V1.6 Standard

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V1.6ficate of Proficiency Standard Syllabus and Examination.The Amateur Licence (amateur standard station) [the Standard Amateur Licence] may be obtained bypersons holding the AmateurStandard) [AOCP(S)].The Standard Amateur Licence is applicable for persons having an intermediate knowledge ofradiocommunications at the hobby level. The syllabus and related examination for the AOCP(S)correspondingly reflects the level of knowledge, skills and experience required to safely assemble aStandard Amateur station and to operate it safely without interference to other users and services.This syllabus assumes that persons contesting the AOCP(S) examination are also familiar with the(Foundation).SyllabusSectionAssessment Objectives1. Nature of Amateur RadioNature of Amateur Radio1.1Recall that Amateur radio is intended to facilitate hobbyradiocommunications.Types of licences1.2Recall that Amateur radio activities are authorised underan amateur licence. Other forms of licences authorisetypes of radiocommunications such as Citizens Band(CB), Land mobile, Point to Point Links and Broadcasting.Allocation of frequency bands1.3Recall that the Amateur Service operates on frequencybands allocated for Amateur use.Recall that the Amateur Service shares some frequencybands with other services.Recall that services such as the broadcasting,aeronautical and maritime services are allocatedfrequency bands appropriate to their purpose.2. Licence ConditionsLicence conditions2.1Recall that operation under an Amateur Licence is subjectto conditions in the Radiocommunications Act 1992, theRadiocommunications Regulations 1993, theRadiocommunications Licence Conditions (AmateurLicence) Determination No. 1 of 1997, the Radio LicenceConditions (Apparatus Licence) Determination 2003 andany printed on the licence.Purpose of the Amateur Service2.2Recall that an Amateur Licence primarily authorises theoperation of an Amateur station for self-training inradiocommunications, intercommunications betweenAmateurs and technical investigations intoradiocommunications.Communications by Amateurstations2.3Recall that, except in relation to a distress or emergencysituation, or where authorised by an Inspector, anAmateur Licence only authorises Amateur-to-Amateurcommunications.

Distress and Urgency signals2.4Recall that particular conditions apply to the transmissionof messages on behalf of a third party or messages toAmateurs in another country.2.5Recall that Emergency and Distress Communications aresignalled by the use of 'Mayday' and that thesecommunications have priority over all othercommunications.Recall that all persons hearing a Mayday call areresponsible for passing the information on to appropriateauthorities.Recall that some urgent situations not warranting the useof 'Mayday' are signalled by the use of 'PAN PAN'. Thesecalls should receive priority and should be reported to theappropriate authority.Station identification2.6Recall that correct station identification is required at thebeginning of a transmission, or series of transmissions,and at least every 10 minutes during a series oftransmissions. Recall that any transmission, even a testtransmission, must contain station identification.Amateur callsigns2.7Identify the categories of callsigns used in the AustralianAmateur Service. Identify callsign suffixes applicable toeach licence category, callsign prefixes and statedesignators.Secret messages2.8Recall that the transmission of secret coded or encryptedmessages is generally not permitted.Entertainment not permitted2.9Recall that the transmission of any form of entertainmentis not permitted.Amateur frequency bands andemissions2.10Recall that an Amateur Licence authorises operation oncertain frequency bands and the use of certain emissionmodes. Recall in what document the bands and modesare specified.Permitted power output2.11Recall the maximum transmitter output power permittedunder an Amateur Licence.Notification of change of address2.12Recall the requirement to notify the AustralianCommunications and Media Authority (ACMA) of anychange of address.Harmful interference2.13Recall that a licensee must not operate an Amateurstation if operation causes harmful interference to otherradio services.Authorised use of Amateurstations2.14Recall that an Amateur licensee may authorise a suitablyqualified person to operate the licensees Amateur station.Recall that a person authorised by an Amateur licensee tooperate the licensees Amateur station may only operatethe station within the limits of the licence regardless ofwhether the person holds higher qualifications.Recall that a person without Amateur qualifications maycommunicate via an Amateur Station provided the stationis under the full control of a qualified operator at all times.Inspection of Amateur licences2.15Recall that Inspectors have the right to require anAmateur to produce his/her licence.

Restriction of operation to avoidinterference2.16Recall that ACMA, in order to avoid interference, has theright to restrict the operation of an Amateur station.Recall that, in order to avoid interference, an Inspectormay give directions to a licensee about the installation,maintenance and operation of an Amateur station.Use of the Licence ConditionDeterminations2.17Recall specific licence conditions from theRadiocommunications Licence Conditions Determinationsapplicable to the Amateur Licence.3. Mathematics3.1Understand addition, subtraction, multiplication anddivision.Understand fractions, percentage, and decimal notation.Recall units and sub-units; (mega, kilo, UNIT, micro, andpico).Understand how to calculate using simple formulae.4. Technical BasicsMains power4.1Recall the voltage and frequency of the mains supplyused in Australia.Recall the voltages and relationship between the singlephase Active, Neutral and Earth.Recall the colour code of mains wiring.Understand the reason for the Earth connection (ifprovided) on mains operated equipment.Recall the purpose of a fuse and switch in the Active leadof mains operated equipment.Mains power supplies4.24.3Voltage and current4.4Recall the different types of rectifier and smoothingcircuits (i.e. half wave, full wave and bridge).Understand the need for rectifier diodes to have asufficient peak inverse voltage (PIV) rating.Understand the meaning of voltage, electrical pressure,electromotive force and potential difference.Understand the meaning of electrical current.Resistance4.5Understand the meaning of electrical resistance.Calculate the total value of resistors used in series,parallel and series-parallel combinations.Note: Calculations will only involve resistors of the samevalue.4.64.7Power in DC circuits4.8Capacitance4.9Identify the value of a resistor using the resistor colourcode.Understand the relationship between voltage, current andresistance.Understand how to calculate the power in a DC circuitusing current and voltage, current and resistance orvoltage and resistance.Recall that the unit of capacitance is the Farad.

Recall that capacitor consists of two conducting surfacesseparated by and insulator.Recall that the capacitance of a capacitor is influenced bythe area and separation of the plates and the type of theinsulator between the plates.4.10Understand that capacitors have a breakdown voltageand that they need to be used within that voltage.Recall that some capacitors are polarised and must becorrectly connected.4.114.12Recall the dangers of stored charges on large or highvoltage capacitors.Understand and apply the formulae for calculating thecombined values of capacitors in series, parallel andseries-parallel combinations.Note: Calculations will only involve capacitors of the samevalue.Inductance4.13Recall that the unit of inductance is the Henry.Recall that an inductor is normally a coil formed by anumber of turns of wire.Recall that an inductor is able to store energy in itsmagnetic field. The ability of an inductor to store and usethat stored energy is known as inductance.4.144.15Recall that the inductance of a coil increases withincreasing number of turns, increasing coil diameter anddecreasing spacing between turns.Understand and apply the formulae for calculating thecombined values of inductors in series, parallel andseries-parallel combinations.Note: Calculations will only involve inductors of the samevalue.AC circuits4.16Understand that the root mean square (RMS) value of asine wave has the same heating effect as a direct currentvalue.4.174.18Impedance and reactanceRecall that the period (time) of a sine wave is equal to 1/fseconds and that the frequency of a sine wave is equal to1/T (where f frequency in Hertz and T time inseconds).Understand that AC waveforms are expressed in degreesand that a complete cycle is equal to 360 degrees.4.19to current flow in a purely inductive or capacitive circuit.4.20Tuned circuits4.21Recall that impedance is the total opposition to currentflow in an AC circuit.Recall that at resonance XL XC and that the impedanceis resistive.

4.224.23Transformers4.24Recall that the Q factor is an indicator of the amount oflosses in a tuned circuit.Recall the impedance of series and parallel tuned circuitsat resonance.Recall that a transformer usually consists of two or morecoils of wire which are mutually coupled by a commonmagnetic field. A transformer may have a core material toincrease the mutual coupling of the magnetic field.Recall Faradexists between a conductor and a magnetic field a voltage4.254.26Solid state devices4.274.284.294.304.31Recall the relationship between the voltage ratio and turnsratio and current ratio of a transformer.Recall the cause and effects of eddy currents and theneed for laminations (or ferrites) in transformers.Recall the forward voltage drop across typicalsemiconductor diodes.Recall that a Zener diode can be used as a voltageregulator.Recall that the varactor (varicap) diode behaves as avoltage variable capacitor.Identify the symbols of NPN and PNP transistors and theField Effect Transistor (FET).Recall the basic external operational characteristics ofNPN and PNP transistors and field effect transistors(FETs ).Identify NPN or PNP transistors or a field effect transistorused in a common-emitter or common-sourceconfiguration.Candidates are not required to have knowledge of theinternal workings of a transistor. Questions abouttransistor circuits will be simple and limited to commonemitter or common source configurations.Block diagrams ofsimple transmitters5.1Identify the stages of a simple amplitude modulation (AM),single sideband (SSB) transmitter.Identify the stages of a simple frequency modulation (FM)transmitter.The questions may involve a power supply, audio inputstage, carrier oscillator, variable frequency oscillator(VFO), mixer (frequency converter), frequency multipliers,modulators, output amplifiers and output filters.Mixers5.2Understand that mixers can be used to convert a signal onone frequency to another frequency.Understand that the mixing process also producesunwanted frequencies that must (usually) be filtered out.

Modulation5.3Recall the meaning of the term peak deviation as itapplies to frequency modulation.Recall the meaning of depth of modulation as it applies toamplitude modulation.5.4Understand the basic principles of AM single sideband(SSB), AM double sideband (DSB) and FM modulators.Recall the relationship between the modulating audio andAM and FM output signals.Recall the advantages and disadvantages of AM (SSB)and FM signals.5.5Recall that Morse code, Radio Teletype (RTTY),Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK)and Packet radio are types of digital transmissions.Recall that the bandwidth of a data transmission isdependent on the data transfer rate and the modulationtype.Amplifiers5.6Understand the need for linear amplification and recallwhich forms of modulation require a linear amplifier.Determine the efficiency of an amplifier given the DC inputpower and the RF output power.5.75.8Understand the implications of the different types ofmodulation on the rated output power of a power amplifier(PA).Recall the basic function of automatic level control (ALC)in a transmitter.Recall the function and use of a manual radio frequency(RF) power control.Transmission quality5.95.10Recall the effects of frequency drift and the importance ofits minimisation.Recall that transmitters may radiate unwanted emissionssuch as harmonics and other spurious signalsRecall the use of low and band pass filters in minimisingthe radiation of unwanted emissions5.115.12Receiver parameters andterminologyUnderstand that over modulation causes harmonics andother spurious emissions.5.135.145.15Simple block diagrams of aReceiver5.16Identify the stages of a superheterodyne receiver and thebasic functions of each stage.The questions may involve a power supply, audio outputstage, variable frequency oscillator (VFO), other

oscillators, mixer (frequency converter), frequencymultipliers, demodulators, amplifiers and filters.Frequency converters5.17IF amplifier5.185.19Automatic Gain ControlTransceivers5.20Recall that the combined function of a mixer and a localoscillator is as a frequency converter.Recall the basic important characteristics of intermediatefrequency (IF) amplifiers.Recall that crystal and ceramic filters can be used toimprove IF selectivity.Understand the purpose of an automatic gain control(AGC).5.21share oscillators and IF amplifier stages.Recall the function and use of the receiver incrementaltune (RIT) control.6. Transmission lines and AntennasTransmission line basics6.1Understand that the velocity factor of a transmission line isthe ratio of the velocity of radio waves in the transmissionline to that in free space and that the velocity factor isalways less than unity (1).Recall that transmission line loss increases withincreasing frequency.Recall that low loss transmission lines are particularlyimportant at VHF and higher frequencies.Baluns6.2Understand that, when feeding a balanced antenna withunbalanced transmission line (coaxial cable), it ispreferred practice to use a balun to prevent feedlineradiation.Recall that feedline radiation increases the possibility ofinterference to nearby electronic devices.Standing waves6.3Understand that standing waves are caused by theinteraction of forward and reflected waves on atransmission line.Understand that standing waves occur when there is amismatch between the transmission line impedance andthe load (antenna) impedance.6.4Recall that the standing wave ratio (SWR) is a measure ofthe ratio of forward and reflected waves on a transmissionline.Understand that SWR can be determined by forward andreflected voltage, current or power.6.5Understand that standing waves may increasetransmission line loss.Recall that an SWR of 1.5:1 or less is acceptable.Antenna Matching Units(ATU)6.6Understand that an ATU (also known as an antennareactive components of the antenna system feed-pointimpedance (before or after the transmission line) and can

transform antenna system impedances to an acceptableresistive value.Understand that if the ATU is located at the transmitter, itwill have no effect on the actual SWR on the transmissionline between the ATU and antenna.Antennas6.76.8Identification of commonantennas6.106.11Recall the relationship between the physical length of theantenna and the frequency of operation.Recall that a low angle of vertical radiation is desirable forlong distance communications.Identify a half-wave dipole, folded dipole, 1/4 wave groundplane, Yagi, and end-fed wire antenna.Recall the current and voltage distribution on the dipoleRecall the feedpoint impedances of half-wave dipoles,folded dipoles and quarter wave ground plane antennas.Radiated Power6.12Understand that the effective radiated power (ERP) of atransmission system is determined by the transmitterpower and gains and losses in the antenna system.Calculate ERP for typical transmission systems.7. PropagationElectromagnetic radiation7.1Understand the relationship between wavelength andfrequency.Recall that the unit of frequency of an electromagneticwave is the Hertz.Recall that the velocity of electro-magnetic radiation is 300million metres per second.Recall that an electro-magnetic wave has electric andmagnetic fields, at right angles to each other and at rightangles to the direction of travel.Recall that the direction of the electric field relative to thesurface of the Earth determines the polarisation of thesignal.Recall that transmit and receive antennas should have thesame polarisation.7.2Ionosphere7.3Recall that under free space conditions electro-magneticwaves travel in straight lines and spread out.Understand that the ionosphere comprises layers ofionised gasses and that the ionisation is caused primarilyby solar emissions including ultra-violet radiation andcharged solar particles.Recall the ionospheric layers (D, E, F1 and F2) andrelative heights to each other.

Recall that the cycles of the Sun influence HFradiocommunications.7.4Recall that the F2 layer provides the furthest refractionsfor HF signals (about 4000km)and that the F1 and F2 layers combine at night.Recall that multiple refractions (hops) permit world-widepropagation.7.57.6Recall that fading effects the strength of the receivedsignal.Recall that the highest frequency that will be refractedRecall that the optimum working frequency (OWF) is 15%lower than the MUF.7.77.8Recall that the D layer absorbs the lower radiofrequencies during daylight hours and that it disappears atnight.Recall that seasonal changes affect the ionosphere andthe suitability of different frequency bands for ionosphericcommunications.8. Interference and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)Interference - Points of entry intoelectronic equipment8.1Understand that amateur transmissions may entertelevision and radio receivers through the radiofrequencyor intermediate frequency stages.Recall that amateur transmissions can enter audio stagesvia long speaker leads or other interconnections.Understand that television receivers and most broadcastradio receivers employ superheterodyne circuits.Recall that frequencies used in television receiversinclude 50 225 and 470 - 854 MHz(RF), 33-40 MHz (IF) and 0-5 MHz (video baseband).Recall that frequencies used in broadcast radio receiversinclude 525 1606 kHz and88 -108 MHz (RF) and, typically, 455 kHz and 10.7 MHz(IF).8.28.3Filters8.4Understand that mast-head amplifiers and distributionamplifiers used for television reception are generally wideband devices and are easily overloaded by strong signals.Understand the non-linearity of an overloaded audioamplifier can demodulate RF signals.Identify the response curves of low pass, high pass, bandpass and band stop (notch) filters.

8.58.6Understand the use if high pass, low pass, bandpass andbandstop (notch) filters in providing interference immunityto affected electronic devices.Recall typical uses for low pass, high pass, band pass andband stop filters.Understand the use of ferrite beads or toroids in filtering.EMC8.7Recall that reducing field strength to the minimumrequired for effective communication is good radiopractice.8.8Recall that balanced antenna systems tend to causefewer electro magnetic compatibility (EMC) problems thanunbalanced antennas.Recall that the transmission line (balanced or unbalanced)should leave the antenna at right-angles to minimise EMCproblems.8.9Understand that EMC problems in motor vehicles caninterfere with the operation of computerised enginemanagement and other electronic systems.Recall suitable precautions to minimise EMC problems invehicles.8.10Recall that EMC problems have the potential for causingneighbourhood disputes. Understand the need fordiplomacy, the sources of advice available and the role ofthe ACMA.9. Operating Practices and Procedures.Equipment practicesAuthorised frequencies9.19.2and emissionsDemonstrate connecting a transmitter/receiver safely to apower supply, microp

Recall the basic function of automatic level control (ALC) in a transmitter. Recall the function and use of a manual radio frequency (RF) power control. Transmission quality 5.9 Recall the effects of frequency drift and the importance of its minimisation. 5.10 Recall that transmitters may radiate unwanted emissions

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