Biodiversity And Biotechnological Applications Of .
EC Microbiology Editor’s Column - 2017Biodiversity and Biotechnological Applications of PsychrotrophicMicrobes Isolated from Indian Himalayan RegionsAjar Nath YadavEternal UniversityIndiaAjar Nath Yadav1*, Priyanka Verma2, Shashwati Ghosh Sachan3 and Anil Kumar Saxena41Department of Biotechnology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Sirmour, IndiaDepartment of Microbiology, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Sirmour, IndiaDepartment of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India4ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau, India23COLUMN ARTICLEAbstractExtreme cold environments are the hot spots of biodiversity of diverse groups of microbes including archaea, bacteria and fungi. Prospecting the cold habitats of the IndianHimalayan region has led to the isolation of a great diversity of psychrotrophic microbes. The cold-adapted microbeshave potential biotechnological applications in agriculture,medicine and industry as they can produce cold-adaptedenzymes, anti-freezing compounds, antibiotics and possessdiverse multifarious plant growth promoting attributes.Cold adapted microbes are ubiquitous in nature and can beisolated from permanently ice-covered lakes, cloud glaciers,and hilly regions. Microbes recovered using culture dependent techniques belong to different phylum Actinobacteria,Bacteroidetes, Basidiomycota, Chlamydiae, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria of diverse genera namely: Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Brevundimonas, Cellulosimicrobium, Citricoccus, Enterobacter, Exiguobacterium,Flavobacterium, Janthinobacterium, Lysinibacillus, Methylobacterium, Paenibacillus, Pantoea, Planococcus, Pontibacillus, Providencia, Pseudomonas, Psychrobacter, Rhodococcus,Sanguibacter, Sphingobacterium, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, Stenotrophomonas and Virgibacillus. The cold adaptedmicrobes with multifunctional attributes may be applied inindustry and agriculture sectors.Keywords: Biodiversity; Cold Desert; Indian Himalayas;Psychrotrophic Microbes; Sub-Glacial LakesINTRODUCTIONThe microbiome of cold habitat is of particular importance in global ecology since the majority of terrestrialand aquatic ecosystems of our planet are permanentlyor seasonally submitted to cold temperatures. The psychrotrophic microbes have been isolated from cold environments including permafrost soils, glaciers, sub-glaciallakes and hilly area. Microbial communities from cold habitat have attained the focus of applied research not only interms of biotechnological prospects but also to understandthe use of primitive analogues of biomolecules existedduring early Earth environments [1,2]. The microbiomes ofcold environments of Indian Himalayan regions have beenextensively investigated in the past few years with a focuson culture dependent [3-8]. Many novel microbes havebeen sort out from cold environments worldwide includingSphingobacterium antarcticus, Psychromonas ingrahamii,Exiguobacterium soli, Cryobacterium roopkundense, Sphingomonas glacialis, Pedobacter arcticus, Sphingobacteri-Citation: Ajar Nath Yadav., et al. “Biodiversity and Biotechnological Applications of Psychrotrophic Microbes Isolated from IndianHimalayan Regions”. EC Microbiology ECO.01 (2017): 48-54.
Biodiversity and Biotechnological Applications of Psychrotrophic Microbes Isolated from Indian Himalayan Regionsum psychroaquaticum, Lacinutrix jangbogonensis, Massiliaeurypsychrophila, Glaciimonas frigoris and Psychrobacterpocilloporae [9-14]. Along with novel species of psychrotrophic microbes, some microbial species including Arthrobacter nicotianae, Brevundimonas terrae, Paenibacillustylopili and Pseudomonas cedrina have been reported firsttime from cold deserts of NW Himalayas and exhibited multifunctional plant growth promoting (PGP) attributes at lowtemperatures [5]. The psychrotrophic microbial species Aurantimonas altamirensis, Bacillus baekryungensis, B. marisflavi, Desemzia incerta, Paenibacillus xylanexedens, Pontibacillus sp., Providencia sp., Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis,Sinobaca beijingensis and Vibrio metschnikovii have beenreported first time from high altitude and low temperatureenvironments of Indian Himalayas [6], where as in another study on wheat microbiome in diverse agro-ecologicalecosystem in India, the two psychrotrophic bacteria namelyArthrobacter methylotrophus and Pseudomonas rhodesiaehave been sort out first time [3]. The psychrophilic and psychrotrophic Bacillus and Bacillus derived genera such as Bacillus altitudinis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. muralis, B. psychrosaccharolyticus, Paenibacillus lautus, Paenibacillus pabuli,Paenibacillus terrae and Paenibacillus tylopili, with efficientplant growth promoting (PGP) attributes have been reported first time by Yadav., et al. [15].The diversity of microorganisms inhabiting cold environments has been extensively investigated in the past fewyears with a focus on culture dependent techniques. Thedifferent groups of microbes have been reported, whichincluded different phylum mainly phylum Actinobacteria,Bacteroidetes, Basidiomycota, Chlamydiae, Chloroflexi,Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Overall thedistribution of psychrotrophic microbes varied in all bacterial phyla, Proteobacteria were most dominant followedby firmicutes and actinobacteria. Least number of microbeswas reported from phylum Chlamydiae followed by Chloroflexi. On review of different cold environments in Indian Himalayan regions (Permanently ice-covered lakes, icecaped rivers and glaciers), it was found that 8 differentphylum have been sort out belonging to different phylum49included as Proteobacteria (42.57%), Firmicutes (32.94%),Actinobacteria (17.78%), Bacteroidetes (2.62%), Basidiomycota (1.75%), Cyanobacteria (1.17%), Chlamydiae(0.58%) and Chloroflexi (0.58%) (Figure 1). On review offifteen different extreme cold environments of Indian Himalayan regions including, Glacier [Roopkund glacier, Pindari glacier, Gangotri glacier, Lahaul and Spiti]; Sub-glaciallakes [Chandratal Lake, Dal Lake, Dashair Lake, Gurudongmar lake, Pangong Lake]; Cold desert of Himalayas [Chumathang, Khardungla Pass, Rohtang Pass]; Ice-coped revivers [Indus River, Zanskar River, Beas River]. On study ofmicrobiome of cold environments from Indian Himalayanregions, it was found that, more than 66 different genera of8 different phyla have been sort out and characterized fordifferent biotechnological prospective. There were manypsychrotrophic bacteria have been reported as niche specific as well as common bacteria from diverse site surveye.g. among 66 different genera, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Exiguobacterium, Paenibacillus, Planococcus, Pseudomonas,Psychrobacter, Providencia, Sporosarcina and Staphylococcus were ubiquitous in nature and have been reported allfifteen sites, whereas some unique microbes as niche-specific such as Stenotrophomonas from Indus river, Klebsiella,Sinobaca and Vibrio from Zanskar river, Aurantimonas fromBeas River, Desemzia from Pangong Lake, Variovorax fromDashair Lake, Duganella, Duganella, Herbaspirillum, Iodobacter, Novosphingobium, Oxalobacteraceae, Paucibacter,Pectobacterium, Pseudoalteromonas, Pseudomonadaceaeand Undibacterium from Gurudongmar Lake, Microbacterium and Aeromonas from Chandratal Lake, Agromyces, Brevibacterium, Cedecea, Enterobacter, Erwinia and Micrococcusfrom Dal Lake, Mortierella from Khardungla Pass, Paracoccus from Chumathang, Methylobacterium from RohtangPass, Citricoccus from Roopkund glacier, Acidovorax fromPindari glacier, Brevibacillus from Gangotri glacier andRahnella from Lahaul and Spiti have been reported from thesingle site survey [1,2,5-8,15-32] (Figure 2).Citation: Ajar Nath Yadav., et al. “Biodiversity and Biotechnological Applications of Psychrotrophic Microbes Isolated from IndianHimalayan Regions”. EC Microbiology ECO.01 (2017): 48-54.
Biodiversity and Biotechnological Applications of Psychrotrophic Microbes Isolated from Indian Himalayan Regions50Figure 1: Distribution of different phylum of psychrotrophicmicrobes isolated from Indian Himalayan regions.Figure 2: Relative distribution of different genera, isolatedfrom cold environments of Indian Himalayan Regions.Based on a comprehensive literature analysis psychrotrophic members of phylum actinobacteria has been reported from different genera such as Acidimicrobium, Actinomyces, Arthrobacter, Bifidobacterium, Cellulomonas,Clavibacter, Corynebacterium, Frankia, Microbacterium,Micrococcus, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Propionibacterium,Pseudonocardia, Rhodococcus, Sanguibacter and Streptomyces. The member of Arthrobacter species were most dominant actinobacteria isolated from cold environments whichincluded Arthrobacter antarcticus, A. aurescens, A. chlorophenolicus, A. koreensis, A. methylotrophus, A. nicotianae, A.nicotinovorans, A. nitroguajacolicus, A. polychromogenes, A.psychrochitiniphilus, A. psychrolactophilus, A. sulfonivorans,A. sulfurous, and A. ureafaciens [3-8,28,33,34].Many Bacillus and Bacillus derived genera (BBDG) havebeen reported from cold environments such as Bacillus aerius, Bacillus aerophilus, Bacillus stratosphericus, Bacillusaltitudinis [35], Bacillus thuringiensis [36], Bacillus megaterium [37], Paenibacillus glacialis [38] and Bacillus cereus,Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus cibi, Bacillus pumilus,Lysinibacillus fusiformis [39,40]. Cold adapted Bacilli havebeen reported from different site survey in Indian Himalayan regions e.g. Bacillus acidicola, B. altitudinis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. aryabhattai, B. baekryungensis, B. cereus,B. cibi, B. circulans, B. firmus, B. flexus, B. licheniformis, B.marisflavi, B. megaterium, B. mojavensis, B. muralis, B. psychrosaccharolyticus, B. pumilus, B. simplex, B. sonorensis, B.subtilis, B. thuringiensis and B. weihenstephanensis. Amongin phylum Firmicutes, other Bacillus derived genera wereExiguobacterium mexicanum, E. acetylicum, E. antarcticum,E. artemiae, E. aurantiacum, E. homiense, E. indicum, E. marinum, E. sibiricum and E. soli; Paenibacillus amylolyticus, P.lautus, P. pabuli, P. terrae, P. tylopili and P. xylanexedens;Planococcus antarcticus, P. donghaensis and P. kocurii [3-8,25,28,33,34,41,42]. The phylum proteobacteria are a major group of Gram-negative bacteria which included α/β/γproteobacteria which have been reported as psychrophilic as well as psychrotolerant e.g. Pseudomonas aeruginosa,P. antarctica, P. azotoformans, P. baetica, P. cedrina, P. corrugate, P. costantinii, P. deceptionensis, P. extremaustralis, P.extremorientalis, P. fluorescens, P. fragi, P. frederiksbergensis,P. geniculata, P. gessardii, P. graminis, P. jessani, P. kilonensis,Citation: Ajar Nath Yadav., et al. “Biodiversity and Biotechnological Applications of Psychrotrophic Microbes Isolated from IndianHimalayan Regions”. EC Microbiology ECO.01 (2017): 48-54.
Biodiversity and Biotechnological Applications of Psychrotrophic Microbes Isolated from Indian Himalayan RegionsP. koreensis, P. lurida, P. mediterranea, P. moraviensis, P. orientalis, P. pavonaceae, P. peli, P. plecoglossicida , P. poae , P.psychrophila, P. putida, P. reactans, P. rhodesiae, P. simiae, P.stutzeri, P. syringae, P. teessidea, P. tolaasii, P. trivialis, P. vancouverensis and P. xanthomarina [3,8,28,29,34,41,42].Prospecting the cold habitats has led to the isolation ofa great diversity of psychrotrophic microorganisms. Thecold-adapted microbes have potential biotechnologicalapplications in agriculture, medicine and industry. The microbial diversity from the cold environment could serve asa database for selection of bio-inoculants with PGP abilityand could be used for improving the growth and yield ofcrops grown at high altitudes with prevailing low temperatures [3,5,6,8,43]. The psychrophilic/psychrotrophic/psychrotolerant microbes from Himalayan cold desert, glaciers,ice-coped revivers and different sub-glacial lakes could beused in agriculture, medicine and industry as they can produce cold-adapted enzymes (Amylase, cellulase, chitinase,laccase, lipase, pectinase, protease, xylanase, β-galactosidase and β-glucosidase), anti-freezing compounds, antibiotics and possesses diverse multifunction plant growthpromoting attributes (production of ammonia, hydrogencyanide, indole-3-acetic acid, and siderophore; solubilization of phosphorus, potassium and zinc; 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity and biocontrolactivity against plant pathogenic microbes. Psychrotrophicplant growth promoting (PGP) microbes have been shownto promote plant growth either directly by biological N2fixation; solubilization of minerals such as phosphorus,potassium and zinc; production of siderophores and plantgrowth hormones or indirectly, via production of antagonistic substances by inducing resistance against plantpathogens under the native conditions from they have beenisolated [3,4,15]. The psychrotrophic PGP microbes (Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Brevundimonas Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Citricoccus, Exiguobacterium, Flavobacterium, Janthinobacterium, Kocuria, Lysinibacillus, Methylobacterium,Microbacterium, Paenibacillus, Providencia and Serratia)can have an impact on plant growth providing the plantwith compound(s) of microbial origin for facilitating theuptake of nutrients from the environment [3,5,28,44,45].51These psychrotrophic microbes have potential benefits onthe growth and yield of crops. The environmental healthand soil productivity have been affected by use of psychrotropic microbes worldwide.Enzymes from psychrophiles have become interestingfor industrial applications, partly because of ongoing effortsto decrease energy consumption. These enzymes provideopportunities to study the adaptation of life to low temperature and the potential for biotechnological exploitation [2,31]. Most of the work that has been conducted onpsychrophilic microbes focused on cold-adapted enzymessuch as amylase, protease, lipase, pectinase, xylanase, cellulase, β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase and chitinase [31].Many psychrotrophic microbes Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Flavobacterium, Marinomonas, Moraxella, Paenibacillus, Planococcus, Pseudomonas, Psychrobacter, Shewanella and Vibrioproduced cold-actives extracellular hydrolytic enzymeswith potential application in agriculture, medicine and industry [5,6,8,28,31]. Psychrophilic microbes (Eupenicilliumcrustaceum, Paceliomyces sp., Bacillus atropheus and Bacillus sp.) can be applied for biodegradation of agro wastes atlow temperatures [46]. The psychrophilic microbes havebeen potential application in cryosurgery as they producedanti-freezing compounds at low temperatures [28]. Anti-freezing compounds are useful in cryosurgery and also inthe cryopreservation of whole organisms, isolated organs,cell lines and tissues. In food industry, anti-freezing proteins (AFPs) can be used to improve the quality of frozenfood. Improved cold tolerance in fishes has been achievedin some cases by direct injection of AFPs and in anothercase by transgenic expression of an AFP.CONCLUSION AND FUTURE VISIONThe psychrophilic and psychrotolerant microbes fromIndian Himalayan regions have engrossed in the scientificcommunity due to having the potential beneficial role inPGP under the low temperature conditions and producedindustrially important cold-active extracellular hydrolyticenzymes which could be applied in a broad range of industrial, agricultural and medical processes. PsychrotrophicCitation: Ajar Nath Yadav., et al. “Biodiversity and Biotechnological Applications of Psychrotrophic Microbes Isolated from IndianHimalayan Regions”. EC Microbiology ECO.01 (2017): 48-54.
Biodiversity and Biotechnological Applications of Psychrotrophic Microbes Isolated from Indian Himalayan Regions52microbes could be valuable in agriculture as bio-inoculantsand biocontrol agents for low temperature habitats. Theuse of psychrophiles as biofertilizers, biocontrol agent andbioremediators would be of great use in agriculture undercold climatic conditions. The comprehensive analyses ofdiversity of different genera by prospecting extreme coldenvironments helped in the development of a huge database including baseline information on the distribution ofpsychrotrophic microbes in different niches and identifying niche-specific microbes. This database also helped inidentifying novel microbes with plant growth promotingattributes and biomolecules. The plant growth promotionpotential of the microbial strain could be used as a bioinoculants in the hill and mountain agro ecosystems, wheretemperature is a major determinant of plant and microbialactivity. The selection of native functional plant growth promoting microorganisms is a mandatory step for reducingthe use of energy intensive chemical fertilisers. The culturestolerant to low temperatures represent a rich bioresourcesfor useful genes and alleles, which can aid in the generationof abiotic cold-tolerant transgenics.growth promoting attributes of psychrotolerant bacteria allied with wheat (Triticum aestivum) from thenorthern hills zone of India”. Annals of Microbiology4.COMPETING INTERESTSThe authors declare no conflict of interest.BIBLIOGRAPHY1.Yadav AN. “Bacterial diversity of cold deserts and mining of2.Saxena AK., et al. “Microbial diversity of extreme regions: An3.genes for low temperature tolerance”. Ph.D. thesis IARI, NewDelhi/BIT, Ranchi (2015): 234.unseen heritage and wealth”. Indian Journal of Plant GeneticResource 29.3 (2016): 246-248.Verma P., et al. “Assessment of genetic diversity and plantVerma P., et al. “Molecular diversity and multifariousplant growth promoting attributes of Bacilli associ-ated with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rhizospherefrom six diverse agro-ecological zones of India”. Jour-5.6.7.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe authors duly acknowledge the Department of Biotechnology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal Universityand Vice Chancellor, Eternal University for providing themotivation and research infrastructure.65.4 (2015): 1885-1899.8.9.nal of Basic Microbiology 56.1 (2016): 44-58.Yadav AN., et al. “Prospecting cold deserts of northwestern Himalayas for microbial diversity and plantgrowth promoting attributes”. Journal of Bioscienceand Bioenginerering 119.6 (2015): 683-693.Yadav AN., et al. “Culturable diversity and functionalannotation of psychrotrophic bacteria from cold desert of Leh Ladakh (India)”. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 31.1 (2015): 95-108.Yadav AN., et al. “Diversity and phylogenetic profilingof niche-specific Bacilli from extreme environmentsof India”. Annals of Microbiology 65.2 (2015): 611629.Yadav AN., et al. “Extreme Cold Environments: A Suit-able Niche for Selection of Novel Psychrotrophic Mi-crobes for Biotechnological Applications”. Advance inBiotechnology and Microbiology 2.2 (2017): 1-4.Yadav AN., et al. “Psychrotrophic microbes: Diversityanalysis and bioprospecting for industry and agricul-ture”. In: 85th Annual Session of NASI and the Sym-posium on “Marine and Fresh Water Ecosystems forNational Development” (2015).10. Chaturvedi P., et al. “Exiguobacterium soli sp. nov., apsychrophilic bacterium from the McMurdo Dry Val-leys, Antarctica”. International Journal of Systematicand Evolutionary Microbiology 58.10 (2008): 24472453.11. Reddy G., et al. “Cryobacterium roopkundense sp.nov., a psychrophilic bacterium isolated from glacialsoil”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 60.4 (2010): 866-870.Citation: Ajar Nath Yadav., et al. “Biodiversity and Biotechnological Applications of Psychrotrophic Microbes Isolated from IndianHimalayan Regions”. EC Microbiology ECO.01 (2017): 48-54.
Biodiversity and Biotechnological Applications of Psychrotrophic Microbes Isolated from Indian Himalayan Regions12. Shivaji S., et al. “Sphingobacterium antarcticus sp. nov., a psychrotrophic bacterium from the soils of Schirmacher Oasis,Antarctica”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 42.1 (1992): 102-106.
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