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DOCUMENT RESUMECE 077 618ED 426 194TITLEINSTITUTIONBasic Skills for Gages & Measurement. New Paradigm forEffective Workforce Skills.Saint Louis Community Coll., MO. Workplace Literacy ServicesCenter.SPONS AGENCYPUB DATENOTECONTRACTPUB TYPEEDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORSIDENTIFIERSOffice of Vocational and Adult Education (ED), Washington,DC. National Workplace Literacy Program.1995-00-0076p.V198A0247-96ATeacher (052)GuidesClassroomMF01/PC04 Plus Postage.Adult Basic Education; *Basic Skills; Community Colleges;*Energy Occupations; Equipment Maintenance; *EquipmentUtilization; *Industrial Training; Mathematics Skills;*Measurement Equipment; *Measurement Techniques;Partnerships in Education; Pretests Posttests; SchoolBusiness Relationship; Two Year Colleges*GagesABSTRACTThis document contains the materials required by individualsenrolled in a workplace course in basic skills for gages and measurementsthat was developed by a community college for a St. Louis (Missouri) electriccompany. The guide begins with an outline of the 12-day course, which coversthe types, components, use, and care of the following instruments: dialcaliper, English micrometer, vernier scale, vernier height gage, and gageblocks. Presented next are a pre-test and introductory materials devoted tothe following topics: process tools (reading, study, and classroomstrategies) , student responsibilities, basic measurement concepts, andnotetaking. The next (and largest) section contains the text materials,vocabulary sheets, diagrams, instruction sheets, and learning activities usedduring the course's nine lessons and review day. Concluding the guide are aglossary and posttest. **********************************Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original ***************************************

St. LouisCommunityCollegeBasic Skillsfor Gages &MeasurementBaldor Electric Company3560 Scarlet Oak Blvd.St. Louis, MO 63122iS. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONOff e of Educational Research and ImprovementED CATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATIONCENTER (ERIC)0 his document has been reproduced asreceived from the person or organizationoriginating it.0 Minor changes have been made toimprove reproduction quality.Points of view or opinions stated in thisdocument do not necessarily representofficial OERI position or policy.NEW PARADIGMfor2

St. LouisCommunityCollegeBasic Skillsfor Gages &MeasurementBaldor Electric Company3560 Scarlet Oak Blvd.St. Louis, MO 63122HRNEW PARADIGM

Copyright 1995 by Workplace Literacy Services Center, St. Louis Community CollegeThe contents of this publication were developed under a grant from the Department of Education.However, those contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the Department of Education, andyou should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government.4

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsCourse OutlineDay 1Pre-testDay 2NWLIS, SLCC Roster, Video Tape, Process Page, Responsibilities, ConceptsDay 3ContentIntro to Gages & MeasurementsTerminology, Identification of Instruments, Care of InstrumentsDay 4Types of InstrumentsDial CaliperReading Dials/ActivityExplanation of Dial CaliperExercise 1Practice Using Dial CaliperStoring the Dial CaliperDay 5English MicrometerPartsHow to HandleSteps for Reading51St. Louis Community Collegecln NEW PARADIGMforn14

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsDays 6/7Vernier ScaleUsesSteps for ReadingTypesExerciseDay 8Vernier Height GagePartsStepsWays to UseDays 9/10Gage BlocksUsesSizesSteps for Building CombinationsExerciseGlossaryDay 11Course ReviewDay 12Post-Test60 NEW PARADIGMfor11%2St. Louis Community College

DateNameDepartmentPre-TestPrecision Measuring InstrumentsSection IInstrument IdentificationIdentify the following precision measuring instruments and record the name of each in theblanks provided.1.23.4.

5.20304030GO708090100 1106.Tif11111111 ilkiaL111111111111111111111MSection 2--Use of decimals i n precisi on measurement.1. Add the following decimal s :3.507 .021 .1002 .07 .2 1.007 2. Subtract the following decimal s :3.462.0365 3. Multiply the following decimals :.437 x 1.305 4. Divide the following decimal s :.750 .025 8

Section 3-Taking readings from various precision measuring instruments.Below are some illustrations of readings from precision measuring instruments.Record your answers in the spaces provided.1. Balanced dial--Look at the arrow on each dial face to see whether the dial is-reading positive ( ) or negative (-).1 01010Starrett0.001 i.3212. Micrometer-15103213. Vernier 1Voter plate000IecamIII5211I15TOISvoettp ptateI)130

4. Below are the dimensions from a standard set of gage blocks (81 37.138.139.140.141Using the minimum number of gage blocks,make up combinations for each total dimension 6III

Part 1: Course IntroductionProcess ToolsTools for LearningReading Strategies1.PreviewLook over text. Look at the title, subtitles,OurNmts.table of contents, index, glossary, andPreviewillustrations.2. QuestionAsk, "What do I need to know?"Answerthe 5Ws (Who, What When, Where,Why) and How.Question3. SkimLook for words that are bold, in italics,or underlined.Read the first and last sentences in eachparagraph.SkimIHRNEW PARADIGMforSt. Louis Community College1 'I

Part 1: Course IntroductionProcess ToolsTools for LearningStudy Strategies1. Key WordsLook for new words, abbreviations, mainideas, and definitions.Key Words2. Note TakingIdentify your study strengths (use highlighters,abbreviations, shorthand, etc.).Note TakingDevelop a system that works for you.3. Job AidsUse materials to help you on the job.Job Aids4. EstimatingThink in round numbers.Estimating5. Memory AidsUse tips, formulas, and memory tricks.NEW PARADIGM,rIISt. Louis Commun4ty College2

Part 1: Course IntroductionProcess ToolsTools for LearningClassroom Strategies1. OverheadsIIOverheads2. ActivitiesIndividual, partner, or group skill-building:r:Rf7Activitiesexercises.3. ListeningListening4. SupplementsAdditional learning materials and challengeSupplementsproblems.13IIISt. Louis Community CollegeNEW PARADIGM

Part 1: Course IntroductionYour ResponsibilitiesI.Ask questions.2.Make mistakes. It's all part of learning.3.Help each other.4.Listen.5.Share ideas.6.Be skeptical. Don't accept everything that's said.7.Don't try to stump the facilitator or other participants justto show that we don't have all the answerswe don't.Have a good time learning.8.14ivSt. Louis Community College8E1NEW PARADIGM

Part 1: Course IntroductionGages and Measurement ConceptsBefore You Start1.Inadequate precision is expensive.2.Unnecessary precision is also expensive.3.Production gages allow parts to be stockpiled and used at random for assembly of thefinished product. Almost all parts fit.Production gages can be used to quickly and accurately check a single dimension or4.several dimensions at one time.Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of decimals are required in using5.gages.15vSt. Louis Community CollegeNEW PARADIGM

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsComment FormTool1.What problems are you having using this tool/instrument? How can we help?2.How well will you be able to use this tool on the job? How can we help?3.How can we improve this class?NameDate/Class Time16NEW PARADIGMforSt. Louis Community College

Note TakingNote taking means:Identifying your study strengths and creating a system that works for you.Deciding if you need to: Draw reminders? Repeat information several times? Ask the speakerto repeat information for clarity? Tape record the information and take notes at a later time?Highlight written material to make skimming faster?This is the symbol for note taking in the Basic BlueprintReading modules. When you see it, use these tips toget the most out of taking notes.Note Taking During Lectures Listening Analyzing Selecting WritingTIP: Develop your own shorthand. Abbreviate w/o losing meaning.ANDEAATEXCASH, COST,Of ICHWITHListening Tune in 2 the speaker's motions, vocal tone & rhythm 2 know what's important.TIP: Bored? Ask a question or make a comment!Analyzing Think of the speaker's outline. Practice thinking like the speaker.TIP: Answer the questions who?, what?, where?, when?, why? & how?Selecting Highlight Ind colors 2 pull headlines & important facts off the page.TIP: Find & highlight the 5 Ws & How.Writing Divide paper in 2 lengthwise; write notes on the left & headlines on the right.TIP:. Make small drawings in the margins 2 lift key ideas off the page. Write legibly.17NEW PARADIGMforEtAnotes.doc 10/4/95 1:46 PM

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsIntroductionTools for LearningIn order for Baldor to improve quality, more and moreemphasis is placed on exact dimensions and tolerances.One of the skills necessary for improved quality isprecise measurement in all the areas of production. The9N.-Previewgoal of this course is to be able to efficiently and consistently use measuring devices.Upon completion of this class, you will have practicedusing a variety of precision measurement instruments.This practice will focus on interpreting the measurements taken from each instrument and the manual skillsnecessary to take these measurements. Finally, you willknow how to maintain and care for these instruments.18NEW PARADIGMforEgfiMMXMI:11133BEENIMISt. Louis Community College

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsSome Vocabulary, Definitions, and TermsTools for LearningTo insure that we are all speaking the same language, weneed to use common terms associated with measuringdevices.1.Exact numberA number which has been deter-Key Termsmined as a result of counting. "There are 14 pump motorsready to be packaged for shipping."2.Approximate numberA number which has beendetermined by some measuring process. "That fastener is31/16."Remember: Counting gives us exact numbers, while/measurements give us approximations.Remember(counting exact #s)(measuring approximate #s)19St. Louis Community CollegeNEW PARADIGMfor

Basic Skills for Gages & Measurements3.AccuracyA measurement that gives unbiased truevalue. (One-hundred percent accuracy is never possible.)4.Attribute GageDesigned to either pass or fail themeasurement of a part dimension. A plug or a ring gage isan attribute gage.5.Tools for Learningi?Key TermsBiasDistorted reading caused by instrumentpressure, viewing angle, etc.6.Bilateral ToleranceAn allowable variation oneither side of the nominal measurement (the call-outmeasurement).7.CalibrationThe accuracy in the measuringinstrument.8.Dial Cal/PerSimilar to a Vernier caliper, but themeasurement results are read on a dial like the face of aclock.20St. Louis Community CollegeNEW PARADIGM

Basic Skills for Gages & Measurements9.Dial IndicatorA circular measurement scale witha pointer that moves like a hand on a clock face.10.Tools for LearningDiscriminationThe distance between two lines ona scale. The greatest accuracy that can be achieved on aparticular scale. (Also called resolution or sensitivity.)Key Terms11.ManipulationThe ability to use the instrumentwithout affecting such things as pressure, centering, etc.12.MetrologyThe science of measurement.13.MicrometerA precision gage that is designed tomeasure outside, inside, or depth dimensions on a part.Measurements are read on a sleeve and a thimble.14.Parallax ErrorThe apparent shifting of an objectcaused by shifting of the observer; for example, viewing anindicator dial face from an angle instead of directly.21St. Louis Community CollegeNEW PARADIGMfor

Basic Skills for Gages & Measurements15.PrecisionGetting consistent results, repeatedly.Tools for Learning16.Precision AccuracyAccurate to within 1/1000(.001)of an inch or less.17.Semi-Precision AccuracyAccurate to within 1/64(.015625) of an inch.18.iKey TermsSurface PlateA flat, smooth reference surface tosupport parts for measurements from the surface or surfaceangle to some point on the part. Surface plates are made ofeither cast iron or granite.19.ToleranceThe amount of allowable measuredvariation from the nominal measurement.20.Unilateral ToleranceAn allowable variation ononly one side of the nominal measurement (the call-outmeasurement).NEW PARADIGMfor22St. Louis Community CollegeC1MEEIZEIN7111135annaxim

Basic Skills for Gages & Measurements21.Variable GageMeasures a range of dimensions toget the actual size of objects.22.Tools for LearningVernier Height GageUsed to measure outsidedimensions of parts sitting on a surface plate.TKey Terms23St. Louis Community CollegeNEW PARADIGM

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsHow to Care for Your MeasuringTools for LearningInstruments1.Keep a light coating of fine-grade machine oil onparts that can rust.2.Handle tools gently. They are finely manufacturedinstruments.3.Periodically examine instruments for wear, espe-cially on the measuring surfaces.4.Most instruments come with a container for storage.Use these containers. No piling instruments in a tool box.5.Read the information that comes with the instrumentfor special care features.6.Do not try to measure moving parts.7.Never completely close a micrometer.NEW PARADIGM24St. Louis Community College

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsRule Of Thumb Regarding The Type OfTools for LearningInstrument To SelectThe measuring tool should be ten times more accurate thanthe total tolerance to be measured. As an example, if you aremeasuring a part with a 0.010 tolerance, use a tool with a0.001 discrimination.25St. Louis Community CollegeNEW PARADIGMforM3MUEI ff3

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsTypes of InstrumentsTools for LearningThe Dial CaliperReading DialsMany measuring instruments rely on dials to display themeasurements taken. Dial indicators and dial calipersQuestionare a couple of examples. The following example andexercises should familiarize you with one of themore common configurations.First note that the measurement is taken in thousandthsof an inch. (0.001 in.). Second, fmd the 0 at the top ofthe dial. To the left of the 0 is a negative sign, to theright, a positive sign. When recording the reading, youdo not need to note a positive sign. When the reading isnegative, record it as such, i.e., 438. Third, note thesmall dial in the lower left, which denotes completerevolutions. Read it first.NEW PARADIGM26St. Louis Community College

Basic Skills for Gages & Measurements%\The following is an example:Tools for LearningPointer on small dial just past the .4.1.Write: .400Pointer on large dial standing at .037.2.Write: .037Add: .400 .037 .437.3.-karatWrite It2710St. Louis Community CollegeIl 0 NEW PARADIGM0 'Ihfor

Dial Caliper Activity IRead and record the measurements from the following dials:1.4.2.5.3.2811St. Louis Community CollegeIli 0 NEW PARADIGMfur0 % CiliKKEMS

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsExplanation of the Dial CaliperTools for LearningThe dial caliper is a "three-in-one" tool. It can be used forboth internal and external measurements as well as depthgaging. Generally, it is a good instrument to measuredimensions to the thousandths (.000).The dial caliper is handy and easy to use. It is thereforea good instrument to employ on the shop floor. SeeIllustration #1, Dial Caliper,' with the componentspointed out and detail boxes of the functions, i.e.,external, internal, and depth.'Introduction to Fixed Limit Gaging, Baldor Electric Company,Fort Smith, Arkansas2912St. Louis Community CollegeINn NEW PARADIGMnvnfur

CTSINSIDEInternal.14BAR111rjDEPTH RODDepth31METRIC: RANGE 150 mm, BAR GRADUATIONS2 mm, DIAL INDICATOR 0.02 mm GRADUATION,2 mm RANGE PER REVOLUTIONENGLISH: RANGE 6", BAR GRADUATIONS .100",DIAL INDICATOR .001" GRADUATION, .100"PER REVOLUTION.1.1.1¶ow i.IIVI'IRVIFINEADJUSTINGROLLBEZEL CLAMP9LOCK SCREWDIALINDICATORDIALCALIPER

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsThere are variations in calipers, such as some beingequipped with Vernier scales (more about this subject later)Tools for Learningand some which are equipped with both English measureand metric measure. We will be dealing with Englishmeasure. This will allow us to take accurate readings to theKey Wordsthousandths (.000).There is also a variation in dials. On some Mitutoyo instruments, a complete revolution of the dial will record a movement of .2 on the bar (where the graduations are), whereason the Starrett, a complete revolution will only move thebeam .1.One CautionNo matter what brand of instrumentyou are using, make sure that the dial is on zero orRemember"zeroed out" before you begin.NEW PARADIGM3213St. Louis Community Collegefor

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsPractice Using the Dial CaliperTools for LearningSteps for Taking Measurements1.Grasp the bar in whichever hand you use most often.The thumb should be on the fine adjusting roll.2.(')Hold the part to be measured in the other hand or,better yet, place it in a clamping device, so that youKey Wordshave a hand free for recording measurements.3.As an example, let's say you want to measure theouter diameter (0.D.) of a copper tube. You willselect the outside measuring contacts.Open the caliper using the fine adjusting roll to a4.diameter greater than the diameter of the tube.Make contact with the tube with the fvced jaw which5.serves as the reference plane.Move the sliding jaw toward the closed position6.using the fine adjusting roll until it also makescontact with the tube. You do not have to force thejaws.NEW PARADIGM14St. Louis Community College33

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsTighten the lock screw so that the reading you have7.taken will not change when you remove the caliperTools for Learningfrom the tube.Remove the caliper from the tube, and you are now8.ready to record your reading.Practice Using the Dial CaliperSteps for Reading MeasurementsLook at the bar. The nominal callout on a drawing1.was for a 5/8 O.D. tube. You know that the decimalequivalent of 5/8 is .625. (Refer to Index.) You noticea 6 showing to the left of the graduations on thesliding jaw.Look at the dial and note that the indicator is past the2.20 mark.Count the graduations past the 20 mark to find that3.there are seven.Record the information by following the directions4.for recording measurements.3415St. Louis Community CollegeNEW PARADIGMilkfor

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsPractice Using the Dial CaliperTools for LearningSteps for Recording Measurements1.Reading the bar you see six parts, or .6 of an inch.Write: .600.2.From your first reading of the dial, you saw that theQuestionindicator had come to and gone past the 20 mark, or.020 of an inch.Write: .020.3.Write ItFrom your second reading of the dial, you countedseven marks past the 20.Write: .007.Add: .600 .020 .007 .627.4.You now have the real O.D. measurement of thecopper tube. What if the drawing for the copper tubehas a callout of .625?To find if your measurement falls within the5.drawing's tolerance range, you subtract:.627.625 .002.1%NEW PARADIGMfor16St. Louis Community College

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsLook on the title block to find the tolerance for thousandths.Unless otherwise specified, it is .005. So, this tube wouldTools for Learningfall within the specifications on a drawing (.002 is lessthan .005).36'17St. Louis Community CollegeNEW PARADIGMfor

Dial Caliper Activity 2Before going on to some practice readings, we are going to repeat the preceding steps forrecording measurement, using a 5/8 O.D. copper tube and the dial caliper.Measurement 1Measurement 2Measurement 3Measurement 4Measurement 5Measurement 6111, NEW PARADIGMforIt CUMMIENZIMMIIIIESEIICI18St. Louis Contwinity College

Summary Exercise 1Look at each illustration on the following two pages and record the readings.Remembersome of the readings may exceed an inch. The inch(es) must also be recorded.Measurement 1Measurement 2Measurement 3Measurement 4Measurement 5Measurement 6NEW PARADIGMfor19St. Louis Community College

Summary Exercise I - Illustration(p. 1 of 2)41M190 01AmitS MAROVII0m444.,3o-la404so,s.6o -4--/o0 90 80.-11quimliwy,,,t 708090 0: i: 40.1101.104,.10-.74,.&50,"-cv 40CI II :I1141 .1 ,1,.e71RI11II11!I II41.471 41111it2141?IRI.11or-.3o-4 20130-5341711340i4-S-goz60,I709080, ath1111110WO.N3920

Summary Exercise 1 - Illustration(p. 2 of 2)i,.t4.0.48099 0intoo-i1'50.4f.7:41&A.102.30i. 40nido1 30 lila /1No Re a 1111-S0-1.00/-60 t2011111rrim"70sS /4424:::?0?.a111111r1k'40-2CI113/.4 en issn(oeo4,,, 0p-4//44whiulinw"r20.0r.voII21II 9 9 4RI01II 11 :111Al.11 1 71 III qg 2! II 21 31 45 9BEST COPY AVAILABLE40

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsStoring the Dial CaliperTools for LearningClose the caliper so that the fixed and sliding jaws aretogether. Next, turn the bezel clamp until the indicatoron the dial points directly to the 0.4121St. Louis Community CollegenI51,NEW PARADIGMtor

110Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsThe English Micrometer CaliperTools for LearningDifferent micrometers serve a wide range of industrialfunctions. The "mike" we will concentrate on is theEnglish micrometer caliper. ("English" because it isgraduated in inches and fractions of inches.) The term"micrometer" means that it is designed to make small(micro) measurements (meter). "Caliper" indicates thatKey Wordsit is part of that family of measuring instruments whichoperates with a combination of a fixed and moving partsfor taking measurements.The "mike" we will use in class is designed for takingoutside measurements. Dial and digital calipers,however, combine three functions: outside, inside,and depth.Remember to handle a micrometer carefully. Never twirla micrometer. The spindle colliding with the anvil willcause distortion.4222St. Louis Community CollegeNEW PARADIGM COMM for

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsTake a look at Illustration #2. Like the dial and digitalTools for Learningcalipers, the micrometer has both fixed and moving parts.The technique for taking measurements is also similar.Measurements are taken from two sources.The "mike" also has a locking device which is referred toas either the thumb nut or lock nut. This allows you toKey Words"hold" the measurement while it is being recorded. Whenyou want to hold a measurement, move the thumb nutto a vertical position. The cylinder where the numbersappear horizontally is called the sleeve. The cylinderwhere the numbers appear vertically is called the thimble.Revolving the thimble clockwise moves the spindletoward the anvil. The shape of theframe allows themeasuring surface (object to be measured) to beinserted between the spindle and the anvil.43IlkNEW PARADIGMIlk MCIIKIECEMIEMEDIMEEIBISI23St. Louis Community College

!,ANVIL44Od011AISMCII IR CRIB SUM&11FRAC HON AUNLESS 0 THER 244SEAt4C4.0. ARSPEEITHEO030.0.STANDARD TOLERANCEoo*015.000*005.0000*.000514" V-02 11(12112.0125SLEEVETHUMB NUTaEST COPY AVAIILA6FRAMESPINDLEMEASURINGSURFACE011.W (*AO HImon 81:ONG 01U owsmoto(Alf411:.1strar- rift011110IUL.II166'1 P.1440341 SS-PRINCIPLE MICROMETER PARTS111111ESPALI.E, ox. PLAN!ELECTRIC MOTOR CO.DWSMICIDALDORFRICTIONTHIMBLEI45

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsAlthough there are variations in calipers, the above components are common to all of them. Some have additionalTools for Learningratcheting capability and some are equipped with Vernierscales, an attachment we'll discuss later.461% 0 NEW PARADIGMfor11124St. Louis Community College

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsSteps1.Grasp the micrometer as illustrated.2.Turn the thimble counterclockwise until the space between the spindle and the anvil islarger than the part being measured. Try to secure the part in a clamping device ifpossible.3.Make contact with the part on the anvil.4.Rotate the thimble clockwise so that it makes contact with the other side of the part.Don't apply a great deal of pressure. The faces of the anvil and the spindle must touchand be parallel to the surfaces.Turn the lock nut and take your reading.5.NEW PARADIGM4725St. Louis Community Collegefor

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsReading The MicrometerTools for LearningAgain we will use the 5/8-inch O.D. of a copper tube. Followthe steps on the previous page to measure the copper tube.Note that the 6 is the highest number visible on the1.sleeve. That 6 represents .6 of an inch. Write it as.600 in order to add the measurements.You see that there is another short line immediately2.to the right of the 6 line. Each mark between thenumbers on the sleeve represents .025 of an inch.Notice there are four .025 spaces between the sleevenumbers. Count the spaces visible. Multiply thenumber of complete spaces by .025. Write thisnumber below .600.Now look at the numbers on the thimble. Each3.number represents .001 of an inch. Record thenumber which lines up with the sleeve center line. Inthis example the 2 on the thimble lines up with thehorizontal line on the sleeve. This constitutes .002.4826St. Louis Community CollegeNEW PARADIGMfor

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsNow add the three measurements to fmd the O.D. of theTools for Learningcopper tube:.600 .025 .002 .627MACH. TOL UNLESS SPEC:2 PLC DECIMALS .0203 PLC DECIMALSANG .5 RADII .015Does the measurement from the copper fall within theQuestionallowable tolerance?4927St. Louis Community CollegeNEW PARADIGMfor

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsHow to Read a Micrometer to Ten-Thousandths2ONE TEN THOUSANDTh VERNIERTHIMBLETools for LearningLEEVEciKey WordTo read to one ten-thousandth requires an additional scalecalled the Vernier scale, named after the inventer, ,PierreVernier.In the case of a regular micrometer, the Vernier consistsof ten divisions, marked on the sleeve, which are spacedwithin nine divisions on the thimble scale.Each division on the Vernier, therefore, is one-tenthshorter than that of the thimble's, thus representing.0001 inch. It is important to note that when finding theVernier (ten-thousandths) reading, the correct figureis ALWAYS taken from the number at the Vernier scaleand NEVER from the thimble.2"How to Read a Micrometer," Starrett Company Catalog, 1989.NEW PARADIGM5028St. Louis Community Collegetoravuommumuzeranam

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsReading ExampleTools for LearningRead to the thousandth of an inch in the same man-1.ner as shown on the left. When the center line of thesleeve falls between the lines of the thimble, or whenthe line of the thimble does not correspond to thecenter line of the sleeve, the unknown amount is readby using the Vernier scale provided on the sleeve.The Vernier on the sleeve reads to one-tenth of a2.thousandth of an inch, or .0001 inch.To read the Vernier, find which line on the Vernier3.scale coincides with the line on the thimble and readthe number off the Vernier scale.Note that the Vernier line numbered "2" coincides4.exactly with a thimble line indicating .0002 inch.51NEW PARADIGMfur29St. Louis Community College

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsExercise 1 On MicrometersComplete the following exercises by recording your measurement readings, then add them upfor the answer.STEP1STEP 2STEP 3STEP 4STEP 109lig085STEP 2STEP 3STEP 415II IIII9678765325STEP 1STEP 2STEP 3STEP 4STEP 1STEP 2STEP 3STEP 4STEP 1STEP 2STEP 3STEP 45230St. Louis Community CollegeRR NEW PARADIGMfor

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsThe Vernier ScaleTools for LearningThe Vernier scale is not a separate measuring instrument but a supplementary device which may beincluded on calipers, micrometers, height gauges,Key Wordor other measuring devices.The Vernier scale allows the user to take fractionalmeasurements from the primary gradations on theinstrument, and it requires that the user "line up twonumbers," one from the main scale and one fromthe supplementary or Vernier scale.It is necessary to make sure that the measurement takenfrom the Vernier plate is the first number that perfectly"lines up." See Illustration 3, Vernier Plate.Finally, this scale does not increase the capability fromthousandths to ten-thousandths but does allow the userto record smaller measurements. Refer to the exampleon the previous page and note that the .009 is takenfrom Vernier plate.5331St. Louis Community CollegeNEW PARADIGMfor

Illustration 3Basic Skills for Gages & Measurements321H1 H1111H11) 111201525Vernier plateStep 1:2.000 inchStep 2:.500Step 3:.075 Step 4:.009Step 5:2.584 inch5432St. Louis Community CollegeNEW PARADIGM

Exercise 4Now try your hand at reading some of the samples below. Refer back to the steps,if necessary.2 4 El 6 10Ii Ilif 11111111111111se201510024 881014 587892341171#*ITTITItow10 IS 20 25idmir0Outside25g58789 31512.OutsideO 2 4 8 8 89 12345(1billIJIIO111111111111p11110 111611053.Outside20 2515O 2 4 8 8 1067895514172tu41Yikilii1131j5104Outside15 20 255533St. Louis Community CollegeNEW PARADIGMfor

Basic Skills for Gages & MeasurementsBy now you can probably see how useful a Vernier scaleToole for Learningcan be when there is a need for finer measuring capabilitythan the primary scale will allow.Just remember, the Vernier scale is a supplementary. tOol.Use it when there is a real need for finer gradations.Remember56IlkSt. Louis Community CollegeNEW PARADIGMfa,

Basic S

caliper, English micrometer, vernier scale, vernier height gage, and gage blocks. Presented next are a pre-test and introductory materials devoted to the following topics: process tools (reading, study, and classroom. strategies) , st

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Ninth Edition. ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management, Eugene, . Washington, DC. ISSN-0070-6035. 94. RR93002006 76p.; For previous edition, see ED 302 941. ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management, University of Oregon, 1787 Agate Street, Eugene, OR . MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. *Educational Administration; Educational Research .

The health center, pharmacy, and vision center are open weekdays Monday through Friday, except on Cisco holidays. Services Hours Health Center 8 a.m. to 7 p.m. Pharmacy 8:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m. Kaiser Permanente Center 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. Vision Center 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. The health center, pharmacy, and vision center observe the same holidays as Cisco.

Astronomy & Astrophysics Competition Paper Monday 21st January 2019 This question paper must not be taken out of the exam room Instructions Time: 3 hours plus 15 minutes reading time (no writing permitted). Approx 45 minutes per question. Questions: All four questions should be attempted. Marks: The questions carry similar marks. Solutions: Answers and calculations are to be written on loose .