Geothermal Energy - EBN Kennisbank
2018focusGeothermalenergyplays a crucial role
geothermal energyClear directions and coordination are essentialGeothermal energyplays a crucial roleNearly half of the Dutch total energy consumption is used for heat.Geothermal energy may provide up to 20 per cent of this. The geothermalpotential is enormous, but developing this potential requires careful dealingwith technical and social aspects.It is in society’s interest to use the Earth’ssubsurface, which belongs to all of us, optimallyin the upcoming energy transition. ‘Every man forhimself’ is not desirable; the whole is greater thanthe sum of its parts.The entire heat market with demand, supply andinfrastructure should not only develop simultaneously, but also at a fast pace. The absence oflarge-scale (bundled) heat demand, uncertaintyabout the supply and the absence of infrastructureexplains the lack of large-scale initiatives. Cleardirections, coordination and far-reaching cooperation are important to realise a significant share ofgeothermal energy in the Netherlands. A strongrole for the government seems obvious here, justas the government also played a leading role in theprevious energy transition from coal to natural gas.An enormouspotential2Focus 2018To meet our future sustainable energy needs, wecould use solar energy, wind power, tidal energyand gravity (hydropower). We can also use geothermal energy stored in the earth. In the Netherlands,we already have considerable experience with heatextraction from the shallow subsurface (up to 500metres depth), called subsurface energy. In thisarticle, we focus on heat extraction from layersdeeper than 500 metres, called geothermal energy.Pioneers in greenhouse horticulture, have initiatedthe first geothermal projects. These horticulturistsuse geothermal energy from sandstone layersat 2,000 to 3,000 metres depth to heat theirgreenhouses. The results are as expected andpromising for upscaling. Geothermal energy is oneof the sustainable energy options, perhaps even anecessity, to meet our future heat requirements.There is still a lot to do to accomplish this growth.Although we already have some experience withgeothermal energy, there are still many unknownsabout the feasibility of large-scale application ofgeothermal energy. We do not yet know exactlywhich opportunities exist in the Netherlands, notto mention where they are located. There are stillmany blank areas on our ‘geothermal map’. Dealingwith the conversion from a gas grid to a heat gridis a major challenge. It is a significant change forresidents, and requires a major investment. It is
geothermal energyGeothermal doubletEarth’s temperature rises by about 30 degrees Celsius everykilometre. Hot water can be present in permeable layers, aso-called aquifer. To extract this heat from the earth, twoboreholes (a doublet) are drilled to a permeable earth layer.Hot water is pumped out through the first borehole. A heatexchanger extracts the heat for use in greenhouses or fordistrict heating. The cool water is pumped back into the samelayer through the second borehole. At surface, these boreholesare only a few metres apart, but at depth the boreholes areabout 1.5 to 2 kilometres apart. This is to prevents early coolingof the aquifer. The water in the aquifer gradually warms upagain due to a continuous heat flux from the earth’s core. Theextracted heat is distributed to homes, buildings, industries andgreenhouses through a network of pipes.Seismische Campagne AardwarmteNederland (SCAN)The ‘geothermal map’ of the Netherlands is farfrom complete: there are still many ‘blank areas’.SCAN is a collaboration between TNO and EBNto determine the potential of geothermal energyin those areas where there is little informationavailable about the subsurface. The project wascommissioned by the Ministry of Economic Affairsand Climate Policy and covers the developmentand reworking of existing seismic surveys,collecting new seismic data and - at a later stage executing exploration drilling. The SCAN projectplan is being developed and the project will startmid-2018.Legislation and regulations are mainly based on oiland gas exploration and production and not alwaysapplicable to geothermal activities. Adaptationsin legislation are necessary, along with properapplication of it.We must continue to guarantee safety. The risk ofsubsurface tremors, for example, should not becompared one-to-one with (and are indeed lessSource: www.hoewerktaardwarmte.nlunclear who will dare make, or must make, thisinvestment. The absence of a heat pricing mechanism makes it even more complex.Focus 20183
Photo Rodney Photographygeothermal energyPresentation of the Geothermal Energy Master Plan for the Netherlands to Ed Nijpels, chair of the Climate Council.than with) gas production, but every risk must beconsidered. Attention to safety will be high in thecoming years. The State Supervision of Mines (SSM)also refers to this in their 2017 report: State of theGeothermal Energy Sector.Public support plays an essential role in all thesedevelopments. The opportunities and risks ofgeothermal energy should be explained properlyand transparently and we need to discuss it witheveryone involved and affected. Geothermalenergy offers opportunities to meet our energyrequirements and our climate objectives, but thetechnology will need a social ‘licence to operate’.This does not happen automatically and is not justthe responsibility of the authorities. No matterhow many opportunities geothermal energy offers,there are important considerations to be made. Apump station must be built at the location wherethe water is being pumped out and pumped back.That will affect the built environment. And howeverpromising the prospect of upscaling geothermalenergy for the heat transition is, we must remainrealistic. We need to develop geothermal energysafely and responsibly, and with both feet on theground. Transparent communication plays animportant role here.Industry, authorities and politics must worktogetherAlmost half of our energy consumption is forheating. About 20 per cent is used for heatinggreenhouses and 40 per cent for heating buildings(offices and houses). The remaining 40 per centis used by industry, varying from light industry(paper mills, dairy companies, beer breweries) toheavy industry (petrochemical and steel industry).We disregard the heavy industry because it hasa high temperature requirement (more than 200degrees Celsius) which geothermal energy cannotdeliver in the Netherlands.Horticultural greenhouses require a watertemperature ranging from 60 to 90 degrees4Focus 2018
geothermal energyGeothermal Energy Master Planfor the NetherlandsThe Master Plan is a roadmap for developinggeothermal energy in the Netherlands. It is anintegral plan to optimally unlock geothermalpotential through strong growth of the explorationand production activities, expansion of the heatnetworks and the coordination of heat demandportfolios and robust public support.The Master Plan was developed in the spring of2018 with and on behalf of DAGO (Dutch Association of Geothermal Operators), SPG (StichtingPlatform Geothermie) and WNW (StichtingWarmtenetwerk). The Ministry of Economic Affairsand Climate Policy (responsible for geothermalenergy and the energy supply) and the Ministry ofthe Interior (responsible for the sustainability ofthe built environment) acted as observers. Manyother parties such as TNO, IPO, VNG, SSM, LTO andIPO were involved through interviews and workingsessions.The project led to a joint Master Plan of the sectoron how geothermal energy, heat grids and heatdemand can develop optimally to achieve 50petajoule per year in 2030 and over 200 petajouleper year by 2050. The Master Plan analyses thesituation and provides a roadmap with guidelinesfor all parties to achieve these goals.Almost half of ourenergy consumptionCelsius. Existing Dutch horticultural projects useheat from layers at 2,500 to 3,000 metres depth.The process industry could use heat from evendeeper layers with a temperature exceeding 130degrees Celsius. In some regions, this can befound at a depth beyond 4,000 metres. We call thisultra-deep geothermal energy (UDG).Success is possible under the right conditionsGeothermal energy can eventually provide around20 per cent of our total heat demand. That issubstantial, but it is subject to certain conditions.In 2017, approximately 2.5 petajoule (PJ) ofgeothermal evergy was produced at 16 productionlocations. This can, and must, increase rapidly inthe coming years. When all lights are green (i.e.all conditions are met), geothermal energy couldcontribute 50 PJ per year by 2030. This means thatgeothermal energy produced will need to doubleevery three years. By 2030, there would be around150 sites in the Netherlands each producing 0.3PJ per year. Geothermal energy could contributearound 200 PJ per year by 2050.is for heatingOne condition to steer the growth in the rightdirection is to further develop knowledge andactively share knowledge and experience with (andamong) all parties involved. Providers or operatorswill grow explosively, and other parties may enterthe market as well. We can compare this development with that of wind energy, for example,where the first pioneers in the 1970s and 1980sexperimented with small wind turbines at a farmor industrial site. The owner produced and usedwind energy. After this essential start-up phase ofdevelopment and research, large companies arebuilding increasingly larger wind farms in recentdecades. Such a development could also occur withgeothermal energy. Developing the heat marketand the expansion of heat networks play a key rolein the Netherlands.Focus 20185
geothermal energyTeam analysis, CE Delft, IF Technology, LTO Glaskracht, McKinsey Energy InsightsAmbition geothermal energy vs. total heat demand tal heat demand7%203020023%*256%13535%Built environment40205063%IndustryGreenhousesShare of geothermal heat demand (%)* Geothermal can contribute 5% of the total heat demand in 2030 and 23% by 2050Green Deal UDG –Ultra-Deep Geothermal EnergyUltra-deep geothermal energy (UDG) can contributeto the heat supply for the light industry. In theNetherlands this heat can be found beyond a depthof four kilometres, especially in the Dinantianlimestone. The Dutch subsurface below this depthhowever has not yet been extensively studied.In the Green Deal UDG, authorities, companies,research institutes and six consortia work togetherto safely and responsibly develop one or morepilot UDG projects before 2021. The projects willideally be spread over three geological regions andprovide insight into geological and technical riskreduction for a safe, responsible and cost-effectivedevelopment of UDG. The parties have committedthemselves to boost knowledge about UDG throughcollaboration.The six consortia are at more or less the same stageof development. More detailed exploration is now6Focus 2018needed to better understand the subsurface, suchthat the first UDG exploration well can be drilledsafely and responsibly. The Exploration WorkProgramme (EWP) describes the study activitiesfor the Dinantian limestone required for each ofthe six projects. Integral project development willbe applied as the various activities are stronglyinterrelated. Wherever possible, work is carriedout jointly. This results in higher quality work,avoidance of duplication and a reduction in costs forall parties. At the end of the EWP, a substantiatedbusiness case will be drawn up based on the resultsand an exploration strategy for each region. Aconsortium can then decide on implementing a pilotproject. Drilling is therefore not part of the EWP.The EWP has an estimated duration of 2.5 to3 years, with activities starting in the second quarterof 2018.
geothermal energyThe growth of geothermal energy production alsoplaces demands on local authorities, because theyalso need to gain experience with these projects,both in terms of licences and support. This isclosely related to the fact that for geothermalenergy to develop responsibly in the comingdecades, the public and politicians must havesufficient knowledge of the technology and anypossible effects. Local authorities can play a crucialrole in this. Here, too, all parties should workclosely together and share and strengthen eachother’s knowledge and insight.Subsurface effectsRecent seismic events in the Groningen gas fieldwarrant extra attention will be paid to the possibleeffects of geothermal energy on the subsurface.Such effects may not only concern possibletremors or earthquakes, but also the possibleeffects on, for example, groundwater. Deep wellsinvolve drilling through various layers. The shallowlayers are reservoirs for our groundwater, shieldedby layers of clay at the top and bottom. When wedrill through these layers, it must not affect thegroundwater. Groundwater quality is essentialfor nature and agriculture. And groundwater isthe source of drinking water in large parts of theNetherlands. Good quality groundwater requiressolid borehole design and maintenance as wellas continuous monitoring to prevent leakages.Fortunately, much experience has been gainedwith the over 4,000 wells for gas production in theNetherlands, and the risk of leakage or pollution isvery low.Safety must be paramount for all activities in thesubsurface. It cannot be excluded that we find gasunder pressure. The installations must thereforehave safety measures such as valves. And, becausethere is increased naturally occurring radioactivityat greater depths, drilling waste must be carefullyremoved. All these possible effects have long beenknown from global oil and gas production. Theymust also be handled with care in the world ofgeothermal energy.The extraction of geothermal energy is comparableto oil or gas extraction in several ways. But someparts are different. With oil and gas extraction,relatively large quantities of oil or gas are removedfrom the (deep) subsurface. With geothermalenergy, (virtually) nothing is removed. The amountof hot water that is pumped out is almost equal tothe amount of cooled water pumped back into theWhat aboutthe risks?Human activities in the subsurface, such as extraction ofgas and geothermal energy, may induce seismic events.Small earthquakes and tremors may be felt at surfaceand ultimately may cause damage. Thorough researchinto the risk of seismicity and possible consequencesat surface is therefore key, as it may guide whether andin which way activities can be continued. Companieswith subsurface activities must submit a so-calledSeismic Risk Analysis to the regulator (State Supervisionof Mines) before the start of each project. They mustpresent an analysis of the possibility of earthquakesoccurring and describe how risks are mitigated.Safe geothermalenergy withpublic supportsame layer. Only heat is removed and transferredto a heat network, making it a closed system.We may expect fewer effects, but this must besubstantiated and proven scientifically.Whether or not earthquakes may occur andwhat the consequences might be depends onmany factors. Deep geology is one of them. Is it atectonically active area (such as parts of Italy orTurkey)? Are there any cracks, or fault lines, and arethey critically stressed? Can large stress differencesoccur along cracks due to production or injection?What is the size of a project and what is the size ofthe affected subsurface? The situation obviouslydiffers from place to place and from project toproject. Gas production has different effectsthan the production of geothermal energy, whichultimately removes nothing from the subsurface.Focus 20187
geothermal energyPhoto Stadtwerke MünchenThere are also big differences regionally; forexample, earthquakes occur naturally in parts ofthe province of Limburg. To make predictions fora geothermal energy project, we need to properlyunderstand those differences. We must also lookclosely at seismic activity (or the lack thereof) ingeothermal energy projects at home and abroad.This is, therefore, subject for much research.Surface effectsLike almost all other forms of energy generation,geothermal energy will also affect our environment. We should realise that drilling must becarried out close to where the heat is needed asheat is inevitably lost during transport. A production site will initially occupy around half a hectare(during the drilling phase). This is comparable insize to a soccer pitch. Once the plant is operational,it will occupy approximately half that area. Afterthe drilling phase a ‘pump house’ remains andmust be in keeping with the surroundings asmuch as possible. The visible effect will thereforebe different and probably smaller than that of,for example, solar fields, wind turbines, powerstations or masts, but there will be an effect on thelandscape.8Focus 2018Geothermalenergy in yourbackyardThe German city of Munich has set itself the goalof making the city’s heat supply sustainable.Geothermal energy plays a key role, as the cityhas a favourable location due to its subsurface.Over seven geothermal energy projects have beenexecuted so far. Further away from Munich city,more projects have been developed that provideelectricity and heat to municipalities.These municipalities have set up several projects,which were later taken over by StadtwerkeMünchen and are now managed by them.Stadtwerke München has a strong base in thecommunity and is owned by the municipality,which generates confidence and strong supportamong its residents.The first project was implemented over 10 yearsago. In 2014, a decision was taken to investigatehow the greater area could be optimally developed. This included the collection of new 3Dseismic data (170 km2) across the city of Munich.The activities were carried out over a period offour months. Almost 7,000 signals were sent intothe ground during this period. The reflections fromthe subsurface layers were received by a largenetwork of so-called geophones at surface. Basedon this information, a 3D image of the subsurfacewas created which is used to optimally plan thegeothermal wells. The projects will provide heat forover 80,000 households and will be completed in2019 and 2020. All in all, the city’s vision is slowlybecoming reality.
geothermal energyWorking together on shared interestsThe Netherlands has a major interest in the growthof geothermal energy to fill in part of the futuresustainable energy consumption. Geothermalenergy can also strengthen our economy.Several companies have gained experience withgeothermal energy from deeper layers. Researchinstitutes are also working on geothermal energy.Unfortunately, all this research and expertise is stillfragmented. Local authorities require frameworksfor drawing up regulations and assessment frameworks for issuing licences. Entrepreneurs needinsight into long-term possibilities and certaintiesbut must also be able to seize these opportunities.Potential users need a realistic overview of thesustainable opportunities including pro’s and con’s.The financial aspects must be presented realistically. Geothermal energy still requires subsidy, but itis one of the cheaper sustainable heat sources. Ifwe want geothermal energy to take off, geothermalenergy will also have to be developed withoutsubsidies. Finally, the society needs a well-foundedand realistic understanding of all aspects ofgeothermal energy. Photo Kenneth StampFocus 20189
5%* 63% 35% 6% 0.3% geothermal energy Green Deal UDG – Ultra-Deep Geothermal Energy Ultra-deep geothermal energy (UDG) can contribute to the heat supply for the light industry. In the Netherlands this heat can be found beyond a depth of four kilometres, especially in the Dinantian limestone. The Dutch subsurface below this depth
UNU Geothermal Training Programme Geothermal future in the Caribbean Geothermal energy can play an important role in the Caribbean SIDS area Geothermal as a renewable energy resource is the energy of the future The geothermal prospects are there to be utilized Training of geothermal
of information on geothermal energy, a PowerPoint slideshow that can be used to discuss geothermal energy sources and uses. 102. Geothermal Energy in Latin America Sources of Geothermal Energy. GEOTHERMAL
Service manual no. 120/2008 BF(I) 1061 / EBN(es) 3256 from -10 Page 6/47 3.0 Description of appliance The BF(I) 1061 / EBN(es) 3256 is a combined BioFresh freezer with a NoFrost freezer compartment. A bistable solenoid valve is used for the refrigeration c
Facts about Geothermal Energy Facts about Geothermal Energy Introduction Like the sun, Earth's inner core provides energy in the form of heat to the surface above. This form of heat energy is called geothermal energy. Geothermal energy can be used for heat or power, depending on the location, with minimal impact to the environment.
154 MW installed geothermal generation supplies 12.06 % of country’s electric energy consumption! Geothermal projects in operation: Momotombo Geothermal Field San Jacinto-Tizate Geothermal Field Momotombo Geothermal Field: PHASE I: 35 MW FT Condensing Unit- 1983 PH
deep unconventional geothermal resources, the phases of development of a 400 MWe generation capacity Geothermal Scheme in NE Iceland, geothermal development in reducing CO2 emissions, and perspectives on the future of geothermal energy in the United States. Technology of harnessing geothermal power now and future will also be discussed.
the roles geography and science play in geothermal energy. Lesson 2, Roman Bath Houses, allows students to study geothermal energy as it was used by Romans for their bath houses. Students will prepare a group project that enables them to design a creative advertising campaign to promote the uses of geothermal energy during Roman times. Lesson 3,
TCIA (ASC A300) (Tree Care Industry Association) Revision BSR A300 Part 2-201x, Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Management - Standard Practices (Soil Management a. Assessment, b. Modification, c. Fertilization, and d. Drainage) (revision of ANSI A300 Part 2-2011) A300 (Part 2) Soil Management standards are performance standards for
