Agricultural Biotechnology, Poverty Reduction, And Food .
AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY,GRICULTURALPOVERTY REDUCTION,VERTYANDFOOD SECURITYA Working PaperMay 2001
Asian Development Bank 2001All rights reserved.This publication was prepared under the Asian Development Bank’s regionalTechnical Assistance 5918: Study on Potential Use of Biotechnology in ReducingPoverty and Achieving Food Security in Asia. The views expressed in this bookare those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policiesof the Asian Development Bank, or its Board of Directors or the governmentsthey represent.Asian Development does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included inthis publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequences for theiruse.ISBN: 971-561-362-4Published and printed by the Asian Development BankP.O. Box 789, 0980 Manila, Philippines
ive SummaryI viiixxixvINTRODUCTION 1 A. Past Successes in Reducing Poverty ThroughAgricultural ScienceB. Present ProblemsC. Future ChallengesD. Rationale for ADB’s Involvement in BiotechnologyE. ADB’s Poverty Reduction StrategyF. Key QuestionsII A.B.C.D.III 9 Promethean ScienceDefinition, History, and Scope of BiotechnologyEconomic Concentration in Agricultural BiotechnologyApplications of Biotechnology IV A. Public Perception of RisksB. Potential Risks of BiotechnologyC. Risk Management 192123RISKS ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 19 A. Selected Country ExperiencesB. Regional and International ProgramsC. Activities of Funding Agencies 9101215PRESENT STATUS OF AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGYIN ASIA 123567SCIENTIFIC CONTEXT 33 333441
ivAgricultural Biotechnology, Poverty Reduction and Food SecurityD. International and Donor Support for BiosafetyCapacity Building in AsiaE. Genetically Modified Organisms: Food andEnvironmental IssuesF. Future PerspectiveV 474849USING BIOTECHNOLOGY TO ADDRESS POVERTYREDUCTION AND FOOD SECURITY PROBLEMS IN ASIA 51 A. Linkage Between Biotechnology and Poverty Reductionand Food SecurityB. Why Invest in Agricultural Biotechnology?C. Applying Biotechnology in Resource Poor AreasD. Applicability of Biotechnology to SpecificAgricultural ObjectivesE. Benefits from Agricultural BiotechnologyF. Weighing Risks and Benefits of BiotechnologyVI A.B.C.D.E.F.VII 63 Policy and Priority SettingPriorities for Research and DevelopmentIntellectual Property ManagementPublic-Private Sector PartnershipBiosafetyFostering Better Public Awareness 5860 636466697173CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 51525355ISSUES AND OPTIONS 75 A. ConclusionsB. Recommendations 7576APPENDIXES 12345 Techniques of Biotechnology83Applications of Biotechnology To Agriculture87Agricultural Biotechnology in the People’s Republic of China 99Agricultural Biotechnology in India109Agricultural Biotechnology in Indonesia117
Contents67891011Agricultural Biotechnology in MalaysiaAgricultural Biotechnology in PakistanAgricultural Biotechnology in the PhilippinesAgricultural Biotechnology in ThailandAgricultural Biotechnology in Viet NamBiotechnology Activities of the CGIAR Centers Relevantto AsiaIntellectual Property RightsIncreased Public-Private Sector Collaboration1213v125135143151165169177187Glossary of TermsReferences195199TABLES 2.1 The Evolution of the Science of Genetics,Leading to Modern BiotechnologySummary of Applications of Modern Biotechnologyto AgricultureStatus of Agricultural Biotechnology in Some AsianCountries, 2000Summary of ADB-Funded Projects in BiotechnologySummary of Perceived and Genuine Risks of GeneticallyEngineered Foods and CropsStatus of Biosafety in Selected Asian CountriesCharacteristics of the Green Revolution and theBiorevolutionPotential Benefits from Plant Genetic Engineering2.23.13.24.14.25.15.2 1316242635465459FIGURES 2.14.1 Gradient of BiotechnologiesProcedures for Release/Commercialization 1142BOXES 3.13.25.3 Asian Rice Biotechnology NetworkAsian Maize Biotechnology NetworkThe Success Story of Shrimp Biotechnology in Thailand 282957
FOREWORDFOREWORDRecent breakthroughs in biotechnology have led to rapid progress inunderstanding the genetic basis of living organisms, and the ability todevelop products and processes useful to human and animal health, foodand agriculture, and industry. In agriculture, there is increasing use ofbiotechnology for genetic mapping and marker-assisted selection to aidmore precise and rapid development of new strains of improved cropsand livestock. Other biotechnology applications such as tissue culture andmicropropagation are being used for the rapid multiplication of diseasefree planting materials. New diagnostics and vaccines are being widelyadopted for the diagnosis, prevention, and control of animal and fishdiseases. Many of these developments have taken place mainly in theUnited States and other developed countries. But in recent years severaldeveloping countries in Asia including People’s Republic of China, India,Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, and Viet Nam have begun toinvest heavily in biotechnology.Biotechnology has given us a new tool to improve food security andreduce poverty. This development is encouraging since the Green Revolution technologies, which have doubled food production and reducedpoverty during the past three decades, have already run their course inmuch of Asia. Conventional breeding, widely used during the GreenRevolution era, no longer provides needed breakthroughs in yield potentials,nor the solution to the complex problems of pests, diseases, and droughtstress. That is particularly true in the rainfed areas where the poor areconcentrated. The challenge is how to use new developments in biotechnology together with information technology and new ways of managingknowledge to make the complex agricultural systems of Asia more productive and sustainable.The development of agricultural biotechnology is perceived by someas posing considerable risks to human health and the environment. Mostof the debate on biotechnology has been focused on genetically modifiedorganisms (GMOs). The public debate surrounding GMOs has heightenedconcerns that genetic engineering may in the long run be harmful tohuman health and the environment unless effective regulatory frameworks are implemented. Indeed, the public and private sectors must
viiiAgricultural Biotechnology, Poverty Reduction and Food Securitymanage the introduction and use of biotechnology to maximize benefitsand minimize risks.Given these developments, the Asian Development Bank (ADB),together with the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research and the Australian Agency for International Development, undertook a study to examine the opportunities and risks of using biotechnology in reducing poverty and achieving food security in Asia. The study isdesigned to provide the latest information on the effective and safe use ofbiotechnology for the benefit of Asian farmers. As a premier developmentinstitution, ADB is responsible for assisting its developing member countries (DMCs) to deal with potential risks of biotechnology and providinginformation on various issues biotechnology relating.The team effort used ADB staff, international experts, and an external review panel under the guidance of the Directors, Agriculture andSocial Sectors Departments for Regions East and West. A working groupmade up of ADB staff reviewed the work of the international experts. Apanel of external experts from international organizations was constituted to review and comment on the approach, methods, and results ofthe study.The results and recommendations of the study were presented forcomment at an international workshop held 15-17 January 2001 in Manila. Some 60 persons attended, including senior government officialsand representatives of international agencies, nongovernment organizations, private sector companies, and funding agencies. The revised reportis being published by ADB as a Working Paper to provide a basis for futurediscussion between ADB and its DMCs on how to use biotechnologysafely and effectively to reduce poverty and increase food production inAsia. These findings and recommendations should prove useful to allconcerned with improving the economic and social conditions of ruralpopulations in Asia.NIHAL AMERASINGHEDirectorAgriculture and Social SectorsDept. (East)AKIRA SEKIDirectorAgriculture and Social SectorsDept. (West)
ForewordixACKNOWLEDGMENTSACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe Working Paper on Agricultural Biotechnology, Poverty Reduction,and Food Security has been prepared by Dr. Dimyati Nangju (LeadAgronomist) in AWD on the basis of a consultants’ draft final report. Theconsultant team, Dr. Gabrielle Persley, team leader, and Ms. CarlieneBrenner, prepared the report during August 2000-January 2001. Theircontribution toward the preparation of the draft final report is gratefullyacknowledged. Special thanks go to Dr. John Skerritt, Deputy Director ofthe Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, who provided advice and guidance to the consultants in the preparation of thedraft final report.Special thanks go to the panel of external advisers who reviewedthe draft final report and provided incisive comments. The panel wascomposed of Dr. Joel I. Cohen, International Service for National Agricultural Research; Dr. William G. Padolina, International Rice Research Institute; Dr. Peter Kearns, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; Dr. Andre de Kathen, BioTech Consult; and Dr. Carl E. Pray,Rutgers University. The senior ADB staff, in particular, Muhammad E.Tusneem, Deputy Director, AWD, and Hans Springer, Deputy Director,AED, provided operational insights underpinning the poverty reductionand food security aspects of the study.A working group of ADB professional staff was also constituted toreview and comment on the inception, progress, and final reports. Specialthanks are due to all the members of the working group: Mandar Jayawant,A. T. Perez, Peter King, Henry Tucker, Pratima Dayal, Y.L. Yee, Chi-NangWong, Eunkyung Kwon, and K. Kannan.The publication would not have been completed without the strongsupport and assistance given by participants in the International Workshop held 15-17 January 2001 at ADB, Manila. Their expert advice andcountry-specific experiences were valuable in making the study morerelevant to the needs of DMCs.
xAgricultural Biotechnology, Poverty Reduction and Food SecurityCarina Arciaga, Joan Bonza and Ma. Virginita Capulong assisted inthe typing, proofreading, and layout of the report. In addition, we wouldlike to acknowledge other ADB officials who took time to review thereport. We appreciate their valuable comments. The assistance of WilliamH. Smith in editing the manuscript is gratefully acknowledged.
ocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidaseAgency for Agricultural Research and DevelopmentAustralian Centre for International Agricultural ResearchAsian Development Bankamplied fragment length polymorphismAgriculture, Fisheries Modernization ActAsian Maize Biotechnology NetworkAsia-Pacific Economic CooperationAsian Rice Biotechnology NetworkAssociation of Southeast Asian NationsAustralian Agency for International DevelopmentAgency for Technology Assessment and Application(Jakarta)Biotechnology Cooperative Centerblue green algaeOECD’s BioTrack Online and UNIDO’s BINASNational Center for Genetic Engineering andBiotechnology (Thailand)National Institute of Molecular Biology andBiotechnology (Philippines)bacillus thuringiensisbacterial wiltcommercial cane sugarcomplementary DNACentre of Excellence in Molecular BiologyCommon effective preferential tariffConsultative Group on International AgriculturalResearchCentro International de Agricultural Tropical(International Center for Tropical Agriculture)Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo(International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center)Centro Internacional de la Papa (International PotatoCenter)cucumber mosaic virus
xiiAgricultural Biotechnology, Poverty Reduction and Food RISATICSRGIFPRIILRIIMBNIPIPGRIIPMIPP– Coconut Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo(International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center)– Council of Scientific and Industrial Research– Department of Biotechnology (India)– developing member country– deoxyribonucleic acid– Department of Agriculture– Department of Science and Technology (India)– executing agency– infectious boval disease– Food and Agriculture Organization– General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade– genetically engineered– Global Environment Fund– genetically improved organisms– genetically modified– Genetic Modification Advisory Committee– genetically modified organism– hectare– human resource development– high throughput analysis– high-yielding variety– International Atomic Energy Agency– International Agricultural Research Center– ISNAR Biotechnology Service– Indian Council of Agricultural Research– International Center for Living Aquatic ResourcesManagement– Indian Council of Medical Research– International Crops Research Institute for theSemi-Arid Tropics– International Collaboration for Sequencing theRice Genome– International Food Policy Research Institute– International Livestock Research Institute– International Molecular Biology Network– intellectual property– International Plant Genetic Resource Institute– integrated pest management– intellectual property protection
�–xiiiintellectual property rightIntensification of Research in Priority AreasInternational Rice Research InstituteInternational Service for the Acquisition ofAgri-biotech ApplicationsInternational Service for National Agricultural ResearchR&D Center for Biotechnology in Bogorliving modified organismmarker-assisted selectionMinistry of Food, Agriculture and LivestockMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyMinistry of FinanceMinistry of Science and TechnologyMinistry of Science, Technology and the Environment(Malaysia)materials transfer agreementThird National Agricultural PolicyNational Agricultural Research Centernational agricultural research systemNational Biosafety CommitteeNational Biotechnology Directorate (Malaysia)nongovernment organizationNuclear Institute for Agriculture and BiologyNational Institute for Biotechnology and GeneticEngineeringNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Science Foundationnuclear polyhedrosis virusOverseas Development AdministrationOrganisation for Economic Co-operation andDevelopmentPakistan Atomic Energy Commissionplant breeders’ rightpolymerase chain reactionPeople’s Republic of Chinapapaya ringspot virusplant variety protectionquantitative trait locirandomly amplified polymorphic DNANational Research, Development and Extension
xivAgricultural Biotechnology, Poverty Reduction and Food ��––––research and developmentrecombinant DNAregional technical assistanceRockefeller Foundationrestriction fragment length polymorphismMalaysian ringgitribonucleic acidsingle nucleotide polymorphismssimple sequence repeatssequence-tagged sitestonThailand Tapioca Development InstituteAgreement on Trade-Related Aspects of IntellectualPropertyUnited KingdomUnited Nations Conference on Environment andDevelopmentUnited Nations Development ProgrammeUnited Nations Environmental ProgrammeUnited Nations Children’s FundUnited Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUniversity of the PhilippinesUniversity of the Philippines in Los BañosUnion pour la Protection des Obtentions Végétales(International Convention for the Protection of PlantVarieties)United StatesUnited States of AmericaUnited States Agency for International DevelopmentUnited States Department of AgricultureWorld Health OrganizationWorld Intellectual Property Organizationwhite spot syndromewhite spot syndrome virusWorld Trade Organizationyellow head diseaseNOTEIn this report, “ ” refers to US dollars.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYSUMMARYIn October 1999, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) approved a strategyto reduce poverty through pro-poor, sustainable economic growth,social development, and good governance. Given the advances in biotechnology during the last decade, the importance of managing the Biotechnology Revolution in agriculture emerged as one of the principalchallenges facing Asia in the future. In late 2000, ADB, in cooperation withthe Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) and theAustralian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) undertook a study on agricultural biotechnology in Asia. The objectives were to:(i) examine the risks and benefits of biotechnology in relation to humanhealth, the environment, and agriculture; (ii) identify measures to minimize adverse impacts; (iii) explore the use of biotechnology to reducepoverty and achieve food security in Asia; and (iv) develop policies andstrategies for ADB to support biotechnology in developing countries inAsia. The results of the study are reflected in this Working Paper.A.Past Success in Reducing Poverty andImproving Food SecurityAbout 900 million people or 75 percent of the world’s poor live inAsia. They live on less than 1 a day. About 536 million of them, including160 million children, are undernourished. These families lack access notonly to sufficient money to buy food and other essentials, but also accessto adequate schooling, housing, and medical care. For those in ruralareas, the environments in which they live are often short of water, fuel,and firewood. Fertile land and water for farming are increasingly scarce.For the poor people in cities, lack of money is the major constraint toobtaining nutritious food.Although the absolute numbers of people living in poverty in Asiatoday are unacceptable, the situation could be much worse. In 1970, 60percent of all Asians lived in poverty; today that figure has been cut to 30percent. Also, countries such as Bangladesh, the People’s Republic ofChina (PRC), and India have moved from periodic famines to virtual selfsufficiency in food production.
xviAgricultural Biotechnology, Poverty Reduction and Food SecurityScience and technology underpinned the economic and social gainsin Asia over the past 30 years, which in agriculture came to be known asthe Green Revolution. Between 1970 and 1995, cereal production in Asiadoubled, calorie availability per person increased by 24 percent, and realfood prices halved. The key elements in these gains were governmentpolicies reflecting the belief that investments in increasing agriculturalproductivity were a prerequisite to economic development. These national policies were supported by the public and private sectors, and theinternational community.This mix of supportive public policies, scientific discoveries, andpublic and private investments in rural Asia, particularly in irrigation,credit, and farm inputs, led to the substantial reductions in poverty andimproved food security realized throughout Asia over the past 30 years.Increased agricultural productivity, rapid industrial growth, and expansion of the nonfarm rural economy have all contributed to almos
8 Agricultural Biotechnology in the Philippines 143 9 Agricultural Biotechnology in Thailand 151 10 Agricultural Biotechnology in Viet Nam 165 11 Biotechnology Activities of the CGIAR Centers Relevant to Asia 169 12 Intellectual Property Rights 177 13 Increased Public-Private Sector Collaboration 187
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