Quick Guide To Precision Measuring Instruments
E4329Quick Guide to Precision Measuring Instruments
Quick Guide to Precision Measuring InstrumentsQuick Guide to Precision Measuring Instruments2
CONTENTS3Meaning of Symbols4Conformance to CE Marking5Micrometers6Micrometer Heads10Internal Micrometers14Calipers16Height Gages18Dial Indicators/Dial Test Indicators20Gauge Blocks24Laser Scan Micrometers and Laser Indicators26Linear Gages28Linear Scales30Profile Projectors32Microscopes34Vision Measuring Machines36Surftest (Surface Roughness Testers)38Contracer (Contour Measuring Instruments)40Roundtest (Roundness Measuring Instruments)42Hardness Testing Machines44Vibration Measuring Instruments46Seismic Observation Equipment48Coordinate Measuring Machines50Quick Guide to Precision Measuring Instruments
Quick Guide to Precision Measuring InstrumentsMeaning of SymbolsABSOLUTE Linear EncoderMitutoyo's technology has realized the absolute position method (absolute method). With this method, you do not have to reset the systemto zero after turning it off and then turning it on. The position information recorded on the scale is read every time. The following three typesof absolute encoders are available: electrostatic capacitance model, electromagnetic induction model and model combining the electrostaticcapacitance and optical methods. These encoders are widely used in a variety of measuring instruments as the length measuring system that cangenerate highly reliable measurement data.Advantages:1. No count error occurs even if you move the slider or spindle extremely rapidly.2. You do not have to reset the system to zero when turning on the system after turning it off*1.3. As this type of encoder can drive with less power than the incremental encoder, the battery life is prolonged to about 3.5 years (continuousoperation of 20,000 hours)*2 under normal use.*1: Unless the battery is removed.*2: In the case of the ABSOLUTE Digimatic caliper. The electromagnetic-induction-type absolute encoder is patent-protected in Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, India and China. The absolute encoder combining the electrostatic capacitance and optical methods is patent-protected in Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany,Switzerland, Sweden and China.IP CodesThese are codes that indicate the degree of protection provided (by an enclosure) for the electrical function of a product against the ingress of foreign bodies, dust and water as definedin IEC standards (IEC 60529) and JIS C 0920. Due to ongoing development of new length measuring systems, Mitutoyo builds metrology products qualified to protection codes IP65, IP66and IP67, which signifies that these products may be used in hostile environments.[IEC: International Electrotechnical ees of protection against solid foreign objectsBrief descriptionUnprotectedProtected against solidforeign objects ofSø50mm and greaterProtected againstsolid foreign objectsof Sø12,5mm andgreaterProtected against solidforeign objects ofSø2,5mm and greaterProtected against solidforeign objects ofSø1,0mm and greaterDefinition—A Sø50mm object probeshall notfully penetrate enclosure1)A Sø12,5mm object probeshall notfully penetrate enclosure1)A Sø2,5mm object probeshall notpenetrate enclosure1)A Sø1,0mm object probeshall notpenetrate enclosure1)Ingress of dust is nottotally prevented, butdust that does penetrateProtected against dust must not interfere withsatisfactory operation ofthe apparatus or impairsafetyDust-proofNo ingress of dust allowedDegrees of protection against waterSecondcharacteristicnumeral01234567Brief descriptionDefinitionUnprotectedProtected againstvertically falling waterdropsProtected againstvertically falling waterdrops when enclosuretitle up to 15 Protected againstspraying waterProtected againstsplashing waterProtected againstwater jetsProtected againstpowerful water jetsProtected against theeffects of temporaryimmersion in water—Protected against theeffects of continuousimmersion in water8Vertically falling drops shall have no harmful effectsVertically falling drops shall have no harmful effects when theenclosure is tilted at any angle up to 15 degrees either side ofthe verticalWater sprayed at an angle up to 60 either side of the verticalshall have no harmful effectsWater splashed against the enclosure from any direction shallhave no harmful effectsWater projected in moderately powerful jets against theenclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effectsWater projected in powerful jets against the enclosure from anydirection shall have no harmful effectsIngress of water in quantities causing harmful effects shall notbe possible when the enclosure is temporarily immersed in waterunder standardized conditions of pressure and timeIngress of water in quantities causing harmful effects shall not bepossible when the enclosure is continuously immersed in waterunder conditions which shall be agreed between manufacturerand user but which are more severe than for IPX71)The full diameter of the object probe shall not pass through an opening in theenclosure.Note: For details of the test conditions used in evaluating each degree of protection, please refer to the original standard.Independent Confirmation of ComplianceIP65, IP66 and IP67 protection level ratings for applicable Mitutoyo products have been independently confirmed by the German accreditation organization, TÜV Rheinland.Quick Guide to Precision Measuring Instruments4
Conformance to CE MarkingIn order to improve safety, each plant has programs to complywith the Machinery Directives, the EMC Directives, and the LowVoltage Directives. Compliance to CE marking is also satisfactory.CE stands for Conformité Européenne. CE marking indicatesthat a product complies with the essential requirements of therelevant European health, safety and environmental protectionlegislation.RoHS Directive ComplianceThe RoHS directive* is a set of European regulations for the use of certain hazardous substances. Since July 1, 2006, selling specifiedelectronic equipment containing more than the regulation amount of the specified six substances (lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalentchromium, polybrominated biphenyl (PBB), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)) is prohibited in Europe.The scope of the RoHS directive is based on the 10 categories in the WEEE** directive. However, medical devices and monitoring andcontrol instruments are excluded.Mitutoyo is actively promoting environmental protection by developing RoHS-compliant products.* RoHS directive:Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electricaland electronic equipment** WEEE directive: Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment DirectiveEC Directives Related to Mitutoyo ProductsDirectiveScopeMachinery directiveEquipment that has parts moved by an actuator such as a motor and might cause human injuryEMC (electromagnetic compatibility)Apparatus (devices) that is likely to generate, or be affected by, electromagnetic disturbancedirectiveApparatus (devices) that operate at the voltages below, and might cause electrical shock, electrocution, heat,Low voltage directiveor radiationAC voltage: 50 to 1,000 V DC voltage: 75 to 1,500 V5Quick Guide to Precision Measuring Instruments
Quick Guide to Precision Measuring InstrumentsMicrometers NomenclatureStandard Outside MicrometerMeasuring facesFrameAdjusting nutOuter sleeveInner sleeveSpindleAnvilThimbleRatchet stopIndex line on sleeveSpindle lockHeat insulatorDigimatic Outside MicrometerSpindleSpindle lockMeasuring facesFrameOuter sleeveThimbleRatchet stopAnvilOutput connector (for data output type only)ZERO (INC)/ABS set keyHOLD keyOrigin keyHeat insulator Special Purpose Micrometer ApplicationsBlade micrometerInside micrometer, caliper type Spline micrometerTube micrometerFor diameter inside narrowgroove measurementFor small internal diameter, andgroove width measurementFor pipe thickness measurementFor splined shaft diametermeasurementPoint micrometerScrew thread micrometerDisc type outside micrometerV-anvil micrometerFor root diameter measurementFor effective thread diametermeasurementFor root tangent measurement onspur gears and helical gearsFor measurement of3- or 5-flute cutting toolsQuick Guide to Precision Measuring Instruments6
How to Read the Scale Detailed Shape of Measuring FacesMicrometer with standard scale (graduation: 0.01mm)spindleø8ø7.95spindleø6.357. mm .37mm7.37mmø6.3Sleeve readingThimble readingMicrometer reading30’30’Carbide tipThese drawings above are used for explaration and they are not to scaleThe scale can be read directly to 0.01mm, as shown above, but mayalso be estimated to 0.001mm when the lines are nearly coincidentbecause the line thickness is 1/5 of the spacing between them.Approx. 1µmApprox. 2µmSleeve index lineThimble graduation line Potential Reading Error Due toParallaxSleeve index lineThimble graduation lineWhen a scale and its index line do not lie in the same plane it is possibleto make a reading error due to parallax, as shown below. The viewingdirections (a) and (c) will produce this error, whereas the correct readingis that seen from direction (b).Micrometer with vernier scale (graduation: 0.001mm)The vernier scale provided above the sleeve index line enables directreadings to be made to within 0.001mm.Sleeve readingThimble readingReading from the vernier scale markingand thimble graduation lineMicrometer reading(b)6. mm.21mm(a)(c).003mm6.213mmThimbleSleeveMicrometer with digital display (resolution: 0.001mm)Third decimal place on vernier scale ( 0.001 mm units)56424529mm90.01Vernier reading 0.004mmIndex lineThird decimal placeSecond decimal placeFirst decimal placeMillimetres Tens of mmCounter readingDifference in expansion (µm)0 Difference in Thermal Expansionbetween Micrometer and StandardBar00.004mm.09 mm.9 mm2. mm00. mm2.994mm Constant-force DevicesAudible inoperation0 C20 C10 C125225One-handed RemarksoperationUnsuitable325425525Nominal length (mm)Ratchet stopYes 3 2 10-1-2-3 Standard Bar Expansion withChange of TemperatureAudible clicking operation causesmicro-shocks(for 200mm bar initially at 20 C)Ratchet thimble(F type)(T type)NoYesSuitableSuitableSmooth operation without shock orsoundThermal expansion (µm)Friction thimbleAudible operation provides confirmation of constant measuring forceRatchet thimbleYesSuitable2031 C151027 C5021 C01Audible operation provides confirmation of constant measuring force2345678910Lapse of time (minutes)The graphs above show the change in size of a standard length barwhen held in the hand at palm temperatures of 21 C, 27 C and 31 C.7Quick Guide to Precision Measuring Instruments
Quick Guide to Precision Measuring InstrumentsMicrometers Measurement Error Depending onAttitude and Supporting Point Effective Diameter of ThreadMeasurementSince the measurement value is changed by the supporting point andmaximum measuring length, it is recommended to use the instrumentby performing zero-setting with the same orientation as it will be usedin practice. Three-wire Method of Thread Measurement. The effective diameterof a thread can be measured by using three wires contactingthe thread as shown in figure below. Effective diameter E can becalculated by using formula (1) or (2).For metric or unified screw threads (60 thread angle)E M 3d 0.866025P .(1)For Whitworth screw threads (55 thread angle)E M 3.16568d 0.960491P .(2)Where, P: Screw thread pitch (A pitch ininches is converted to its metricequivalent for unified screw threads.)d: Mean diameter of the three wiresE: Effective diameter of the threadM: Measurement over the three wires(Unit: µm)Supporting pointSupported at the bottom and centerAttitudeMaximummeasuringlength (mm)3254255256257258259251025Supporting pointSupported only at the center00000000 5.5 2.5 5.5 11.0 9.5 18.0 22.5 26.0Supported at the center in a lateralorientation.Supported by hand downward. 1.5 2.0 4.50 9.5 5.0 14.0 5.0 4.5 10.5 10.0 5.5 19.0 35.0 27.0 40.0AttitudeMaximummeasuringlength (mm)3254255256257258259251025Screw thread typeMetric screw thread (60 )Whitworth screw thread (55 )Best wire size0.577P0.564PSingle-wire Method of Thread Measurement. An Odd-fluted tap can bemeasured using a V-anvil micrometer and a single wire in contact withthe thread flanks as shown. This method uses two measurements anda calculation to obtain an equivalent value for M as was obtained bydirect measurement in the three-wire’ method.Where, M1: Maximum micrometer reading over the single wire (atcutting edge)D: Maximum diameter of tap (at cutting edge)For a three-flute tap: M 3M1 2DOr for a five-flute tap: M 2.2360M1 1.23606DThen, the effective diameter E can be calculated by substituting this Min formula (1) or (2) Abbe’s PrincipleRAbbe’s principle states that “maximum accuracy is obtained when thescale and the measurement axes are common”.This is because any variation in the relative angle (q) of the movingmeasuring jaw on an instrument, such as a caliper jaw micrometercauses displacement that is not measured onthe instrument’s scale and this is an Abbe errorL ε(e L in the diagram). Spindle straightness error,play in the spindle guide or variation ofθmeasuring force can all cause q to varyand the error increases with R.Anvil Hertz's FormulaeSpindleHertz’s formulae give the apparent reduction in diameter of spheres andcylinders due to elastic compression when measured between planesurfaces. These formulae are useful for determining the deformation ofa workpiece caused by the measuring force in point and line contactsituations.PPLSøD2øD2(a)(b)Sphere between Cylinder betweentwo planestwo planes22Odd-fluted tapAssuming that the material is steel and units are as follows:Modulus of elasticity: E 196 GPaAmount of deformation: δ (µm)Diameter of sphere or cylinder: D (mm)Length of cylinder: L (mm)Measuring force: P (N)a) Apparent reduction in diameter of sphere3δ1 0.82 P2/Db) Apparent reduction in diameter of cylinder3δ2 0.094·P/L 1/DQuick Guide to Precision Measuring Instruments8Wire
Hooke's LawHooke’s law states that strain in an elastic material is proportional to thestress causing that strain, providing the strain remains within the elasticlimit for that material. Testing Parallelism of MicrometerMeasuring FacesOptical parallel reading direction on the spindle sideOptical parallelFringes on the spindle sideParallelism can be estimated using an optical parallel held between thefaces. Firstly, wring the parallel to the anvil measuring face. Then closethe spindle on the parallel using normal measuring force and countthe number of red interference fringes seen on the measuring face ofthe spindle in white light. Each fringe represents a half wavelengthdifference in height (0.32μm for red fringes).In the above figure a parallelism of approximately 1µm is obtained from0.32µm x 3 0.96µm. Testing Flatness of MicrometerMeasuring FacesFlatness can be estimated using an optical flat (or parallel) held againsta face. Count the number of red interference fringes seen on themeasuring face in white light. Each fringe represents a half wavelengthdifference in height (0.32μm for red).Interference fringereading directionOptical flatOptical flatAnvilAnvilMeasuring face is curved byapproximately 1.3μm. (0.32μm x 4paired red fringes.)Measuring face is concave (orconvex) approximately 0.6μm deep.(0.32μm x 2 continuous fringes)9Quick Guide to Precision Measuring Instruments
Quick Guide to Precision Measuring InstrumentsMicrometer HeadsKey Factors in SelectionKey factors in selecting a micrometer head are the measuring range, spindle face, stem, graduations, thimble diameter, etc. Stem Non-Rotating SpindleA non-rotating spindle type head does not exert a twisting action on aworkpiece, which may be an important factor in some applications.Stem with clamp nutPlain stem Spindle Thread Pitch The standard type head has 0.5mm pitch. 1mm-pitch type: quicker to set than standard type and avoidsthe possibility of a 0.5mm reading error. Excellent load-bearingcharacteristics due to larger screw thread. 0.25mm or 0.1mm-pitch typeThis type is the best for fine-feed or fine-positioning applications. The stem used to mount a micrometer head is classified as a "plaintype" or "clamp nut type" as illustrated above. The stem diameteris manufactured to a nominal Metric or Imperial size with an h6tolerance. The clamp nut stem allows fast and secure clamping of themicrometer head. The plain stem has the advantage of widerapplication and slight positional adjustment in the axial direction onfinal installation, although it does requires a split-fixture clampingarrangement or adhesive fixing. General-purpose mounting fixtures are available as optionalaccessories. Constant-force Device A micrometer head fitted with a constant-force device (ratchet orfriction thimble) is recommended for measurement applications. Measuring FaceMicrometer head withconstant-force deviceFlat faceSpherical faceMicrometer head withoutconstant-force device (no ratchet) If using a micrometer head as stop, or where saving space is apriority, a head without a ratchet is probably the best choice.Anti-rotation device A flat measuring face is often specified where a micrometer head isused in measurement applications. When a micrometer head is used as a feed device, a spherical facecan minimize errors due to misalignment (Figure A). Alternatively, aflat face on the spindle can bear against a sphere, such as a carbideball (Figure B).Figure BFigure A Spindle Lock A non-rotating spindle type micrometer head or one fitted with ananti-rotation device on the spindle (Figure C) can be used if a twistingaction on the workpiece must be avoided. If a micrometer head is used as a stop it is desirable to use a headfitted with a spindle lock so that the setting will not change evenunder repeated shock loading.Figure C If a micrometer head is used as a stop then a flat face both on thespindle and the face it contacts provides durability.Quick Guide to Precision Measuring Instruments10
Measuring Range (Stroke) Graduation Styles When choosing a measuring range for a micrometer head, allowan adequate margin in consideration of the expected measurementstroke. Six stroke ranges, 5 to 50mm, are available for standardmicrometer heads. Even if an expected stroke is small, such as 2mm to 3mm, it will becost effective to choose a 25mm-stroke model as long as there isenough space for installation. If a long stroke of over 50mm is required, the concurrent use of agauge block can extend the effective measurement range. (Figure D) Care is needed when taking a reading from a mechanical micrometerhead, especially if the user is unfamiliar with the model. The "normal graduation" style, identical to that of an outsidemicrometer, is the standard. For this style the reading increases as thespindle retracts into the body. On the contrary, in the “reverse graduation” style the readingincreases as the spindle advances out of the body. The "bidirectional graduation" style is intended to facilitatemeasurement in either direction by using black numerals for normal,and red numerals for reverse, operation. Micrometer heads with a mechanical or electronic digital display,which allow direct reading of a measurement value, are alsoavailable. These types are free from misreading errors. A furtheradvantage is that the electronic digital display type can enablecomputer-based storage and statistical processing of measurementdata.Figure DGauge blockHead’s strokeObtained strokeNormalgraduation styleReversegraduation style Ultra-fine Feed Applications Dedicated micrometer heads are available for manipulatorapplications, etc., which require ultra-fine feed or adjustment ofspindle.Bidirectionalgraduation style Thimble Diameter The diameter of a thimble greatly affects its usabilit
Gauge Blocks 24 Laser Scan Micrometers and Laser Indicators 26 Linear Gages 28 Linear Scales 30 Profile Projectors 32 Microscopes 34 Vision Measuring Machines 36 Surftest (Surface Roughness Testers) 38 Contracer (Contour Measuring Instruments) 40 Roundtest (Roundness Measuring Instruments) 42 Hardness Testing Machines 44
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