Macintosh Human Interface Guidelines
KMacintosh HumanInterface GuidelinesAddison-Wesley Publishing CompanyReading, Massachusetts Menlo Park, California New YorkDon Mills, Ontario Wokingham, England Amsterdam BonnSydney Singapore Tokyo Madrid San JuanParis Seoul Milan Mexico City TaipeiThi dtt d ith FM k404
Apple Computer, Inc. 1995, Apple Computer, Inc.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may bereproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem, or transmitted, in any form orby any means, mechanical, electronic,photocopying, recording, or otherwise,without prior written permission ofApple Computer, Inc. Printed in theUnited States of America.No licenses, express or implied, aregranted with respect to any of thetechnology described in this book.Apple retains all intellectual propertyrights associated with the technologydescribed in this book. This book isintended to assist applicationdevelopers to develop applications onlyfor Apple Macintosh computers.KApple Computer, Inc.20525 Mariani AvenueCupertino, CA 95014408-996-1010Apple, the Apple logo, APDA,AppleLink, AppleShare, AppleTalk,EtherTalk, HyperTalk, ImageWriter,LaserWriter, Macintosh, MultiFinder,and StyleWriter are trademarks ofApple Computer, Inc., registered in theUnited States and other countries.BalloonHelp, BalloonWriter, Finder,PowerBook, QuickDraw, ResEdit,System 7, and TrueType are trademarksof Apple Computer, Inc.Adobe Illustrator and PostScript aretrademarks of Adobe SystemsIncorporated, which may be registeredin certain jurisdictions.AGFA is a trademark of Agfa-Gevaert.FrameMaker is a registered trademarkof Frame Technology Corporation.Helvetica and Palatino are registeredtrademarks of Linotype Company.HyperCard, MacDraw, MacPaint, andMacWrite are registered trademarks ofClaris Corporation.ITC Zapf Dingbats is a registeredtrademark of International TypefaceCorporation.Varityper is a registered trademarkof Varityper, Inc.LIMITED WARRANTY ON MEDIA ANDREPLACEMENTALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES ON THISMANUAL, INCLUDING IMPLIEDWARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITYAND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULARPURPOSE, ARE LIMITED IN DURATIONTO NINETY (90) DAYS FROM THE DATEOF THE ORIGINAL RETAIL PURCHASEOF THIS PRODUCT.Even though Apple has reviewed thismanual, APPLE MAKES NO WARRANTYOR REPRESENTATION, EITHER EXPRESSOR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO THISMANUAL, ITS QUALITY, ACCURACY,MERCHANTABILITY, OR FITNESS FOR APARTICULAR PURPOSE. AS A RESULT,THIS MANUAL IS SOLD “AS IS,” ANDYOU, THE PURCHASER, ARE ASSUMINGTHE ENTIRE RISK AS TO ITS QUALITYAND ACCURACY.IN NO EVENT WILL APPLE BE LIABLEFOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL,INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIALDAMAGES RESULTING FROM ANYDEFECT OR INACCURACY IN THISMANUAL, even if advised of the possibilityof such damages.THE WARRANTY AND REMEDIES SETFORTH ABOVE ARE EXCLUSIVE AND INLIEU OF ALL OTHERS, ORAL ORWRITTEN, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. NoApple dealer, agent, or employee isauthorized to make any modification,extension, or addition to this warranty.Some states do not allow the exclusion orlimitation of implied warranties or liabilityfor incidental or consequential damages, sothe above limitation or exclusion may notapply to you. This warranty gives youspecific legal rights, and you may also haveother rights which vary from state to state.ISBN 0-201-62216-51 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-BA-9695949392First Printing, November 19927The paper used in this book meets theEPA standards for recycled fiber.Simultaneously published in the UnitedStates and Canada.Thi dtt d ith FM k404
ContentsFigures and TablesPrefacexiiiAbout This BookxxiWho Should Read This BookxxiWhat’s New in Macintosh Human Interface From AppleAbout Making It MacintoshxxiiWhat’s in This BookxxiiThe Basic PhilosophyxxiiThe Interface ElementsxxiiiAppendixesxxiiiVisual Cues Used in This BookxxiiiPart 1FundamentalsChapter 1Human Interface Principles3The Human Interface Design Principles4Metaphors4Direct Manipulation5See-and-Point7Consistency7WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get)User Control9Feedback and Dialog9Forgiveness10Perceived Stability11Aesthetic Integrity11Modelessness12Additional Issues to Consider13Knowledge of Your Audience13Accessibility14Chapter 2General Design ConsiderationsWorldwide CompatibilityCultural Values17Resources17xxii81516iiiThi dtt d ith FM k404
Language Differences18Text Display and Text Editing19Default Alignment of Interface Elements20Keyboards22Fonts23Universal Access24People With a Physical Disability25People With a Visual Disability25People With a Hearing Disability26People With a Speech or Language Disability27People With a Seizure Disorder27Collaborative Computing27Concern for Other Users28User Identification28Access Privileges28Passwords29Data Encryption for Security30Clear Communications30Displaying the Current State of Data30Communicating With Other Environments31Network Transparency31Human Interface Design and the DevelopmentChapter 3Process33Design Decisions34Features Inspired by Market Pressures34Feature Cascade35The 80 Percent Solution35Managing Complexity35Using Progressive Disclosure35Implementing Preferences37Extending the Interface38When to Go Beyond the Guidelines38Build on the Existing Interface39Don’t Assign New Behaviors to Existing Objects39Create a New Interface Element Cautiously40Involving Users in the Design Process41Define Your Audience41Analyze Tasks41Build Prototypes42Observe Users42Ten Steps for Conducting a User Observation43iv
Part 2The Interface ElementsChapter 4Menus49The Menu Bar52Menu Behavior55Menu Elements58Menu Item Names58Grouping Items in Menus60Menu Dividers62Standard Characters and Text Style in MenusCheckmarks and Dashes in Menus64The Ellipsis Character in Menus67A Diamond Mark in the Application MenuAvoid Nonstandard Marks in Menus72Text Styles in Menus73Toggled Menu Items75Scrolling Menus78Hierarchical Menus79Pop-Up Menus82Standard Pop-Up Menus87Type-In Pop-Up Menus91Tear-Off Menus and Palettes92Tear-Off Menus93Palettes96Standard Macintosh Menus98The Apple Menu98About98File Menu99New99Open101Close102Save104Save As106Revert107Page Setup 108Print 108Quit109The Edit Menu109The 1176471v
Select All117Show Clipboard/Hide ClipboardCreate Publisher 117Subscribe To 118Publisher/Subscriber Options The Font Menu120The Size Menu122The Style Menu124The Help Menu125The Keyboard Menu125The Application Menu127Keyboard Equivalents128Chapter 5Windows117118131Window Appearance134Document Window Controls134Use of Color in Windows135Utility Windows137Window Behaviors139The Active Window139Opening Windows141Window Display Order143Window Positions146The Default Position on a Single Screen147The Default Position on Multiple Screens148Dialog Box and Alert Box Positions150Closing a Window152Moving a Window154Changing the Size of a Window156Scrolling a Window158Scroll Bars158Scrolling With the Scroll Arrows163Scrolling With the Gray Area164Scrolling by Dragging the Scroll Box164Automatic Scrolling166The Zoom Box and Window Behavior168Splitting a Window170Window Pane Behavior172One Split per Orientation173vi
Chapter 6Dialog Boxes175Modeless Dialog Boxes178Modeless Dialog Box Appearance179Modeless Dialog Box Behaviors181Menu Bar Access181Accepting Changes in a Modeless Dialog BoxCompleting Commands184Movable Modal Dialog Boxes185Movable Modal Dialog Box Appearance186Movable Modal Dialog Box Behaviors187Menu Bar Access187Modal Dialog Boxes188Modal Dialog Box Appearance190Modal Dialog Box Behaviors191Menu Bar Access191Stacking Modal Dialog Boxes192Alert Boxes193Alert Box Appearance194Note Alert Boxes194Caution Alert Boxes195Stop Alert Boxes196Basic Dialog Box Layout196Keyboard Navigation in Dialog Boxes198Dialog Box Messages199Standard File Dialog Boxes200Save Changes Alert Box201Chapter 7Controls182203Standard Toolbox Controls204Buttons204Button Behavior205Button Names206Radio Buttons210Checkboxes211Controls Not Supported by the Macintosh ToolboxSliders214Little Arrows216Outline Triangles218Other Elements for User Interaction218Text Entry Fields219Scrolling Lists220214vii
Chapter 8Icons223Why Icons Work224Limitations of Icons227Designing Effective Icons229Use Appropriate Metaphors229Think About Worldwide Compatibility230Avoid Text in Icons230Design for the Macintosh Display231Use a Consistent Light Source232Optimize for Your Target Display232Maintain a Consistent Visual Appearance in anIcon Family233Use Icon Elements Consistently233The Finder Icon Family234An Icon Design Process236Black-and-White Icons238Color Icons238Icon Colors240The Apple Icon Color Set240Degradation of the Color Set Across Monitors241Selection Mechanism for Color Icons241Color Labeling Mechanism for Color Icons242Anti-Aliasing243Small Icons244Default and Custom Icons245Application Icons246Document Icons247Stationery Pad Icons248Query Document Icons249Edition Icons250Preferences Icons250Extension Icons250Control Panel Icons251Movable Resource Icons252Keyboard Icons252Chapter 9Color257Color Design of Standard Interface ElementsWindows and Dialog Boxes258Menus260Pointers260Highlighting and Selection260viii258
Color Application Guidelines261Match Complexity to the Level of User261Design for the Macintosh262Design for Black and White First263Limit the Number of Colors264Colors on Gray265Beware of Blue265Small Objects265Color for Categorizing Information265Chapter 10Behaviors267The Pointing Device268Mouse Dragging274The Keyboard275Character Keys275Enter275Tab276Return276Delete (or Backspace)277Clear277Escape277Modifier Keys278Shift278Caps Lock279Option279Command280Control280Type-Ahead and Auto-Repeat280International Keyboards281Arrow Keys281Appropriate Uses for the Arrow Keys281Moving the Insertion Point282Moving the Insertion Point in Empty DocumentsUsing Modifier Keys With Arrow Keys282Function Keys284Help285Forward Delete (Del)285Home285End285Page Up286Page Down286282ix
Selecting286Selection Methods288Selection by Clicking289Selection by Dragging289Changing a Selection With Shift-Click289Changing a Selection With Command-ClickSelections in Text292Selecting With the Mouse293Selecting Ranges294Selecting With the Arrow Keys295Selections in Graphics297Selections in Arrays and Tables298Editing Text300Inserting Text300Deleting Text300Replacing a Selection301Intelligent Cut and Paste301Editing Fields302Chapter 11Language305Style306Terminology307Developer Terms and User Terms307Terms That Are Often lity Window309Labels for Interface Elements309Dialog Box Messages310User Documentation313Online Help Systems314Provide Concurrent Help314Provide Multiple Levels of Help314Assist Users by Answering Their QuestionsKeep the Help System Simple316Design Online Help as an Interactive CoachBalloon Help316When to Use a Help Balloon317How to Write a Balloon318Wording for Specific Balloon Types319Buttons With Words319Menu Titles320Menu Items320x291315316
Radio Buttons321Checkboxes321Groups of Checkboxes or Radio ButtonsTools in Palettes323Window Parts324Modal Dialog Box on the Screen324Icons324Text Entry Boxes325Appendix AResources322329Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)329Communications of the ACM329SIGCHI329SIGGRAPH330CSCW330Human Factors Society331Human Factors Society Annual Meeting331Human Factors331Human Factors Society Bulletin332Apple Developer Information332APDA332Developer Support Center333In-House Development Support333develop333Appendix BBibliography335Animation336Cognitive Psychology and Human FactorsColor337Environmental Design338Graphic and Information Design339Graphic Design and Drawing339Icons and Symbols339Typography340History of Human Interface340Human-Computer Design341Consistency341Direct Manipulation341Menus342Metaphors342Product Design343Usability Testing343336xi
User-Centered Design344Human-Computer Interaction344Language346Programming346Special Applications347Collaborative Computing347Hypertext347Multimedia348Online Documentation and Online HelpUniversal Access349Visual Thinking349Worldwide Software350Appendix CChecklist351General Considerations351Graphic Design353Color353Icons354Windows354Dialog Boxes355Alert Boxes357Scrolling357Menus358Pop-Up Menus359Palettes and Tear-Off Menus359Mouse Standards360Text360Balloon Help360Keyboard Equivalents361Edition 8
Figures and TablesChapter 1Human Interface PrinciplesFigure 1-1Figure 1-2Direct manipulation6An example of a bad message and an example of a helpfulmessage10Don’t use arbitrary graphic elements12Figure 1-3Chapter 2General Design ConsiderationsFigure 2-1Figure 2-2Figure 2-3Human Interface Design and the Development ProcessFigure 3-1Figure 3-2Figure 3-3Figure 3-4Chapter 415Menu bars in different languages18English and Arabic dialog boxes20Dialog boxes with display rectangles that are different sizes andthe same size21Right-to-left alignment of dialog box items21The Keyboard menu23The boundaries of a font24The Sound control panel26A shutdown message28The AppleShare connect dialog box29Figure 2-4Figure 2-5Figure 2-6Figure 2-7Figure 2-8Figure 2-9Chapter 33Menus33An expanding dialog box36Directions a window can expand37An incorrect subpalette indicator40A better subpalette indicator4049Figure 4-1Figure 4-2Figure 4-3Figure 4-4Figure 4-5Figure 4-6Figure 4-7Figure 4-8Figure 4-9Figure 4-10Figure 4-11Figure 4-12Figure 4-13Figure 4-14Figure 4-15The standard order of actions51A menu bar53Three menu bars53The Finder menu bar in six languages54An unavailable menu55Opening a menu56A feedback technique57A typical menu58A menu with adjectives59Command names properly capitalized59Unavailable items aren’t highlighted60Menus with appropriate groups61Grouping items in menus62Standard menu dividers63An inappropriate menu divider63xiiiThi dtt d ith FM k404
Figure 4-16Figure 4-17Figure 4-18Figure 4-19Figure 4-20Figure 4-21Figure 4-22Figure 4-23Figure 4-24Figure 4-25Figure 4-26Figure 4-27Figure 4-28Figure 4-29Figure 4-30Figure 4-31Figure 4-32Figure 4-33Figure 4-34Figure 4-35Figure 4-36Figure 4-37Figure 4-38Figure 4-39Figure 4-40Figure 4-41Figure 4-42Figure 4-43Figure 4-44Figure 4-45Figure 4-46Figure 4-47Figure 4-48Figure 4-49Figure 4-50Figure 4-51Figure 4-52Figure 4-53Figure 4-54Figure 4-55Figure 4-56Figure 4-57Figure 4-58Figure 4-59Figure 4-60xivA menu with text styles and an indicator64A checkmark to indicate a choice in a mutually exclusivegroup65A checkmark to indicate a choice in an accumulating attributegroup65Dashes to indicate partial attributes in an accumulating attributegroup66Several attributes in effect67The ellipsis character means more information is required68Don’t use the ellipsis character with a command that doesn’trequire more information69The absence of the ellipsis character means no more informationis required70The ellipsis character doesn’t mean an alert box appears71The Application menu with a notification symbol72Don’t use arbitrary symbols in menus72A Style menu with text styles73The effects of the two states of a Style menu item74A menu with nonstandard marks and extraneous text styles and amenu all in plain text style75A set of toggled menu items76A single toggled menu item whose name changes76An ambiguous toggled menu item77An incorrect use of a checkmark to indicate a state78A scrolling menu78The menu scrolling in the other direction79A hierarchical menu79Don’t use submenus unnecessarily80A menu bar on a 9-inch screen with space for more menutitles81Examples of submenu titles81Avoid more than one level of submenus82A pop-up menu and its parts83Opening a pop-up menu84Pop-up menus versus radio buttons85Pop-up menus versus checkboxes86Don’t use pop-up menus for commands87A standard pop-up menu87Using a pop-up menu88Correct and incorrect use of fonts in pop-up menus89Pop-up menu behavior90A hidden pop-up menu91A type-in pop-up menu92A type-in pop-up menu with user’s choice added92A tools palette and a color palette93Using a tear-off menu94A tear-off menu on top of a document window95Palettes and feedback96A tool palette with the corresponding pointers97A tool palette in a window97An Apple menu98An About dialog box for an application99
Figure 4-61Figure 4-62Figure 4-63Figure 4-64Figure 4-65Figure 4-66Figure 4-67Figure 4-68Figure 4-69Figure 4-70Figure 4-71Figure 4-72Figure 4-73Figure 4-74Figure 4-75A File menu99The New command100The standard file dialog box for opening files101The save changes alert box103The correct location of the save changes alert box104The Save command105A sample alert box to use when a disk is full105The Save As command and dialog box106The Revert command107A Page Setup dialog box108A Print dialog box109A standard Edit menu for an application110Adding commands to the Edit menu110A sample Edit menu with Edition Manager commands111A sample hierarchical Edit menu with Edition Managercommands111The Clipboard112The Undo and Redo commands114The results of using the Paste command116The Create Publisher command and dialog box118The Subscribe To command and dialog box118The Publisher Options dialog box119The Subscriber Options dialog box119A Font menu121Don’t combine the Font menu with other menus122A Size menu122A sample pull-down Size menu and font size dialog box123A Style menu124The Help menu125The Keyboard menu126Apple-reserved keyboard equivalents for all systems128Additional reserved keyboard equivalents for worldwidesystems128Common keyboard equivalents that are not reserved129Figure 4-76Figure 4-77Figure 4-78Figure 4-79Figure 4-80Figure 4-81Figure 4-82Figure 4-83Figure 4-84Figure 4-85Figure 4-86Figure 4-87Figure 4-88Figure 4-89Table 4-1Table 4-2Table 4-3Chapter 5WindowsFigure 5-1Figure 5-2Figure 5-3Figure 5-4Figure 5-5Figure 5-6Figure 5-7Figure 5-8Figure 5-9Figure 5-10Figure 5-11Figure 5-12131Examples of standard windows133Standard document window parts134Windows on a color screen135Standard window components in color136Colors that the user can choose for windows137A utility window137Make it clear where text will appear138The active window139Don’t show a selection in an inactive window141Appropriate window titles for a series of unnamed windowsExamples of correct and incorrect window titles143Display order of document windows and modeless dialogboxes144142xv
Figure 5-13Figure 5-14Figure 5-15Figure 5-16Figure 5-17Figure 5-18Figure 5-19Figure 5-20Figure 5-21Figure 5-22Figure 5-23Figure 5-24Figure 5-25Figure 5-26Figure 5-27Figure 5-28Figure 5-29Figure 5-30Figure 5-31Figure 5-32Figure 5-33Figure 5-34Figure 5-35Figure 5-36Figure 5-37Figure 5-38Figure 5-39Figure 5-40Figure 5-41Figure 5-42Chapter 6Dialog BoxesFigure 6-1Figure 6-2Figure 6-3Figure 6-4Figure 6-5Figure 6-6Figure 6-7Figure 6-8Figure 6-9Figure 6-10Figure 6-11Figure 6-12Figure 6-13Figure 6-14xviAdding floating windows to the desktop145Adding a movable modal dialog box to the desktop146Window positions on a single screen147The standard window position on two sizes of screens148The standard window position on multiple screens149A window displayed across two screens150Standard position of an alert box151Alert box position in relation to the active document window151Standard alert box position with more than one screen152The close box153The save changes alert box154Moving a window155Multiple monitors and conceptual work space156A window growing larger157Relationship between a window and a document158The elements of a scroll bar159Using scroll arrows and the scroll box159Inactive scroll bars in active and inactive documentwindows160Background between the content and the window frame161Acceptable additions to the scroll bar region162Too many controls in the scroll bar162Scrolling by clicking a scroll arrow163Scrolling by clicking in the gray area164Scrolling by dragging the scroll box165Automatic scrolling166The zoom box168The standard state and the user state of a document169A split window171Split bar size171Independent and locked scrolling of window panes172175Examples of dialog box types177A typical modeless dialog box178Two open modeless dialog b
Macintosh Human Interface Guidelines . PARTICULAR PURPOSE. AS A RESULT, THIS MANUAL IS SOLD “AS IS,” AND YOU, THE PURCHASER, ARE ASSUMING THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO ITS QUALITY . 15 Worldwide Compatibility 16 Cultural Values 17 Resources 17 Thi d t t d ith F M k 4 0 4. iv
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