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EXODUSFrom Slavery to Service

References Exodus (from series Interpretation: A BibleCommentary for Teaching and Preaching)Terence E. Fretheim, Westminister / John KnoxPress, 1991 From Slavery to Service: A Study of Exodus,by Diane L. Jacobson, Augsburg Fortress,Minneapolis, 1996 ISBN 0-8066-2978-9 (out ofprint) “The Book of Exodus. Introduction, Commentary,and Reflections.” Walter Brueggemann. In: TheNew Interpreter's Bible, A Commentary inTwelve Volumes, Volume I. Abingdon Press,Nashville, 1994. ISBN 0-687-27814-7

11. ConclusionsThe LORD is gracious andmerciful (Exodus 33:1—34:35)

Exodus 33:1—34:35Overview

Overview Exodus 33:1—34:35 After the great sin of the Golden Calf(Exodus 32), the covenant between Godand Israel has been broken, and theirrelationship is fragile and precarious Exodus 33: A new crises of God’sPresence arises. Moses intercedes Exodus 34: The covenant between God andIsrael is renewed

The Crises of God’sPresence. MosesIntercedesExodus Chapter 33

The Crises of God’s Presence. Moses Intercedes1. Exodus 33:1-6. How Will God bePresent to Israel?2. Exodus 33:7-11. Moses and God “face-toface”3. Exodus 33:12-17. God decides to dwellwith Israel4. Exodus 33:18-23. Moses asks to see God’sglory

Exodus 33:1-6. How Will God be Present to Israel? The LORD still intends a future for Israel,and commands them to go up to the landpromised them Imperative “go” (lek) same verb addressed toAbram in Genesis 12:1 Speech otherwise dominated by the exodusverb “to go up” (ala) Thus gathers together covenantal history fromAbraham to the liberation and exodus fromEgypt An angel is promised to go before them Enemies are named who will be driven off

Exodus 33:1-6. How Will God be Present to Israel? “But I will not go with you, because youare a stiff-necked people and I mightdestroy you on the way.” (33:3 NIV) Again, the exodus verb “to go up” used Israel will still “go up,” but its great sin ofthe Golden Calf has cost it the full presenceof God

Exodus 33:1-6. How Will God be Present to Israel? Types of divine presence God’s general presence in the world God’s intensified presence in a theophany (anappearance of God to a person) A continuum between the above extremes God’s accompanying presence with Israel God’s presence in the Tabernacle Because they built a Golden Calf instead ofthe Tabernacle (“portable temple”), God’spromised to dwell among them in theTabernacle will not be fulfilled

Exodus 33:1-6. How Will God be Present to Israel? God’s refusal to dwell among them is aconcern for their well-being They are a people inclined to sin (“stiffnecked”); if they again worship a false god,God dwelling among them might destroy themout of wrath Thus a “marvelous picture of divinereluctance!” (Fretheim)

Exodus 33:1-6. How Will God be Present to Israel? Command to remove “ornaments” The materials used to make the Golden Calf They must now “strip” themselves of thesymbols of ostentatious wealth as they hadstripped the Egyptians when they left Israel mourns and obeys, in the uncertain oflimbo of God’s statement “I will decidewhat to do to you.”

The Crises of God’s Presence. Moses Intercedes1. Exodus 33:1-6. How Will God be Presentto Israel?2. Exodus 33:7-11. Moses and God“face-to-face”3. Exodus 33:12-17. God decides to dwellwith Israel4. Exodus 33:18-23. Moses asks to see God’sglory

Exodus 33:7-11. Moses and God “face-to-face” An interlude telling us about a previous mode ofGod’s presence with Israel Tent was a place where the LORD came to speakto Moses “face-to-face” “Face-to-face:” unmediated The LORD came as a visible “pillar of cloud” They communicated “as a man speaks with his friend” Mention of Joshua, son of Nun (v. 11) prepares usfor his authority after Moses The people, although observers only, areportrayed positively, watching in awe andreverence

The Crises of God’s Presence. Moses Intercedes1. Exodus 33:1-6. How Will God be Presentto Israel?2. Exodus 33:7-11. Moses and God “face-toface”3. Exodus 33:12-17. God decides todwell with Israel4. Exodus 33:18-23. Moses asks to see God’sglory

Exodus 33:12-17. God decides to dwell with Israel Moses questions God on the crises ofGod’s Presence, and asks who God willsend God addresses Moses personally, “MyPresence will go with you, and I will giveyou rest.” (v.14 NIV) Moses not satisfied, and asks God who willgo “with us,” “your people” (vv.15-16)

Exodus 33:12-17. God decides to dwell with Israel Moses reminds God the he and theIsraelites (“your people”) are unique onlybecause of God’s presence among them God finally honors Moses’ request: “I willdo the very thing that you have asked; foryou have found favor in my sight, and Iknow you by name.” (v.17 NIV) Fretheim: “God will take into account what human beings think and say and incorporate tatinto a renewed shaping of the future.” (p. 298)

The Crises of God’s Presence. Moses Intercedes1. Exodus 33:1-6. How Will God be Presentto Israel?2. Exodus 33:7-11. Moses and God “face-toface”3. Exodus 33:12-17. God decides to dwellwith Israel4. Exodus 33:18-23. Moses asks to seeGod’s glory

Exodus 33:18-23. Moses asks to see God’s glory Moses: “Now, show me your glory.” God’s Glory: “the face / presence of God no longerenveloped by the cloud.” “a request to seeGod’s very self” (Fretheim, p. 299) “bespeaks God’s awesome, shrouded,magisterial presence, something like anoverpowering light. It is to draw evencloser, more dangerously, more intimately, tothe very core of God’s own self.”(Brueggemann pp. 939-40)

Exodus 33:18-23. Moses asks to see God’s glory God answers with four affirmations andone big negative (vv. 19-20 NIV) I will cause all my goodness to pass in front ofyou, and I will proclaim my name, the LORD, in yourpresence. I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy,and I will have compassion on whom I will havecompassion. But you cannot see my face, for no one maysee me and live.

Exodus 33:18-23. Moses asks to see God’s glory God’s Goodness More abstract, but perhaps a more genuine signof what kind of God this God is Moses will be able to hear God proclaimGod’s holy name Moses will be able to see a vision of God’sself God’s own hand will prevent Moses fromseeing God’s face Moses will be able to see God’s back “what one would see of a God leading the peopleon their journeys” (Fretheim p. 300)

Exodus 33:18-23. Moses asks to see God’s glory Why does God deny Moses the vision ofthe face of God? Moses’ safety: God’s face can be seen, but onecannot continue to live after such a vision “For God to be fully present would becoercive; faith would be turned into sight, andhumankind could not but believe. God’spresence cannot be obvious; there must be anelement of ambiguity, such that disbeliefremains possible. A sense of God’s mysterymust be preserved.” (Fretheim p. 301)

Exodus 33:18-23. Moses asks to see God’s glory The inscrutable holiness of God “the keeping or holding of self belongs in tensionwith the giving of self” (Brueggemann) This tension is visible and operative in any seriousrelationship Moses’ partial vision of God anticipatesPaul: “For now we see in a mirror, dimly,but then we will see face to face” (1Corinthians 13:12 NRSV)

The Crises of God’s Presence. Moses IntercedesReflection: Survival and the Presenceof God (Brueggemann) If there is no sense of God’s Presence,no sense of a holy source of covenantallife in our midst: Certain kinds of art of and literature becomeimpossible (Gorge Steiner, Real Presences)Social relationships become brutal andempty; fear becomes pervasive, humandignity diminished

The Crises of God’s Presence. Moses IntercedesReflection: Specialness of aCommunity (Brueggemann) The uniqueness / specialness of areligious community (and derivatively toany national state or group) is not someparticular intrinsic property of thecommunity,but rather the way the Presence of Goddwells and is allowed to operate withinthe group

The Crises of God’s Presence. Moses IntercedesReflection: Moses’ hutzpah beforeGod as a Model for Daring,Insistent Prayer (Brueggemann) Piety of Christian prayers perhaps toodeferentialMoses prays with enormous hutzpah,insisting to know God’s ways, insistingto see God’s glory. He refuses to let Goddetermine the limit of asking

The Renewal of theCovenantExodus Chapter 34

The Renewal of the Covenant1. Exodus 34:1-10. A God graciousand merciful2. Exodus 34:11-28. The Covenant Renewed3. Exodus 34:29-35. Moses’ Radiant Face

Exodus 34:1-10. A God gracious and merciful God tells Moses to bring two blank stonetablets and present himself to God onMount Sinai God proclaims to Moses God’s unutterable,holy name (v.5) God then passes in front of Moses and in aremarkable speech (verses 6-7) revealsGod’s own sense of God’s self those fundamental characteristics of Godwhich are “most powerful and definitional forGod’s own life.” (Brueggemann, p. 946)

Exodus 34:1-10. A God gracious and merciful 1. Merciful / Compassionate (rahum) Rahum related to noun rehem (womb) The positive inclination of a mother for herchild, a “womb-like mother-love” 2. Gracious (hannum) A completely gratuitous positive inclination,given freely An unmerited favor

Exodus 34:1-10. A God gracious and merciful 3. Slow to Anger (erek apayim) Literally, “long-nosed” Exodus 32:10: “Now let me alone, so that mywrath may burn not against them ” literally, the“heat of my nostrils” Thus: “long-nosed:” the heat has time to cool in along transit 4. Abounding in Steadfast Love (rabhesed) Hesed sustained covenantal solidarity

Exodus 34:1-10. A God gracious and merciful 5. Faithfulness (emet) Frequently used with hesed (hesed we emet) Witnesses to the LORD’s complete reliability 6. Keeping Steadfast Love (hesed) God’s hesed will continue “for the thousandthgeneration” 7. Forgiving (nasa) Literally: lift Lifts those who sin from the burden of their sin

Exodus 34:1-10. A God gracious and merciful “Yet he does not leave the guiltyunpunished; he punishes the children andtheir children for the sin of the fathers tothe third and fourth generation.” (v.7b) Fretheim: Just judgment not neglected Visitation of iniquity on the generations: arecognition of the moral order Brueggemann: God will not be mocked Grace is not cheap God has a long and powerful memory for beingwronged

Exodus 34:1-10. A God gracious and merciful “there is in the very core existence ofYahweh a profound and durableincongruity: God inclines to be utterly forthe other, and God characteristically is forGod’s own self .” “That contradiction makes the God of theBible interesting, credible, and dangerous.” “This God is interesting, because one doesnot know ahead of time who God will be orhow God will act”

Exodus 34:1-10. A God gracious and merciful “This God is credible, because thiscontradiction corresponds fully to the waywe find our own life with others beingenacted.” “This God is dangerous, because, just whenalmost ‘deciphered’ and made predictable,this God surprises us and keeps us offbalance.” “Serious biblical faith requires a readinessto live precisely with and in the midst ofthis terrible, double-minded danger ”- Brueggemann, p. 947

The Renewal of the Covenant1. Exodus 34:1-10. A God gracious andmerciful2. Exodus 34:11-28. The CovenantRenewed3. Exodus 34:29-35. Moses’ Radiant Face

Exodus 34:11-28. The Covenant Renewed God renews God’s covenant with Israel God lists a set of commands List not intended to rival the TenCommandments May reflect particular temptations that hadcome out in the great sin of the Golden Calf “Do not worship any other god, for the LORD,whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God” (v. 14NIV) “Do not make cast idols” (v. 17 NIV)

Exodus 34:11-28. The Covenant Renewed Israel called to observed three publicfestivals (vv. 18-22) 1. Feast of Unleavened Bread (part ofPassover feast) 2. Feast of Weeks and 3. Feast ofIngathering Observances of harvest Witness that the LORD is the giver of the crops thatsustain the life of the people

The Renewal of the Covenant1. Exodus 34:1-10. A God gracious andmerciful2. Exodus 34:11-28. The Covenant Renewed3. Exodus 34:29-35. Moses’ RadiantFace

Exodus 34:29-35. Moses’ Radiant Face Moses comes down from Mount Sinai, thecovenant renewed, carrying the new set of tabletsof the Ten Commandments A renewed covenant has been established with the“stiff-necked” people He returns as no ordinary person: his face is“radiant” or “shining,” and must be “toned down”with a “veil” He has seen the back-side of God’s glory (33:22-23) He has entered deeply into the life of God His face reflects and communicates the glory of God

Exodus 34:29-35. Moses’ Radiant Face Translation problems: qa ran shine, can also mean horn Not used to mean “shine” anywhere else in OldTestament Suggests a shaft of light like a horn? Michelangelo painted Moses with horns masweh veil. Not used anywhere else in OldTestament

Exodus 34:29-35. Moses’ Radiant Face Glory the “awesome entry of heavenly,holy mystery” “ text is concerned with the power,significance, authority, and danger of God’sglory” (Brueggemann) God’s glory both enlivens (shines) andthreatens (requiring a veil) Israel Moses is the human mediator of the glory ofGod to Israel

Exodus 34:29-35. Moses’ Radiant Face New Testament parallel: TheTransfiguration of Jesus (Matt 17:1-8;Mark 9:2-8; Luke 9:28-36) Jesus is now the mediator of God’s glory to thedisciples

1. Exodus 33:1-6. How Will God be Present to Israel? 2. Exodus 33:7-11. Moses and God fiface-to-facefl 3. Exodus 33:12-17. God decides to dwell with Israel 4.

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