state.6 AFFILIATIONS & MEMBERSHIPS

OHCC CAMPUSLAKESHORE LOCATIONThe beautiful 185-acre campus of Oak Hills Christian Collegeis located on the shores of Lake Marquette. We are fourmiles from the city of Bemidji, a regional hub for education,entertainment, shopping, healthcare, and recreation.CAMPUS HOUSINGApartment building (Acorn) houses over 100 students. Thereis one apartment building (Southgate) for married couples,families, and single parents.FELLOWSHIP CENTEROur chapel, faculty offices, classrooms, student lounge,tutoring center, archives, and Cummings Library.SCHREIBER ACTIVITY CENTERThe Admissions Office, Central Office, business offices, facilitiesand maintenance offices; campus bookstore, conference room,Financial Aid Office, Athletic Office, food service, gymnasium,and fitness room.THOMPSON HALLStudent residence and Student Life Offices.VALLEY VIEW STUDENT CENTERThe Valley View Student Center includes multiple seating areas,fireplace, flat screen TV, pool table room, and the Student LifeOffices.PRAYER CHAPELThe Prayer Chapel is a wonderful place to get alone with Godor to meet with others to pray. It has a beautiful view of thelake and a worshipful atmosphere.OHCC CAMPUS 7

STUDENT LIFEOHCC COMMUNITYAt Oak Hills Christian College we seek to provide a biblicallyhealthy community so that students can learn and maturethrough their academic studies, personal relationships, and lifeexperiences. Our desire is that students will learn to love Godwholeheartedly, love people as He does, and influence othersto follow Him.STANDARD OF CONDUCTThe five OHCC objectives (see page 4) are the foundation for eachstudent’s education and experience at Oak Hills. Our standardof conduct is based on the premise that all individuals in ourcollege are committed to these objectives for themselves andfor other students.We believe the Bible is our authoritative guide for faith andpractice. As followers of Jesus Christ, we are responsible for livingin a way that reflects His character and priorities.At Oak Hills Christian College we are dedicated to comingalongside each student and facilitating spiritual growth. We seekto encourage them as they develop Christ-likeness and will teachor confront in love when needed.STUDENT LIFE DEPARTMENTThe Student Life Department consists of the Dean of StudentLife, the Director of Residence Life, and the Women’s ResidentDirector. They provide leadership and supervision for the campusand online community. In supporting the mission statementand objectives of Oak Hills Christian College, the Student Lifestaff seeks to:CAMPUS ACTIVITIESOur beautiful lakeside campus provides many options foroutdoor activities. These include hiking, canoeing, biking,cross-country skiing, sledding, fishing, and more! The fitnessroom, foosball, and ping-pong are also available. There are manyactivities which provide relationship-building opportunities forstudents. These are great ways to develop friendships, practiceChristian principles, and help balance the pressure of formalstudy.FOOD SERVICEThe OHCC food service is operated by staff and student workers.We provide nourishing, well-balanced meals. Food service isavailable weekdays and weekends whenever classes are insession.CAMPUS HOUSINGSingle students under age 21 are expected to live on campusduring their freshman and sophomore years. Part-time studentsneed special permission to live in campus housing.1. Assist students in developing their faith and relationship withJesus Christ.2. Love and pray for the students.3. Cultivate an environment where Christlike relationships andcommunity are built.4. Provide a secure and healthy campus to enhance theexperience of college life.HEALTH SERVICEA cooperative relationship has developed between OHCC andBemidji State University to provide low cost, quality healthcareand health education for students. Participation is mandatoryfor full-time students who do not have health insurance andoptional for those who can provide proof of insurance.COMMUNITY LIFE HOUROur Community Life Hour (CLH) provides a time for the OakHills community to come together for special times of learning,fellowship, prayer, celebration, worship, and exchange ofcommunity information.INTERCOLLEGIATE / INTRAMURAL ATHLETICSOHCC is the “Home of the Wolfpack.” We offer intercollegiatemen’s basketball and intercollegiate women’s basketball,volleyball, and men’s & women’s cross country. There are alsoopportunities to be involved in various intramural activitiessuch as flag football, basketball, ultimate Frisbee, floor hockey,and more.Because these services are essential activities in the educationprogram of Oak Hills Christian College, regular attendance isrequired of all of our on-campus students and is a requirementfor graduation. Small groups, which give our students, faculty,and staff an opportunity to interact in a less formal setting, arealso a part of CLH.8 STUDENT LIFESTUDENT HANDBOOKComplete information about campus services and communityguidelines are in the OHCC Student Handbook. This informationmay be found on our website, or you may contact the AdmissionsOffice to request a copy.

ACADEMIC POLICIESACADEMIC YEAROak Hills Christian College operates on an academic systemconsisting of fall and spring semesters. The length of eachsemester is approximately 16 weeks. Class instruction consistsof one 55-minute weekly period for each semester credit.DEFINITION OF A CREDIT HOURThe college follows the Federal Definition of the Credit Hour:An amount of work represented in intended learning outcomesand verified by evidence of student achievement that isan institutionally established equivalency that reasonablyapproximates not less than:1. One hour of classroom or direct faculty instruction and aminimum of two hours of out-of-class student work each weekfor approximately 15 weeks for one semester of credit, or theequivalent amount of work over a different amount of time; or2. At least an equivalent amount of work as required in paragraph(1) of this definition for other academic activities as establishedby the institution, including laboratory work, internships,practica, studio work, and other academic work leading to theaward of credit hours.Regardless of the course modality, classes will be consistentin terms of purpose, scope, quality, assessment and expectedlearning outcomes.Students enrolled in classes delivered by an alternative meansshall not be denied access to advisement, grievances, or otherkey academic rights and services, nor shall they be excused fromthe academic responsibilities expected of all students.TIME OF ENTRANCEStudents are welcome to enter school either semester. However,entering fall semester provides the best opportunity for takingcourses in the preferred order. Adult & Professional Studies (APS)online degree-seeking students may enter at any time.COURSE LOADThe minimum load for a full-time student is 12 semester creditsand the normal course load is 15-16 credits. In order to receivea full Minnesota State Grant, a student must be registered for atleast 15 semester credits. Any load exceeding 18 credits requiresspecial permission. An overload fee will be charged.ACADEMIC FILESStudents may view their academic files at any time during normalRegistrar office hours. The files must not be removed from theRegistrar’s Office.PRIVACY OF STUDENT RECORDS (FERPA)The Family Education Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA)was written specifically for students and guarantees them threeprimary rights: the right to inspect and review their educationrecords, the right to seek to amend their education records, andthe right to have some control over the disclosure of informationfrom those education records.Oak Hills Christian College may disclose information on a studentwithout violating FERPA regulations through what is known asdirectory information. This includes name, address, telephonelisting, email address, date and place of birth, photo, majorfield of study, dates of attendance, degrees awarded, and datesthe degrees were received. This information may be disclosedwithout the consent or knowledge of the student unless thestudent has notified OHCC in advance of his/her desire for theirrecords to remain confidential. Further information will be givento students at registration.Students have the right to file a complaint with the USDepartment of Education concerning alleged failures by OHCCto comply with the requirements of FERPA. These may be sentto: Family & Policy Compliance Office, US Dept. of Education, 600Independence Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20202.FREEDOM OF INQUIRY AND EXPRESSIONOHCC does not limit the freedom of staff or students for inquiryor expression, provided they are in pursuit of the objectives ofthe school and do not infringe on the rights of others.STUDENT CLASSIFICATIONSFull-time: a student who is registered for 12 or more semestercredits.Part-time: a student who is registered for at least one course forcredit and less than 12 total semester credits.Non-degree: a student who is enrolled for 1-5 credits in continuingeducation (for credit, non-degree) or auditing.Freshman: a student who has completed 0-32 credits and is workingtoward a degree.Sophomore: a student who has completed 33-62 credits and isworking toward a degree.Junior: a student who has completed 63-94 credits and is workingtoward a degree.Senior: a student who has completed 95 or more credits and isworking toward a degree.PROGRAM REQUIREMENTSStudents are required to fulfill the program requirements listedin the catalog at the time of enrollment. If a student selects acatalog later than the one in effect at enrollment, he/she cannotreturn to the previous catalog. If a student drops out for morethan two consecutive semesters, the requirements of the catalogin effect at the time of re-enrollment must be met.PROGRAM PLANNING/ADVISORSEach student is assigned a faculty advisor to assist with academicACADEMIC POLICIES 9

program planning and to give guidance and encouragement.Even though the student is ultimately responsible for planninghis/her program, the faculty advisor provides assistance in classselection and is available when the student needs advice.ACADEMIC INTEGRITYOak Hills Christian College stands on the principles of truth andhonesty as essential biblical principles for life. It is expected thatthese principles will be followed in all academic activity.Violations of academic integrity include plagiarism, cheating,unauthorized collaboration or copying, excessive revision doneby someone other than the student, violating copyright laws,sabotaging another student’s work, or submission of the sameassignment for more than one course without prior consent of allinstructors concerned. Intellectual dishonesty infractions will beconfronted and may result in suspension or dismissal from OHCC.ATTENDANCE POLICYOak Hills Christian College considers class attendance to be a vitalpart of education and expects students to regularly attend class.We recognize that students have responsibilities and mitigatingcircumstances that sometimes interfere with class attendance.Our basic attendance policy states: a student who misses morethan 25% of the class sessions (excused or unexcused) will failthe course. In some cases the “Extended Campus Absence”policy will apply.Each instructor has the prerogative to adopt a more stringentattendance policy. This information will be included in thesyllabus for each class. Complete details on the OHCC attendancepolicy are listed on the website (oakhills.edu).EXTENDED CAMPUS ABSENCEA student who must be physically absent from campus for anextended period may complete his/her current courses if thefollowing apply:1. The reason for the absence is serious physical or mentalhealth illness, hospitalization, death in the family, or similarsituation. Documentation must be provided.2. The student has a GPA of 2.0 or higher and is not onacademic probation.3. The absence is for 50% or less of the semester.4. The student is current with course assignments andresponsibilities.5. The instructor agrees to continue working with the studentthroughout the absence.GRADING SYSTEMA ExcellentB Above averageC AverageD Below averageF FailureI IncompleteW Withdrawn10 ACADEMIC POLICIES4 grade points3 grade points2 grade points1 grade point0 grade pointsPPEPSNPWPWF Passing (not included in GPA)Passing excellent (not included in GPA)Passing satisfactory (not included in GPA)Not passing (not included in GPA)Withdrawn passing (not included in GPA)Withdrawn failing (not included in GPA)COMMUNITY LIFE HOUR (CLH) REQUIREMENTIn order to graduate, students must earn one CLH unit perequivalent full-time semester of enrollment at OHCC. Basicrequirements for continuous enrollment are as follows:4-year degree 8 CLH units2-year degree 4 CLH units1-year certificate 2 CLH unitsMissing more than 11 CLH sessions will result in not earning a CLH unitfor that semester.The CLH requirement will be modified as necessary for CampMinistry majors, and students with internships out of the localarea. There is no requirement for CLH for Adult & ProfessionalStudies (APS)/online students. See the CLH Director for moreinformation.RESIDENCE REQUIREMENTIn order to receive the following degrees, the student mustcomplete the indicated hours in residence. “In residence” refersto courses completed at OHCC.Bachelor of Arts/Science: 30 hours (15 in biblical studies, 15in second major). The second major requirement is waived forCamp Ministry.Associate in Arts: 22 hours (8 in biblical studies)Certificate in Biblical Studies: 15 hours (8 in biblical studies)CLASSROOM USE OF ELECTRONIC DEVICESOHCC recog

theology of life and will have skills appropriate for effectively . Oak Hills Christian Training School became Oak Hills Bible Institute in 1961, Oak Hills Bible College in 1985, and Oak Hills Christian . Accreditation assures students of high quality education. Accredit

Related Documents:

Mocha Oak UF1578W White Wash Oak UF1667W Old Town Oak UF1935W Flint Oak UF1575W Tudor Oak UF3132W Malted Tawny Oak UF1548W Jefferson Oak UF4202W Chester Oak UF4203W Hamilton Oak UF4204W Anderson Oak UF4205W Roane Oak UF4207W Heathered Oak UF1574W. RE 14019 HARD SURFACE RE 14019 REDUCER SQUARE T-MOLDIN NOSE

1illustrates the differences in form and tree density of oak savanna, oak woodland and forest. Oak Savanna, Oak Woodland and Oak Forest Sketches (Source: Island Press, Washington, DC) Figure 6: Oak Savanna. Sunny grassland with scattered trees, mostly oaks. Trees have many side branches. Figure 7: Oak Woodland. Intermediate between oak savanna .

Feb 10, 2021 · Walgreens. Cases related to Long-Term Care and Assisted Living Facilities. . at Oak Park Arms, 408 S. Oak Park Avenue. Facility Name # of Resident Cases # of Resident Deaths # of Staff Cases . Belmont Village of Oak Park 29 8 3 3 Berkeley Nursing & Rehab Center 4 7 11 15 Brookdale Oak Park 11 2 25 Oak Park Arms 18 1 . 11 . Oasis of Oak Park .

3 Christian - Anglican 25.06 Christian - Anglican 15.48 4 Christian - Uniting 5.44 Christian - Other Protestant 6.79 5 Christian - Other Protestant 2.55 Christian - Uniting 2.88 6 Christian - Presbyterian/Reformed 2.53 Christian - Presbyterian/Reformed 1.35 7 Christian - Other 1.83 Christian - Lutheran 0.87

English Oak Wilsonart 7885K-78 Match –English Oak Wood Finish Figured Mahogany Wilsonart 7040-60 Match –Cordovan Oak Wood Finish Gunstock Walnut Wilsonart W313- 60 Match –Executive Oak Wood Finish Solar Oak Wilsonart 7816-–Autumn Oak Wood Finish Windsor Mahogany Wilsonart 7039-60 Match –Light Cherry On Oak Wood Finish

blackwood limed oak spotted gum tasmanian oak 2 strip 1 strip country oak elegant oak lyed oak sauvignon oak Plantino Laminate Skip Planed and Saw Mark Oak 1 Strip is protected by a 25 year Residential Wear Guarantee*. Plantino Laminate 2 Strip is protected by a 15 year Residential Wear Guarantee*. Plantino Laminate 1 Strip is

English Oak Wilsonart 7885K-78 Match – English Oak Wood Finish Figured Mahogany Wilsonart 7040A-60 Match – Cordovan Oak Wood Finish Gunstock Walnut Wilsonart W313A- 60 Match – Executive Oak Wood Finish Solar Oak Wilsonart 7816-– Autumn Oak Wood Finish Windsor Mahogany Wilsonart 7039-60

American Gear Manufacturers Association AGMA is a voluntary association of companies, consultants and academicians with a direct interest in the design, manufacture, and application of gears and flexible couplings. AGMA was founded in 1916 by nine companies in response to the market demand for standardized gear products; it remains a member- and market-driven organization to this day. AGMA .