Peeps At Many Lands: Ancient Egypt
PEEPS ATMANY LANDSANCIENTEGYPTBYREV. JAMES BAIKIE,F.R.A.S,WITH SIXTEEN FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS,THOSE IN COLOUR BEING BYCONSTANCEN.BAIKIE
PLATE1AN EGYPTIAN GALLIY.
CONTENTSCHAPTERI.II.A LAND OF OLD RENOWNIA DAY6IN THEBESIII.A DAY IN THEBESIV.PHARAOH AT HOME17THE24V.LIFE OFII[continued)A SOLDIERCHILD-LIFE IN ANCIENT EGYPT33VII.SOME FAIRY-TALES OF LONG AGO41VIII.SOME FAIRY-TALES OF LONG AGOVI.IX.X.XI.XII.XIII.EXPLORING THE SOUDAN{continued)4754A VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY59EGYPTIAN BOOKS66.TEMPLES AND TOMBS72AN Egyptian's heaven82 74393
LISTOF ILLUSTRATIONSPLATB*I.AN EGYPTIAN GALLEY, I50OB.C.Frontispiece.FACING PAGE2.3.THE GODDESS ISIS DANDLING THE KINGTHE GREAT GATE OF THE TEMPLE OF LUXOR, WITH16OBELISK*4. RAMSES*5.II.INHISWAR - CHARIOTGUARDSMEN ON FOOTZAZAMANKH AND THE LOST CORONETSARDINIAN25.32.38. .GRANITE STATUE OF RAMSES II7, NAVE OF THE TEMPLE AT KARNAK"*8. "AND THE GOOSE STOOD UP AND CACKLED*9. AN EGYPTIAN COUNTRY HOUSE10. STATUES OF KING AMENHOTEP III.11. THE SPHINX AND THE SECOND PYRAMID*I2. A DESERT 8.51.5457THEBYDIVINE EYES14.964GATEWAY OF THE TEMPLE OF EDFUWALL- PICTURES IN A THEBAN TOMBPHARAOH ON HIS THRONE.Sketch-Map of Ancient Egypt* Theseeight ilhistrations are in colourwhite.vii . 73.On80the coveron page viiithe others are in black and
E LEPJf)v NtJ N E(Herkhufs To'?nb)""//vswANPHILAE (Granite Quarries)SKBTCH MAP OF ANCIENT EGYPT. h t
ANCIENT EGYPTCHAPTERI ;,\:::/.,."A LAND OF OLD RENOWN"Ifwe were askedtoname the mostinteresting countrymost people would sayisPalestineanything so very wonbecauseof all the greatbutderful in the land itself,things that have happened there, and above all becauseof its having been the home of our Lord. But afterForPalestine, I think that Egypt would come next.toPalestine by allone thing, it is linked very closelythose beautiful stories of the Old Testament, which tellus of Joseph, the slave-boy who became Viceroy ofEgypt of Moses, the Hebrew child who became aPrince of Pharaoh's household and of the wonderfulexodus of the Children of Israel.But besides that, it is a land which has a most strangeand wonderful story of its own. No other country hasso long a history of great Kings, and wise men, andbrave soldiers and in no other country can you seeanything to compare with the great buildings, some ofthem most beautiful, all of them most wonderful, ofwhich Egypt has so many. We have some old andinteresting buildings in this country, and people gofar to see cathedrals and castles that are perhaps five orin the world, I—suppose thatnot because there;;;A.E.B
Ancient Egypthundred yearseven morebut in Egypt,buildings of that age are looked upon as almost new,and nobody pays very much attention to them. Forthe great temples and tombs of Egypt were, many ofsixold, or;them, hundreds of years old before the story of ourBible, properly speaking, begins.The Pyramids, for instance, thoseare;still piles thatfar older thanhugethe wonder of the world, wereany. .buildtng' now standing in Europe, before JosephHundredsIsold- 16 be a slave inPotiphar's house. asyears before anyone had ever heardof the Greeks and the Romans, there were great Kingsupon hundreds ofreigning in Egypt, sending out their armies to conquerSyria and the Soudan, and their ships to explore theunknownsouthern seas, and wisebooks which we canstillread.men wereWhenwritingBritainwas aunknownisland, inhabited only by savages aswild,fierce and untaught as the South Sea Islanders, Egyptwas a great and highlycivilized country, full of greatnoblewithcities,palaces and temples, and its peoplewere wise and learned.book I want to tell you somethingwonderful and interesting old country, andabout the kind of life that people lived in it in thosedays of long ago, before most other lands had begunFirst ofto waken up, or to have any history at all.itself.It isidealandletustoanoftheall,trygeta very remarkable thing that so many of the countrieswhich have played a great part in the history of theSoaboutin this littlethisOur own Britain isworld have been small countries.not very big, though it has had a great story. Palestine,which has done more than any other country to makewhat it is to-day, was called " the least of allthe world2
"ALand of Old Renown"Greece, whose influence comes, perhaps, nextafter that of Palestine, is only a little hilly corner oflands."AndSouthern Europe.Egypt, too,iscomparativelya small land.Itlooks awhen you see it on the map butremember that nearly all the land whichfair size;you have tois calledEgypt on the map is barren sandy desert, orThewild rocky hill-country, where no one can live.real Egypt is ust a narrow strip of land on either sidejof the great River Nile, sometimes only a mile or twobroad altogether, never more than thirty miles broad,except near the mouth of the river, where it widens outSomeoneinto the fan-shaped plain called the Delta.has compared Egypt to a lily with a crooked stem, andThe long winding valleythe comparison is very true.of the Nile is the crooked stem of the lily, and theDelta at the Nile mouth, withsoil, isisalittlebud—itswide stretch offertilewhile, just below the flower, therea fertile valley called the Fayum.the flower;before even Egyptian history begins, there wasno bloom on the lily. The Nile, a far bigger riverthen than it is now, ran into the sea near Cairo, theLongof Egypt ; and the land was nothingbut the narrow valley of the river, bordered on eithermodernsidecapitalby desertthe Nile cuthills.itsBut gradually, century by century,way deeper downinto the land, leavingbanks of soil on either side between itself and the hills,and the mud which it brought down in its waters piledup at its mouth and pressed the sea back, till, at last, theDelta was formed, much as we see it now. This was longbut even afterbefore Egypt had any story of its ownhistory begins the Delta was still partly marshy land,not long reclaimed from the sea, and the real Egyptians;3
Ancient Egyptof the valley despised the peoplewholived there asmere marsh-dwellers. Even after the Delta was formed,the whole country was only about twice as large asWales, and, though there was a great number of peoplein it for its size, the population was only, at the most,about twice as great as that of London.An old Greek historian once said, * Egypt is theWe havegift of the Nile," and it is perfectly true.howthe great river made the country to beginwith, cutting out the narrow valley through the hills,and building up the flat plain of the Delta. But theseenNile has not onlyYou knowthatmadeEgyptthe country it keeps it alive.has always been one oi the most;Almost anything will growwonderfulthere,crops of corn andproducesofIt was the samecotton.vegetables, and, nowadays,in old days.When Rome was the capital of the world,fertilelands in the world.anditshe used to get most of the corn to feed her hungrythousands from Egypt by the famous Alexandriancorn-ships ; and you remember how, in the Bible story,Joseph's brethren came down from Palestine because,'*corn inthough there was famine there, there wasEgypt."AndyetEgyptisa landwhererainisalmostunknown. Sometimes there will come a heavy thundershower ; but for month after month, year in and yearout, there may be no rain at all.Howsecretiscan a rainless country grow anything ?the Nile.Every year, when the rainsThefall inthe great lake-basin of Central Africa, from which onebranch of the great river comes, and on the Abyssinianhills,where the other branchrises,the Nile comesdownAll the lower lands are covered, and a freshdeposit of Nile mud is left upon them ; and, thoughin flood.4
"ALand of Old Renown"the river does not rise to the higher grounds, the wateris led intobig canals, and these, again, are divided upthrough the whole land,as the blood circulates through your arteries and veins.This keeps the land fertile, and makes up for the lackintooflittleones,till itcirculatesrain.Apart from its wonderful river, the country itselfIt is rather a monohas no very striking features.tonous land a long ribbon of green running throughButa great waste of yellow desert and barren hills.tothe great charm that draws people's mindsEgypt,—and gives the old land a never-failing interest, is itsgreat story of the past, and all the relics of that storywhich are still to be seen.In no other land can you see the real people andthings of the days of long ago as you can seetheminEgypt. Think how we shouldprize an actual buildingconnectedwiththethat had beenstory of King Arthur,if such a thing could be found in our country, andwhat wonderful romance would belong to the weapons,the actual shields and helmets, swords and lances, ofthe Knights of the Round Table, Lancelot andTristram and Galahad if only we could find them.—OutEgypt you can see buildings comparedwith which King Arthur's Camelot would be only aand you can look, not only onthing of yesterdaythere in;the weapons,but on the actual faces and forms ofwhoand fought bravelyfor their country, hundreds of years before Saul andJonathan and David began to fight the battles of Israel.great Kings and soldierslived,Youcan see the pictures of how people lived in thosefar-away days, how their houses were built, how theytraded and toiled,howthey amused themselves,5how
Ancient Egyptthey behaved in time of sorrow, how they worshippedGod all set down by themselves at the very time—these things.You can evenwhichtheusedto play, andchildrengamesthe queer old-fashioned toys and dolls that they playedwith, and you can read the stories which their mothersand their nurses used to tell them.These are the things which make this old land ofEgypt so interesting to us all to-day and I want totry to tell you about some of them, so that you maybe able to have in your mind's eye a real picture of thelife of thoselong past days.when they were doingsee theat;CHAPTERIIA DAY IN THEBESIf any foreigner were wanting to get an idea of ourcountry, and to see how our people live, I suppose thefirstplace that he would go to would be London, beit is thecapital of the whole country, and itscauseand so, if we want to learn somethingabout Egypt, and how people lived there in those faroff days, we must try to get to the capital of thecountry, and see what is to be seen there.Suppose, then, that we are no longer living ingreatest city;the twentieth century, but that somehowinto the past, farthe days of Jesus Christ, beyond even theBritain inor otherbeyondwe have got away back6
ADayinThebestimes of Moses, and are living about 1,300 yearsbefore Christ.have come from Tyre in a Phoe-Wenician galley, laden with costly bales of cloth dyed withTyrian purple, and beautiful vessels wrought in bronzeand copper, tosellinthe marketsof Thebes, theWe have coasted along pastCarmel and Joppa, and, after narrowly escaping beingdriven in a storm on the dangerous quicksand calledthe Syrtis, we have entered one of the mouths of theNile.We have taken up an Egyptian pilot at theriver mouth, and he stands on a little platform at thebow of the galley, and shouts his directions to thesteersmen, who work the two big rudders, one oneither side of the ship's stern.The north wind isandusswiftly upstream, inblowing stronglydrivingcurrentoftheso our wearyspite of thegreat riveroarsmen have shipped their oars, and we drive steadilysouthwards under our one big swelling sail.greatest city in Egypt.;Atwealong through a broad flat plain,partly cultivated, and partly covered with marsh andmarshfirstsailBy-and-by the green plain begins towe are coming to the end of theDelta, and entering upon the real valley of Egypt.Soon we pass a great city, its temples standing outplants.grow narrowerclear;against the deep bluesky, with their toweringtallflagstaves in frontfloating fromgateways, gay flagsof them, and great obelisks pointing to the sky andour pilot says that this is Memphis, one of the oldest;towns in the country, and for long its capital. Not farfrom Memphis, three great pyramid-shaped masses ofstone rise up on the river-bank, looking almost likemountains ; and the pilot tells us that these are the tombsof some of the great Kings of long past days, and that7
Ancient Egyptaround them lie smaller pyramids and other tombsof Kings and great men.But we are bound for a city greater even thanMemphis, and so we never stop, but hasten alwaysSeveral days of steady sailing carry ussouthward.past many towns that cluster near the river, past oneruined city, falHng into mere heaps of stone and brick,which our pilot tells us was once the capital of awicked King who tried to cast down all the old godsof Egypt, and to set up a new god of his own ; and atlast we see, far ahead of us, a huge cluster of buildingson both sides of the river, which marks a city greaterthan we have ever seen.allAs we sweep upreallytwocities.wethe riverOnthe east banksee that there areliesthe city of thestrong walls and towers, its enormousan endless crowd of houses of all sortsliving, withitstemples, andfrom the gay palaces of the nobles to themud huts of the poor people. On the west bank liesthe city of the dead. It has neither streets nor palaces,and no hum of busy life goes up from it ; but it isandsizes,almost moreriver.Thestrikinghillsandthancliffsneighbour across thehoneycombed with longitsarerows of black openings, the doorways of the tombswhere the dead of Thebes for centuries back are sleepOut on the plain, between the cliffs and theing.temple in seemingly endlessSome of these temples are small andsuccession.but some are very great and splendidruined,partlyastheand,sunlight strikes upon them, it sends backflashes of gold and crimson and blue that dazzle the eyes.river,templerises after;But now our galleyon the east side of theisdrawing in towards the quayand in a few minutes theriver,8
Plate 2JTHE GODDESSISISDANDLING THE KING.PagCiS
AinDayThebescomes thundering down, and, as the shipslowly up to the quay, the mooring-ropes arethrown and made fast, and our long voyage is at an end.The Egyptian Custom-house officers come on board toexamine the cargo, and collect the dues that have to bepaid on it and we watch them with interest, for theyare quite different in appearance from our own hook-greatsaildrifts;nosed, bearded sailors, with their thick many-colouredThese Egyptians are all clean shaven someof them wear wigs, and some have their hair cut straightacross their brows, while it falls thickly behind upontheir necks in a multitude of little curls, which mustcloaks.;have taken them no small trouble to get into order.Most wear nothing but a kilt of white linen but thechief officer has a fine white cloak thrown over his;his linen kilt is stiffly starched, so that it;stands out almost like a board where it folds overshouldersand he wearsa gilded girdle withfringed endstohisIn his rightknees.nearlyin front,which hang downhand he carries a longstick, which he is not slow tohis men when they do ter a good deal of hot argument, the amount ofis settled andpaid, and we are free to go uphave not gone far before weinto the great town.be quite exciting.inThebescanthatlifefindgreatthe tax.WeAheard from one of the narrow riverside streets,crowd of men comes rushing up with shouts andAhead of them runs a single figure, whoseoaths.writing-case, stuck in his girdle, marks him out as a scribe.He is almost at his last gasp, for he is stout and notand he is evidently fleeingaccustomed to runningbehind him rough, halfthemenhisforforlife,noiseandisa—;A.E.,9c --
Ancient Egyptcreaturesofthe—working class arecrieshimofanda good, deal ng, he darts up tothe gate of a handsome house whose garden-wall facesHe gasps out a word to the porter, and isthe street.naked,ill-fedThe gate is slammedquickly passed into the garden.and bolted in the faces of his pursuers, who form a ringroundIn ait,shouting and shaking their fists.while the gate is cautiously unbarred, andlittlea fine-looking man, very richly dressed, and followedby half a dozen well-armed negro guards, stepsforward, and asks the workmen why they are here, makingsuch a noise, andsecretary.Hethey have chased and beaten hisPrince Paser, who has charge of thewhyisWorks Department oftheworkmenareTheban Government, andthemasons employed oncemetery of Thebes.Theyalla large job in theshout at once in answerquestion; but by-and-by they pushforward a spokesman, and he begins, rather sheepishlyat first, but warming up as he goes along, to maketheir complaint to the great man.He and his mates, he says, have been working forweeks.They have had no wages ; they have not evenhad the corn and oil which ought to be issued as rationstothePrince'sGovernment workmen.So they have struck work,and now they have cometo their lord the Prince totoentreathimeither to give command that the rations bestores are exhausted, to appeal toissued, or, if his"Wehave been driven here by hunger and;clothes, we have no oil, we have noWrite to our lord the Pharaoh, that he mayfood.usgivesomething for our sustenance." When thespokesman has finished his complaint, the whole crowdlOPharaoh.thirstwe have no
ADayinThebesvolubly assents to what he hasfro in a very threateningand sways to andsaid,manner.Prince Paser, however, is an old hand at dealingwith such complaints. With a smiling face he promisesthat fifty sacks of corn shall be sent to the cemeteryimmediately, withoilmen must go backto correspond.to theirworkatOnly the workonce, and theremust be no more chasing of poor Secretary Amen-nachtu.The workmen grumbleOtherwise, he can do nothing.They have been putoff with promises before,ofBut they have nothem.goodleader bold enough to start a riot, and they haveno weapons, and the spears and bows of the Prince'sNubians look dangerous. Finally they turn, and disappear, grumbling, down the street from which theyalittle.and have gotlittlecame and Prince Paser, with;ashrug ofhis shoulders,goes indoors again. Whether the fifty sacks of cornare ever sent or not, is another matter.Strikes, yousee, were not unknown, even so long ago as this.CHAPTERIIIA DAY IN THEBES— ContinuedHavingseen the settlement of the masons' strike,wewander up into the heart of the town. The streets aregenerally narrow and winding, and here and there thehouses actually meet overhead, so that we pass out ofthe blinding sunlight into a sort of dark tunnel.IISomey
Ancient Egyptof the houses are large and high ; but even the largestmake no display towards the street. They will be fineinside, with bright courts surrounded with trees,in the midst of which lies a cool pond of water, andenoughwith fine rooms decorated with gay hangings ; but theirouter walls are almost absolutely blank, with nothingbut a heavy door breaking the deadsome quarters wherethereisline.Wepass bynothing but a crowd ofmudhuts, packed so closely together that there is onlyfor a single foot-passenger to thread his waythrough the narrow alleys between them. These areroomthe workmen's quarters, and the heat and smell in themare so overpowering that one wonders how people canlive in such places.—By-and-by we come out into a more open spaceone of the bazaars of the city where business is in full—The shops are little shallow booths quite openswing.to the front ; and all the goods are spread out roundthe shopkeeper, who squats cross-legged in the middleof his property, ready to serve his customers, and invitesthe attention of the passers-by by loud explanations ofAll sorts ofthe goodness and cheapness of his Hererepresentatives of nearly every nation known.are the townsfolk, men and women, out to buy suppliesfor their houses, or toexchange the news of the day ;peasants from the villages round about, bringing invegetables and cattle to barter for the goods which canonly be got in the town ; fine ladies and gentlemen,dressed elaborately in the latest Court fashion, w
peepsatmanylands ancient egypt by rev.jamesbaikie,f.r.a.s, withsixteenfull-pageillustrations, thoseincolourbeingby constancen.baikie
government issued no patents. For this Annual Report, the term . school lands. is used to describe lands obtained under the Act of 1853 and indemnity school lands acquired through the clear list application process . The State Lands Commission has jurisdiction over approximately 458,843 acres of fee-owned school lands. This estimate is based on .
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to return the lands to the Original Americans. The Lands of Turtle Island. The t Lands of The Ancient Ones. Table of Contents . Chapter 2 The Ancient Ones Paradise A Garden of Eden x Chapter 3 “Convert of Die” The Jesuit/Catholic Ultimatum x Chapter 4 A Little Matter of Genocide and Massacres x Chapter 5 Genocide by Plague x Chapter 6 .
the accepted concept in the USA. The Mongolian law differentiates “state owned lands” and “state property” from “public lands” and “public property”. The property and lands owned by state are subject of the State Great Hural’s (Parliament) jurisdiction whereas “public lands” are
in 1927 expanded the grant to include minerals (Ch. 57, 44 Stat. 1026). No federal patents to the State were required under the grant; title to the lands was vested in the State upon approval of the U.S. Township Survey Plats. Indemnity School Lands (also known as lieu lands) - When a Section 16 or
Lands End ACLR -- Final Draft 1 Table of Contents Introduction 2 Administrative Background to the ACLR 5 Part I. Overview of Prehistoric and Historic Backgrounds 8 Part II. Lands End Steam Train Operations, 1888 - 1905 15 Part III. Lands End Electric Streetcar Operations, 1905-1925 30 Part IV.
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