INTERNATIONAL LAW FIFTH EDITION - Cambridge University Press

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Cambridge University Press0521824737 - International Law, Fifth EditionMalcolm N. ShawFrontmatterMore informationINTERNATIONAL LAW FIFTH EDITIONThis fifth edition of Malcolm Shaw’s bestselling textbook on internationallaw provides a clear, authoritative and comprehensive introduction to thesubject. This leading text has been fully revised and updated to Spring 2003to take account of new developments in the field. Basically preserving thestructure which made the previous edition so successful, a new chapteron Inter-state Courts and Tribunals pays special attention to the role ofthe International Court of Justice and the International Tribunal on theLaw of the Sea, and there is a new chapter on International HumanitarianLaw. Also examined are arbitration tribunals set up for dispute settlementand the role of international institutions such as the WTO in resolvingconflicts. The prosecution of individuals for violations of international lawis examined. Additional coverage of events in Kosovo and Iraq analyses thequestions of humanitarian intervention and the role of the UN. Writtenin a clear and accessible style and setting the subject firmly in the contextof world politics and the economic and cultural influences affecting it,this book remains a highly readable and invaluable resource for studentsand practitioners alike. The scope of the text makes this essential readingfor students of international law, international relations and the politicalsciences. The book is also designed to be of value for practitioners and forgovernmental and international civil servants.malcolm shaw qc is the Sir Robert Jennings Professor of InternationalLaw at the University of Leicester, and a practising barrister. Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press0521824737 - International Law, Fifth EditionMalcolm N. ShawFrontmatterMore informationINTERNATIONAL LAWFifth editionMALCOLM N. SHAW QCSir Robert Jennings Professor of International LawUniversity of Leicester Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press0521824737 - International Law, Fifth EditionMalcolm N. ShawFrontmatterMore informationpublished by the press syndicate of the university of cambridgeThe Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdomcambridge university pressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011--4211, USA477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, AustraliaRuiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, SpainDock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africahttp://www.cambridge.org C M. N. Shaw 2003This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.Fourth edition first published by Cambridge University Press 1997Reprinted 1999, 2000, 2001 (twice), 2002Fifth edition published by Cambridge University Press 2003Reprinted 2003, 2004 (twice)Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, CambridgeTypeface Adobe Minion 10.75/12.75 pt.System LATEX 2ε [tb]A catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Cataloguing in Publication dataShaw, Malcolm N. (Malcolm Nathan), 1947–International law / Malcolm N. Shaw – 5th edn.p.cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0 521 82473 7 (hardback) – ISBN 0 521 53183 7 (paperback.)1. International law. I. Title.KZ3275.S53 2003 341 – dc212003051552ISBN 0 521 82473 7 hardbackISBN 0 521 53183 7 paperback Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press0521824737 - International Law, Fifth EditionMalcolm N. ShawFrontmatterMore informationTo my mother, PauletteAnd in memory of my father, Ben Shaw CBEAnd of my mother-in-law, Denise AxelrodBut above all to my wife Judith Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press0521824737 - International Law, Fifth EditionMalcolm N. ShawFrontmatterMore informationCONTENTSPrefacepage xxiiiTable of casesxxvTable of treaties and selected other internationalinstrumentslxviiiList of abbreviationscxli1The nature and development of international law1Law and politics in the world community2The role of force4The international system5The function of politics11Historical development13Early origins14The Middle Ages and the Renaissance18The founders of modern international law22Positivism and naturalism24The nineteenth century26The twentieth century30Communist approaches to international law31The Third World382International law today42The expanding legal scope of international concernModern theories and interpretations48Positive Law and Natural Law48New approaches533Sources65Custom68Introduction4268vii Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press0521824737 - International Law, Fifth EditionMalcolm N. ShawFrontmatterMore informationviiicontentsThe material fact72What is state practice?77Opinio juris80Protest, acquiescence and change in customary lawRegional and local custom87Treaties88General principles of law92Equity and international law99Judicial decisions103Writers105Other possible sources of international law107The International Law Commission112Other bodies114Unilateral acts114Hierarchy of sources and jus cogens115844International law and municipal law120The theories121The role of municipal rules in international law124International law before municipal courts128The United Kingdom128Customary international law129Treaties135The United States143Other countries151Justiciability, act of state and related doctrines162Executive certificates1725The subjects of international law175Legal personality – introduction175States177Creation of statehood177Self-determination and the criteria of statehoodRecognition185Extinction of statehood186The fundamental rights of states189Independence189Equality192Peaceful co-existence193Protectorates and protected states194 Cambridge University Press183www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press0521824737 - International Law, Fifth EditionMalcolm N. ShawFrontmatterMore informationcontentsFederal states195Sui generis territorial entities201Mandated and trust territories201Germany 1945204Condominium206International territories207Taiwan211The ‘Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus’ (TRNC)The Saharan Arab Democratic Republic213Associations of states214Conclusions217Special cases218The Sovereign Order of Malta218The Holy See and the Vatican City218Insurgents and belligerents219National liberation movements (NLMs)220International public companies223Transnational corporations224The right of all peoples to self-determination225The establishment of the legal right225The definition of self-determination230Individuals232International criminal responsibility234International organisations241The acquisition, nature and consequences of legalpersonality – some conclusions2416ix212The international protection of human rights247The nature of human rights247Ideological approaches to human rights in international law249The development of international human rights law252Some basic principles254Domestic jurisdiction254The exhaustion of domestic remedies rule254Priorities of rights256Customary international law and human rights256The United Nations system – general257The protection of the collective rights of groupsand individuals262 Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press0521824737 - International Law, Fifth EditionMalcolm N. ShawFrontmatterMore informationxcontentsProhibition of genocide262Prohibition of discrimination266The principle of self-determination as a human right269The protection of minorities273Other suggested collective rights280The United Nations system – implementation281Political bodies – general282The Commission on Human Rights283Expert bodies established by UN organs285The Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection ofHuman Rights285The International Covenant on Economic, Social andCultural Rights286Expert bodies established under particular treaties289The Committee on the Elimination of RacialDiscrimination289The Human Rights Committee292The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women300The Committee Against Torture303The Committee on the Rights of the Child307The Committee on the Protection of Migrant Workers309Conclusions310The specialised agencies312The International Labour Organisation312The United Nations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganisation3157The regional protection of human rights319Europe319The Council of Europe319The European Convention on Human Rights321The convention system324The European Social Charter334The European Convention for the Prevention of Tortureand Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment337 Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press0521824737 - International Law, Fifth EditionMalcolm N. ShawFrontmatterMore informationcontentsxiThe Council of Europe Framework Convention for theProtection of National Minorities340The European Union344The OSCE (Organisation for Security and Co-operation inEurope)346The CIS Convention on Human Rights and FundamentalFreedoms352The Human Rights Chamber of Bosnia andHerzegovina353The American Convention on Human Rights354The Banjul Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights363The Arab Charter on Human Rights3658Recognition367Recognition of states368Recognition of governments376De facto and de jure recognition382Premature recognition383Implied recognition384Conditional recognition387Collective recognition388Withdrawal of recognition388Non-recognition390The legal effects of recognition393Internationally393Internally393The UK394The USA4049Territory409The concept of territory in international law409Territorial sovereignty411New states and title to territory414The acquisition of additional territory417Boundary treaties and boundary awards417Accretion419Cession420Conquest and the use of force422The exercise of effective control424Intertemporal law429 Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press0521824737 - International Law, Fifth EditionMalcolm N. ShawFrontmatterMore informationxiicontentsCritical date431Sovereign activities (effectivités)432The role of subsequent conduct: recognition, acquiescenceand estoppel436Conclusions441Territorial integrity, self-determination and sundry claims443The doctrine of uti possidetis446Beyond uti possidetis449International boundary rivers451The Falkland Islands452‘The common heritage of mankind’453The polar regions455Leases and servitudes45910Air law and space law463Air law463Theories463The structure465The Warsaw Convention system469Unauthorised aerial intrusion and the downing of civilianairliners473The law of outer space479The definition and delimitation of outer space480The regime of outer space481Telecommunications48611The law of the sea490The territorial sea493Internal waters493Baselines495Bays499Islands501Archipelagic states502The width of the territorial sea505Delimitation of the territorial sea between states withopposite or adjacent coasts506The juridical nature of the territorial sea506The right of innocent passage507Jurisdiction over foreign ships511 Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press0521824737 - International Law, Fifth EditionMalcolm N. ShawFrontmatterMore informationcontentsxiiiInternational straits512The contiguous zone515The exclusive economic zone517The continental shelf521Definition523The rights and duties of the coastal state525Maritime delimitation527Landlocked states541The high seas542Jurisdiction on the high seas545Exceptions to the exclusivity of flag-state jurisdictionRight of visit548Piracy549The slave trade550Unauthorised broadcasting550Hot pursuit551Collisions552Treaty rights552Pollution553Straddling stocks556The international seabed560Introduction560The 1982 Law of the Sea Convention (Part XI)561The Reciprocating States Regime563The 1994 Agreement on Implementation of the SeabedProvisions of the Convention on the Law of the Sea565The International Seabed Authority566Settlement of disputes56812Jurisdiction572The principle of domestic jurisdiction574Legislative, executive and judicial jurisdictionCivil jurisdiction578Criminal jurisdiction579The territorial principle579The nationality principle584The passive personality principle589The protective principle591The universality principle592 Cambridge University Press548576www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press0521824737 - International Law, Fifth EditionMalcolm N. ShawFrontmatterMore informationxivcontentsPiracy593War crimes, crimes against peace and crimes againsthumanity594Treaties providing for jurisdiction597Illegal apprehension of suspects and the exercise ofjurisdiction604The US Alien Tort Claims Act607Extradition610Extraterritorial jurisdiction61113Immunities from jurisdiction621Sovereign immunity621The absolute immunity approach625The restrictive approach628Sovereign and non-sovereign acts631State immunity and violations of human rights638Commercial acts640Contracts of employment646Other non-immunity areas648The personality issue – instrumentalities and parts of thestate649The personality issue – immunity for government figures655Waiver of immunity659Pre-judgment attachment661Immunity from execution662The burden and standard of proof666Conclusion667Diplomatic law668The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961669The inviolability of the premises of the mission671The diplomatic bag676Diplomatic immunities – property679Diplomatic immunities – personal681Waiver of immunity687Consular privileges and immunities: the Vienna Conventionon Consular Relations, 1963688The Convention on Special Missions, 1969690 Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press0521824737 - International Law, Fifth EditionMalcolm N. ShawFrontmatterMore informationcontentsxvThe Vienna Convention on the Representation of States intheir Relations with International Organisations of aUniversal Character, 1975691The immunities of international organisations692Internationally protected persons69214State responsibility694The nature of state responsibility696The question of fault698Imputability700Ultra vires acts702State control and responsibility704Mob violence, insurrections and civil wars705Circumstances precluding wrongfulness707Invocation of state responsibility713The consequences of internationally wrongful acts714Cessation714Reparation715Serious breaches of peremptory norms (jus cogens)720Diplomatic protection and nationality of claims721The exhaustion of local remedies730The treatment of aliens733The relevant standard of treatment734The expropriation of foreign property737The property question740The nature of expropriation740Public purposes742Compensation743Bilateral investment treaties747Lump-sum agreements749Non-discrimination751The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency75115International environmental law753State responsibility and the environment760The basic duty of states760The appropriate standard762Damage caused765Liability for damage caused by private persons Cambridge University Press768www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press0521824737 - International Law, Fifth EditionMalcolm N. ShawFrontmatterMore informationxvicontentsPrevention of transboundary harm from hazardous activities768The problems of the state responsibility approach771International co-operation771Atmospheric pollution780Ozone depletion and global warming784Outer space790International watercourses791Ultra-hazardous activities795Nuclear activities796The provision of information798The provision of assistance799Nuclear safety801Civil liability801Hazardous wastes803Marine pollution806Pollution from ships80616The law of treaties810The making of treaties815Formalities815Consent816Consent by signature817Consent by exchange of instruments818Consent by ratification819Consent by accession820Reservations to treaties821Entry into force of treaties831The application of treaties832Third states834The amendment and modification of treaties837Treaty interpretation838Invalidity, termination and suspension of the operation oftreaties845General provisions845Invalidity of treaties846Municipal law846Error847Fraud and corruption848Coercion848 Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press0521824737 - International Law, Fifth EditionMalcolm N. ShawFrontmatterMore informationcontentsxviiJus cogens850Consequences of invalidity850The termination of treaties851Termination by treaty provision or consent851Material breach853Supervening impossibility of performance855Fundamental change of circumstances855Consequences of the termination or suspension of a treaty857Dispute settlement858Treaties between states and international organisations85817State succession861Continuity and succession865Succession to treaties871Categories of treaties: territorial, political and other treaties871Succession to treaties generally875Absorption and merger875Cession of territory from one state to another878Secession from an existing state to form a new state orstates878‘Newly independent states’881Dissolution of states884International human rights treaties885Succession with respect to matters other than treaties889Membership of international organisations889Succession to assets and debts890State property891State archives897Public debt900Private rights905State succession and nationality907Hong Kong91218The settlement of disputes by peaceful means914Diplomatic methods of dispute settlement918Negotiation918Good offices and mediation921Inquiry923 Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press0521824737 - International Law, Fifth EditionMalcolm N. ShawFrontmatterMore al institutions and dispute settlement928Regional organisations and the United Nations928The African Union (Organisation of African Unity)930The Organisation of American Statese934The Arab League935Europe936International organisations and facilities oflimited competence93819Inter-state courts and tribunals951Arbitration951Judicial settlement959The International Court of Justice959The organisation of the Court961The jurisdiction of the Court966General966The nature of a legal dispute969Contentious jurisdiction972Article 36(1)973Article 36(2)978Sources of law, propriety and legal interest983Evidence984Provisional measures987Counter-claims990Third-party n for interpretation of a judgment997Application for revision of a judgment997Examination of a situation after the judgment998Non-appearance999The advisory jurisdiction of the Court1000The role of the Court1004The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea1005Proliferation of courts and tribunals101120International law and the use of force by states1013Law and force from the ‘just war’ to the United Nations1013 Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press0521824737 - International Law, Fifth EditionMalcolm N. ShawFrontmatterMore informationcontentsxixThe UN Charter1017‘Force’1019‘Against the territorial integrity or political independence ofany state’1021Categories of force1022Retorsion1022Reprisals1023The right of self-defence1024The protection of nationals abroad1032Conclusions1034Collective self-defence1035Force and self-determination1036Intervention1039Civil Wars1040Aid to the authorities of a state1042Aid to rebels1043The situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo1044Humanitarian intervention1045Terrorism and international law104821International humanitarian law1054Development1054The scope of protection under the Geneva Conventions system1056The conduct of hostilities1063Armed conflicts: international and internal1068Non-international armed conflict1072Enforcement of humanitarian law1076Conclusion107922The United Nations1082The UN system1082The Security Council1084The General As

Fourth edition first published by Cambridge University Press 1997 Reprinted 1999, 2000, 2001 (twice), 2002 Fifth edition published by Cambridge University Press 2003 Reprinted 2003, 2004(twice) Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge TypefaceAdobe Minion 10.75/12.75 pt. System LATEX2ε [tb]

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