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TechnicalGuidelines &InformationforStoneConstruction InUttarakhandDisaster Mitigation andManagement Centre, Dehradun,(An Autonomous Institute of the Department ofDisaster Management, Government of Uttarakhand)

This Document was prepared under the project –Preparing for Disasters: Taking Traditional Building Practices ForwardFormulation of Technical Guidelines for Gujarat (Earth), Bihar (Bamboo) and Uttarakhand (Stone)Project Holder - Sahjeevan/HunnarshalaFunded by - Ford FoundationThe use and sharing of the information contained in this document is encouraged withdue acknowledgment of the source.Technical Guidelines & Information forStone Construction In UttarakhandPrepared ByProject Team: Rajendra Desai, Rupal Desai, Pawan Jain,R.K.Mukerji, Harshad TalpadaNCPDP, 103 Antariksh, Panjarapol Cross Roads, Ahmedabad, GUJ 380015Tel: 079 2630 9712 E-mail: mitigation@ncpdpindia.orgPublished By:Disaster Mitigation and Management CentreDepartment of Disaster ManagementGovernment of Uttarakhand, Uttarakhand SecretariatRajpur Road, Dehradun - 248 001, Uttarakhand (India)web : 60361309448DMMC/220760361309448

Technical Guidelines &Information forStone Construction inUttarakhandPrincipal Secretary,Chair personDisaster Management, GoUKProf. A.S.Arya,GuidelinesSteering Committee:MemberFormer Seismic Advisor to GoIProf. D.K.Paul,MemberDept, of Eqk. Engineering, IIT, RoorkeeShri Rajendra Desai,MemberHon. Jt. Director, NCPDP, AhmedabadShriPawan Jain,MemberArchitect, DehradunDr. Piyoosh Rautela,Member/SecretaryExecutive Director, DMMC, DehradunProf.K.S.Jagadish,Chair personFormer Professor IISc, BangloreGuidelinesReview Committee:Prof. Y.K.Singh,MemberDept. of Eqk Engineering, IIT, RoorkeeDr. Girish Joshi,Member/SecretarySenior Executive, DMMC, DehradunProject Team:Rajendra Desai,Structural Engineer NCPDP, AhmedabadRupal Desai,Architect, NCPDP, AhmedabadPawan Jain,Architect. DehradunR.K.Mukerji,Geologist,TARN, DehradunHarshad Talpada,Civil engineer, NCPDP. AhmedabadDisaster Mitigation andManagement Centre, Dehradun,(An Autonomous Institute of the Department ofDisaster Management, Government of Uttarakhand)

Om Prakash, IASPrincipal SecretaryGovernment ofUttarakhandDepartment ofDisaster Management &RehabilitationDehradunFOREWORDUttarakhand is predominantly a mountainous state with significant forestcover. Wood and stone have therefore been the most common building materials andthese are abundantly used for both walling and roofing. The State thus has an excellenttradition of wood and stone construction. This construction practice reflects the strengthof the local community to house itself independent of any outside help and has taken theshape of the cultural heritage of the region.Both Uttarkashi and of Chamoli earthquakes however inflicted severedamage to the traditional houses. Even though the post - earthquake technical studiesrevealed that the random rubble walls suffered damage primarily because of wrongconstruction methodology rather than inherent flaws in the traditional constructionpractices, the damage inflicted by the earthquakes shook peoples' confidence in therandom rubble construction technology. This together with increasing restrictions on theavailability of wood and stone, led to proliferation of new construction material withoutadequate transfer of technological know-how regarding the same. This has added to theseismic vulnerability of the building stock in the region.It is however vitally important to note that the building material is no bar forconstructing earthquake safe houses and adequately safe houses can well beconstructed using wood and stone that are still cost effectively available in the remoteareas. In view of the ground realities stated above it becomes important to communicatepositive aspects of wood – stone houses to the masses and make available technicalaspects that facilitate better seismic performance of these houses.In order to educate and guide those involved in the construction of houseswith the stone, the Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre (DMMC) of theDepartment of Disaster Management in collaboration with National Centre for Peoples'Action in Disaster Preparedness (NCPDP) has prepared a guideline that could showthem how to build an earthquake resistant, long lasting house using the raw materialavailable with them. This is envisaged to be useful to those wishing to demolish andrebuild their old unsafe stone house and also those in the faraway places whereconstruction with bricks is not cost effective.I suggest that the architects and engineers working in the State familiarizethemselves with these guidelines so as to guide their clients as also the masons as thiswould help build their confidence in the traditional ways of house building.I must add that when the whole world is worried about climate change andis looking for greener construction options, the random rubble masonry walls and Pathalroof could provide a green option to build hazard resistant long lasting houses.23th January, 2013Uttarakhand SecretariatDehradunTechnical Guideline for Stone Construction in Uttarakhand(Om Prakash)i

PrefaceState of Uttarakhand is known to be seismically one of the most active regions of thecountry. In recent times the state was hit by two moderate earthquakes. On October 19,1991 an earthquake of 6.4 on Richter scale had struck in the vicinity of Uttarkashi townand on March 29, 1999 of 6.8 had struck in the vicinity of Chomoli town. Bothearthquakes caused extensive damage to the buildings having stone walls and Pathalroof.The stone construction in the state has been transforming over the past severaldecades. During this period the traditional safety features such as the timber bands,vertical timber stiffeners and the timber upper storey gradually disappeared as accessto good quality timber became restricted. During this period, the adherence to the basicrules of stone construction too faltered. This led to drastic decrease in the seismicresistance of the stone structures which resulted in to wide-scale damage in the pasttwo earthquakes.This damage badly shook peoples' confidence in the stone construction. As a resultpeople began shifting from stone construction to that based on steel, cement and brickthat they perceive to be safer. This has been at the cost of many important benefits of thetraditional construction that people had enjoyed for centuries.This document is made with the objective of guiding all those involved in theconstruction of buildings with stone including the engineers, contractors, buildingartisans and people, so that they are able to construct stone buildings that will resistfuture earthquakes and restore peoples' confidence in traditional stone construction.It must be added that using good quality cement mortar in stone masonry is one of theimportant requirements. However, if mud mortar is desired to be used for any reason,reasonable earthquake resistance can be achieved by using appropriate measures. Inplace of mud mortar, the guidelines also cover other affordable alternatives that usecement in combination with lime while making mortar with sand or one that uses cementto stabilize mud. Similarly, the earthquake resisting features include those made ofconcrete and steel, as also those made from available timber.It is hoped that all those involved in construction take full care in using the necessarydisaster safety elements in the new construction, whether for housing or for importantbuildings such as schools, public health facility or community halls.Finally, in today's context of global warming and climate change, it is important thatvirtues of the traditional building construction that predominantly use the local materialsdo not use large quantities of energy in their production and do not have to betransported over long distances are recognized and promoted.DehradunDecember, 2012Technical Guideline for Stone Construction in UttarakhandProject Teamii

AcknowledgementFirst and foremost we acknowledge the support that we received from DisasterMitigation and Management Centre, Government of Uttarakhand, notably fromDr.Piyoosh Rautela and Dr. Girish Joshi. Without their initiatives in coordinating theprocess of reviews and finalization the time taken in creating this document would havebeen much more.Prof. K.S.Jagadish, Ex. Prof. Emeritus, IISC,Banglore and Prof. Y.K.Singh of IITRoorkee were most positive and supportive during the review process and helpedimprove the content of the initial draft through their invaluable input.Finally, it was the detailed and painstaking scrutiny by Prof.A.S.Arya, Ex. PrincipalSeismic Advisor to Ministry of Home, Government of India, and Prof. D.K.Paul,Department of Earthquake Engineering, IIT, Roorkee that helped us make a thoroughtechnical document that is easy to comprehend.In addition, we are thankful to a large number of people across the state that we metduring our field study that helped us acquire a reasonable understanding of thevernacular building systems in the state and the transformations taking place.We graciously acknowledge The Ford Foundation for supporting a multi-state project forstudying the traditional building systems and developing suitable building typologiesbased on these, which is also integrated with the scientific validation of the buildingpractices and preparation of the guidelines. Finally, we acknowledge the principal role ofKutchh Navnirman Abhiyan, Hunnarshala-Bhuj and People in Centre-Ahmedababad inconceiving and initiating this project and in extending strong support in its undertaking,without which it would not have materialized.AhmedabadProject TeamDecember, 2012Technical Guideline for Stone Construction in Uttarakhandiii

GlossaryWordMeaningBajriA mix of medium to coarse sand and fine gravel.Bearing WallWall which carries the weight of the floors, roof, and walls above it.Bonding elementA masonry element of any material used to stitch two wythes of stonewall.Chid pineA variety of pine treeCollar BeamA tie member that is installed across the opposite rafters as well asContinuity ofreinforcementThe lapped ends of two reinforcing bars in one line to be tied together insuch a manner that the two separate bars act as a one continuous bar.Damp-proofcourseA layer of impervious material provided at the plinth level to stop therise of pore water in to the superstructure.DelaminationSeparation of one or both wythes of stone walls.Fire retardantA material that makes other material resistant to catching fire.Four-way roofsFour sided sloping roofHalf-dressedstoneHipped roofStone with only one face properly shapedIntermediateBeamIt spans from a gable to gable in order to provide intermediate supportto the rafters.Lateral forces ofearthquakeModern materialsForces in horizontal direction caused by earthquakeMSK intensityscaleTwelve-step scale to specify the intensity of earthquake based onhuman perceptions, structural damage & geo-technical effects observedin an earthquake.PathalShale, Schischst or Slate stone available in slab form used for roofing.Pier widthWidth of wall between two consecutive openings, or opening & corner.Four sided sloping roofConstruction materials like steel and cementPre-cast-concrete Pre-cast concrete panels sized and shaped like stone which is used forroofingPathalPrincipal RafterRoof under-structure member that is commonly used to provideintermediate support to purlins.PurlinRoof under-structure member that spans from the one gable wall to theopposite gable wall or to a Principal RafterRaftersRoof under-structure member that spans from ridge beam to the eavelevel wall.Technical Guideline for Stone Construction in Uttarakhandiv

GlossaryWordMeaningRandom rubblemasonryStones of different and irregular shape fitted over each other to createmasonry.RingaalCane like grass that grows in the hills.RodingCompacting concrete by means of rods to eliminate air bubbles.Seismic BandA Reinforced Concrete or Reinforced Brick or Timber runner provided inthe walls to tie them together, and to impart horizontal bending strengthin them.Seismic featureA particular strengthening arrangement for reinforcing of masonrybuildings to enhance resistance against seismic forces.Seismic zoneAn area with a specific seismic hazard level as classified in IS1893:1984Shear resistingcapacityThe capacity of the wall to resist lateral force in its own plane.Stabilization ofmudMud mixed with some material that helps preserve its strength inpresence of water or reduces engross of water into mudStonecrete BlockConcrete block with large stones surrounded by the matrix of concrete.Through-StoneStone of length equal to the thickness of wall and placed across wall'sthicknessTraditionalconstructionThe construction system based primarily on locally available materialsevolved by the people without input of engineers and architects.Two-way roofsTwo sided sloping roofUrad daalA variety of lentil used mainly as a food itemVulnerable Building Building too weak to withstand forces of natural hazardsWytheVertical Face (vertical layer) of stone wallTechnical Guideline for Stone Construction in Uttarakhandv

fdn.ft.ga.GIgr.horz.hr.HSDht.in.Itr.Full formlevelAsbestos cementApproximatelyBurnt brickBurnt brick in cementmortarBurnt brick in mudmortarBureau of IndianStandardsBuildingConcrete BlockCentral BuildingResearch InstitutecementCorrugatedGalvanized IronCement MortarCentimeterCubicCubic meterChicken wire meshDiameterDistanceEachEarthquakeFoundationFoot, feetGaugeGalvanized IronGroundHorizontalHourHigh StrengthDeformedHeightInchliterTechnical Guideline for Stone Construction in UttarakhandAbbreviationFull etermax.Maximummin.Minimum, minutemm.MPTMSMillimeterMangalore Pattern tileMild steelNo., no., ssm.st.UCRCUCRMvert.wt.WWMyds.Number, NumbersOrdinary Portland cementPre-cast concretePre-cast reinforced concretePozzolonic Portland cementPoly Vinyl ChlorideReinforced brickReinforced concreteReinforcementRunning meterRandom rubbleSecondSquare footSquare meterSquareseismicstoreyUn-coursed rubble masonryin cement mortarUn-coursed rubble masonryin mud mortarVerticalWeightWelded wire meshYardsvi

l building system of UttarakhandImpact of recent earthquakesNatural Hazard0101012Objectives013Scope of the Guidelines034Options for stone walls034.14.2Types of Masonry used in different parts of UttarakhandAlternatives for wall masonry03045Options for roof and floor065.1Pathal roofs & timber floors066Required Earthquake safety provisions for stone 06construction (Low Strength Masonry)6.16.2Building categorizationMeasure for achieving seismic safety06067Siting & Foundation077.17.2SitingFoundations07088Treatment at plinth level089Stone masonry walls using cement mortar099.19.29.39.49.59.6Construction ControlControl on No. of Storeys, Storey Height and Wall LengthControl on Door Window Openings in WallsRequired Earthquake Safety ProvisionsSeismic BandsVertical Reinforcement in Walls09141617182110Stone Masonry Using Mud Mortar, orWeak Lime, or Weak Cement Mortar2410.110.210.310.410.5GeneralConstruction ControlControls on Wall Length and Building HeightNo. of StoreysControls on Openings in Load Bearing Walls2424262627Technical Guideline for Stone Construction in UttarakhandPage No.vii

No.TopicPage No.10.610.710.810.9Required Earthquake Safety ProvisionsVertical Reinforcement in WallsVertical Timber Elements for Vertical ReinforcementsWater Proofing11Earthquake Resisting Timber Floor Construction 3511.111.211.311.4Intermediate FloorsFloor JoistsDeckingDiaphragm made of Struts & Bracings12Earthquake Resisting Pathal Roof Construction 3812.112.212.312.412.512.612.712.812.912.10Roof TypesDifferent Roof ConfigurationsPrincipal RafterPurlinsIntermediate BeamRaftersPathal SupportsPathalInstallation of Struts and Diagonal BracingsInstallation of Ridge 32343435353738AnnexureAnnexure A - Difficulties experienced inbuilding stone houseAnnexure B- Things you should know aboutstone masonry walls.Annexure C - Things you should knowabout Pathal roofAnnexure D - Timber preservation treatmentTechnical Guideline for Stone Construction in Uttarakhand51535557viii

1.1.1IntroductionTraditional building systemPeople have been constructing stone buildings for their house and other service needsfor hundreds of years in the hill areas of Uttarakhand, since stone has been the mostabundantly found building material. Not only they have been using the stone for walls,but also for roofing. Timber, being the second most abundantly found material in thearea, has also been in use in combination with stone for roof construction. In otherwords, the construction system based primarily on these two materials has been thebackbone of the traditional construction of the region. Incidentally, in the present daycontext of climate change and global warming, it must be noted that the traditionalbuilding system of Uttarakhand is a green technology, and the State has a hugepotential of earning carbon credits through the use of this technology.1.2Impact of recent earthquakesIn the decade of 1990's the state witnessed two destructive earthquakes. Both theearthquakes witnessed severe damage to many stone buildings. As a consequence,peoples' confidence in the traditional construction got badly shaken. This resulted inmany house-owners switching over to modern cement, steel and brick basedconstruction which many find expensive.These guidelines will be helpful in designing earthquake resistant buildings with stoneas the principal material in all parts of the State of Uttarakhand including those falling inthe Seismic Zones IV and V.1.3Natural HazardsAccording to the Seismic Zoning Map of Uttarakhand (Fig. 2.1) most areas ofUttarakhand state are situated in the following seismic zones with seismic hazard asshown - Zone V: MSK intensity IX or higher earthquake is probable to occur; Zone IV:MSK Intensity VIII earthquake is probable to occur.Other Hazards:In the plains, along the southern boundary of the state, as per the Wind Speed Zone mapfrom the Vulnerability Atlas of Uttarakhand the wind speeds can reach high enough(47m/s) to bring moderate damage risk. In the hills wind hazard is significantly less withmaximum wind speeds of 39m/s.Floods hazard can be present in isolated low spots, mainly due to flash floodphenomena or inundation due to inadequate drainage.In the mountains, in areas with unstable hillside, the landslide hazard is also major.2.ObjectivesThe main objective is to suggest the earthquake resisting construction measures thatshould be adopted in the traditional stone construction practice in accordance with theSeismic Zoning map of Uttarakhand based on a detailed survey of the traditional stonemasonry building construction practices and in compliance with the Indian CodalPractices ( IS: 4326: 1993, second revision BIS 2002 and IS: 13828 of 1993).The recommendations contained herein are based on the abovementioned probableearthquake intensities for the design of buildings according to the codes. Newconstruction of buildings will be safe if it would be in accordance with the specifiedintensities.Technical Guideline for Stone Construction in Uttarakhand01

Figure 2.1 Seismic Zone Map of Uttarakhand**UTTARAKHANDRef: Vulnerability Atlas of Uttarakhand, BMTPC.Technical Guideline for Stone Construction in Uttarakhand02

3.Scope of the GuideThese guidelines cover the houses having load-bearing masonry walls of stone withpitched roof of Pathal having timber understructure and the intermediate timber floor,both resting on the walls in the hill regions of Uttarakhand State. Th

Technical Guidelines & Information for Stone Construction In Uttarakhand Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre, Dehradun, (An Autonomous Institute of the Department of Disaster Management, Government of Uttarakhand)

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