ARCTIC RESEARCH And INNOVATION – Understanding The Changes .
ARCTICRESEARCH andINNOVATIONUnderstanding thechanges, respondingto the challengesResearch andInnovation
ARCTIC RESEARCH and INNOVATION – Understanding the changes, responding to the challengesEuropean CommissionDirectorate-General for Research and InnovationDirectorate — Climate Action and Resource EfficiencyUnit I.4 - Climate action and Earth ObservationContact Attilio GAMBARDELLAE-mail c.europa.euEuropean CommissionB-1049 BrusselsManuscript completed in October 2018.Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2018PrintISBN CPDFISBN -N European Union, 2018Reuse is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. The reuse policy of European Commission documents isregulated by Decision 2011/833/EU (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39).For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not under the EU copyright, permission must besought directly from the copyright holders.Cover image European CommissionImage(s) p. 9: 20150822 Arktis PS92 Eisbaer 006 MHoppmann, 20150822 Arktis PS92 Eisbaer 009MHoppmann, p. 11: DSC 2876 INTAROS Mikael Sejr, Mikko Sipilä, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth SystemResearch / Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland, p. 13: INTERACT- Arctic station summer 2011 Bo Elberling, 20140714 Polarstern86 Arktis 2014 Aurora 013 SArndt, p.15: Applicate@AWI, @ Kathryn H. Hansen (NASA),p. 17: 20150829 PS94 Arktis 306 SHendricks, DSC 5533, p. 19: JN DSC 0127, SDA On Ice Rolls-Royce
CONTENTSFOREWORD2INTRODUCTION4Connecting science to society8Strengthening, integrating and sustainingArctic observations10Transnational access to Arctic research infrastructure12Impact on the weather and climate of theNorthern Hemisphere14Environmental, social and economic impact16Safety of maritime transport activities18
FOREWORDFederica MogheriniCarlos MoedasHigh Representative of the Union forForeign Affairs and Security Policy/Vice-President of the CommissionCommissioner for Research,Science and Innovationhe Arctic is of unmatched pristinenatural beauty – and home to some4 million people living across vast regions which many indigenous peoples haveinhabited for thousands of years. In recentyears, we have seen much greater attentionfrom all over the world in this region, whichspeaks to everyone’s imagination.As the result of a phenomenon known asArctic amplification, the Arctic warms ata much faster rate than other parts ofthe world. This makes the Arctic a globalbell-wether for climate change, and indicates what lies ahead for the rest of theworld in the near future. But more thanthis, Arctic warming is affecting the entireplanet. Melting ice sheets contribute to rising sea levels elsewhere and cause majorchanges in global weather patterns.TDramatic changes in climate patterns havesevere consequences for the Arctic regions.The very rapid changes are disrupting Arcticecosystems and impacting and transforming the livelihoods of indigenous and localcommunities.However, these changes also produce newopportunities, such as new shipping routesor easier access to resources. This creates2
an additional responsibility to ensure thatin their pursuit, precaution and preservationare not overtaken by the interests in, andexploitation of Arctic opportunities.Secondly, we need to increase our know ledge of Arctic changes. Investigations intothe causes, mechanisms, consequencesand evolution over time are the main subjects of Arctic research. Consequently, overthe last decade, the EU has increased itsinvestments in Arctic research and innov ation, resulting in a EUR 70-million budgetfor the period 2018-2020.These developments deserve our full attention and devotion to strike the rightbalance between sustainability, socio-economic effects and reaping the benefits ofnew opportunities.The EU will continue to show leadership in theArctic regions through international dialogueand international scientific cooperation. Thispublication provides an insight into the keyareas of EU Arctic research and innovationactivities and gives examples of funded projects, to form the basis of what we considerunderpins a sustainable future for the Arctic.Primarily, understanding and respondingto Arctic changes requires joint efforts bythe global community. This means we mustfocus on international cooperation and dialogue. A safe, stable, sustainable and prosperous Arctic is important not just for theregion itself, but for the European Unionand for the world. The Arctic can be a gateway to cooperation across many issues andpartners. The EU actively supports endeavours undertaken in that spirit, which is thebasis of the EU’s Arctic policy1.1‘An integrated European Union policy for the Arctic’ - JOIN(2016) 21 final, 27 April 20163
INTRODUCTIONThe Arctic:a global responsibilityThese changes – among others – are a clearindication of the impending shifts that willincreasingly impact Europe’s environment,society and industry. Understanding andresponding to these changes is a global responsibility which requires the internationalcommunity to come together.The Arctic is undergoing profound trans formation. The warming generated by global greenhouse gas emissions is amplifiedmore than twice in this part of the worlddue to various causes, and in particularto the change in albedo mainly caused bythe shrinking of the sea-ice area, and thecorresponding exposure of a wider, darkocean surface to sunlight during the Arctic summer. Higher average temperaturessigni fi cantly affect the extent and thickness of sea ice and snow cover, as well asthe melting of ice sheets and the thawing of permafrost. All this results in disruptive changes for ecosystems, the Arctic’s indigenous peoples and other humancommunities.While changes in the Arctic pose challenges,they may also provide economic opportun ities for the region, Europe, and the rest ofthe world. New transport routes, access topreviously inaccessible resources, and ashift to the north of fish stocks all increasethis area’s strategic importance.Science is a vital tool for understandingwhat is driving the rapid changes beingobserved at high latitudes and identifyingsustainable and innovative approaches totackle the resulting challenges. However, afull understanding of Arctic changes shouldalso be based on the wide body of know ledge developed by indigenous peoples,who have lived in this region for millennia,as reflected in their culture and languages.Environmental, ecological and subsequentsocial changes are happening faster thanever before, affecting the way Arctic residents live.While it may seem remote, changes in theArctic have global consequences. For instance, the melting of the Greenland icesheet contributes to global sea-level riseand has the potential to change ocean circulation patterns that can impact the wholeplanet. Moreover, Arctic warming is affecting weather patterns and the occurrence ofextreme weather events, with worldwiderepercussions on infrastructures and phys ical and socio-economic consequences.International scientific and technologicalcooperation is essential for the Arctic, andthe EU is committed to being a part of it.The scale and complexity of many of the Arctic’s challenges often go beyond the capabi lities of individual countries to address them.Therefore, pan-Arctic observations, satellitemeasurements and expensive infrastructurecall for a high degree of collaboration.4
Furthermore, the EU Arctic Cluster is a network of several current EU-funded Arcticresearch projects. Jointly, this group de livers the most up-to-date findings onArctic change and provides guidance and policy-relevant information.Horizon 2020 offers a unique frameworkfor this, with five of the eight Arctic countries either members (Denmark, Finlandand Sweden) or associate members (Iceland and Norway). The EU has a very strongcooperation with Canada and the UnitedStates of America on Arctic science under the Atlantic Ocean Research Alliance.In addition, Horizon 2020 has cooperationagreements with the remaining three Arctic countries (Canada, Russia and the USA),and is open to participation by partnersfrom all other countries worldwide.Arctic science and observations are part ofthe EUR 3.3-billion ‘Building a low-carbon,climate-resilient future’ Horizon 2020 WorkProgramme Focus Area for 2018-2020. Forthis period, in line with the EU’s integratedArctic policy, the Commission is continuing – and even stepping up – investmentsin Arctic research and innovation, with anexpected average investment of morethan EUR 20 million per year. Overall, theEU is investing around EUR 200 million inArctic-related research under the Horizon2020 Programme (2014-2020).The EU is a major investor and player inArctic research.Over the first four years of Horizon 2020,the EU funded more than 45 Arctic- relatedprojects, investing more than EUR 120 million. It also supports development andinternational access to Arctic research infrastructure throughout Europe and viacooperation activities with non-EU Arcticcountries. In addition, the EU is proposing tomake the Arctic a test location for sustainable innovation by, for instance, developingcold-climate technologies and services, andcontributing to the identification of ‘Arcticstandards’ to ensure the sustainability ofprocesses and technologies.The actions featured in this publication illustrate the different elements of EU Arcticresearch and innovation policy being implemented through Horizon 2020.5
Research mattersThe Arctic is warming twice as fast as the globalaverage with impacts worldwide and locally to theenvironment, communities and economies.These impacts include changes to:weather patterns, includingthe frequency and intensityof extreme eventssea levels, and threats tocoastal communitiesecosystems, biodiversityand fish stocksAs the Arctic becomes more accessible due to climate change, economicactivities will put more pressure on an already fragile environment.Investment in Arctic research will reduce knowledge gaps and improveour ability to respond to these changes.The EU is a major investor in Arctic research 200 m 2014-2020 through Horizon 2020 120 m has already been provided to 45 Arctic-related projects 3.3 bn for a Horizon 2020 focus area to build a ‘low-carbon,climate-resilient future’ – includes funding for Arctic scienceand observations.The EU also supports development andinternational access to Arctic researchinfrastructure throughout Europe,and through cooperation activities withnon-EU Arctic countries.The EU also proposes to make the Arctic a testlocation for sustainable innovation by developing –for example – cold-climate technologies and services,and by contributing to the identification of ‘Arcticstandards’ to ensure the sustainability of processesand technologies.6
EU science-diplomacy leadershipThe EU supports international scientific cooperation 00101develop an internationalArctic Observing Systemimprove local-level climatepredictions andprojectionsmake Arctic research andmonitoring datasets accessibleand relevant for communitiesenhance multilateral scientific cooperationbetween Arctic and non-Arctic countries,indigenous peoples, local communities, andsocietal and economic stakeholdersfacilitate international access to Arcticresearch infrastructure and understandthe regional and global dynamics ofArctic changesFive of the eight Arctic countries are either EU countries (Denmark,Finland and Sweden) or associate members (Iceland and Norway).Horizon 2020 has cooperation agreements with the other threeArctic countries: Canada, the Russian Federation and the USA.Sharing research and observation infrastructures helps to keepthe Arctic a region of peaceful cooperation.7
Connecting science to societyREuropean research has provided essentialinsight for identifying the processes behindthese rapid changes, but the full impactsof a warming Arctic have yet to be fullyassessed and quantified which means it isnot yet possible to effect Environmental, economicively predict the effectsand social changes areof Arctic changes on ournow occurring at great climate and society.er speed and scale thanever before and in inThe rapid changes occurringThis situation can onlycreasingly interconnectedin the Arctic are making asignificantimpactontheglobalbe improved by taking aways. The Arctic is underclimate – with far-reachingmore holistic and integoing significant develconsequencesfeltworldsaway.grated approach, as wellopments with unpreceas implementing a highdented le vels of humaner degree of coordinationactivities. Therefore, residents and stakeholders in the Arctic regions of research activities and closer scientificurgently need applied and detailed knowl- cooperation with all the relevant actors atan international level, including societaledge on a range of key issues.stakeholders.In Europe, as the effects of climate changebecome more pronounced through extremeweather and higher temperatures, Arctic issues have risen up the political agenda inrecent years.apid changes occurring in the Arcticare making a significant impact onthe global climate – with far-reaching consequences felt worlds away.Higher government investment in Arctic- related research is a clear demonstrationof the extent to which scientific findings arecritical for shaping policy objectives, including those linked to climate change, energyand food security, as well as innovation andeconomic growth.8
EU-POLARNETEU ArcticResearch ClusterThis project comprises an alliance ofresearch institutes aimed at boostingEurope’s ability to generate new know ledge about the world’s polar regions,which are seen as indicators of our planet’s health.The EU Arctic Cluster is a networkof EU Arctic research projectsfunded under Horizon 2020 andthe Seventh Research FrameworkProgramme (FP7), which mergesthe most up-to-date findingson Arctic change and its globalimplications. The European PolarBoard is an affiliated tz-Zentrum für Polar- undMeeresforschung, GermanyThe Cluster’s objective is to providepolicy-relevant information andsupport the EU in advancinginternational cooperation; respondto the impact of climate change onthe Arctic’s fragile environment;and promote and contribute to theregion’s sustainable development.Total cost:EUR 2 174 504EC contribution:EUR 2 174 504Start/end:March 2015 to February 2020It cooperates closely withpolicymakers, local Arcticcommunities and indigenouspeoples, business representativesand European civil society.Other countries:France, United Kingdom, Italy,Sweden, Portugal, Netherlands,Norway, Spain, Austria, Bulgaria,Denmark, Belgium, Finland, Poland,Estonia, GreenlandWeb:http://www.eu-polarnet.eu9
Strengthening, integrating andsustaining Arctic observationsAIn an effort to contribute to the long-termimprovement of Arctic observation, such asystem should combine input from severalsources having very different spatial co verage and scope, ranging from community-based observations led by indigenouspeoples, to satellites,ground-based stations,To fit the bill, current naand high-tech autonotional and internationalmous platforms.observation and researchAnidealArcticobservationefforts should enhancesystem is one that isDemonstrating the be their coordination andintegrated, multi-disciplinaryne fits and value of suchcollaboration, as well asand has a high level ofobservation systems istheir focus, to ensure thatcomplexity. It provides keyessential to justifyingthe data they collect isdata on global issues such asthe required long-termboth comprehensive andclimate change and also takesinvestments.useful. To that end, moreregional, national and localtemporal and geographicinterests into consideration.Within this context, Cocoverage is needed.pernicus, the EU’s EarthIn addition, accurately assessing and pre- Observation Programme – with its spacedicting environmental change in the Arctic based products derived from Sentinel sa requires multifaceted data on the region’s tellite missions and its environmentally fometeorology, climate and oceanography, cused thematic operational services – playsalongside the state of its ecosystems and a fundamental role.pollution levels.For example, Copernicus Marine ServiceArctic science challenges demand a Arctic ocean models are able to simulatepan-Arctic approach and long-term com- a 3D view of phytoplankton, the first levelmitment that go beyond the average re- of the marine food chain. This provides keysearch project duration. An ideal Arctic ob- clues for studying the marine ecosystem asservation system is one that is integrated, a whole, as well as the global carbon cyclemulti-disciplinary and has a high level of and climate change.complexity. It provides key data on globalissues such as climate change and takesregional, national and local interests intoconsideration.n improved and sustained observation system is essential for properlystudying, forecasting and assessing environmental changes in the Arctic– and supporting the region’s sustainabledevelopment.10
INTAROSiCUPEThe overall objective of INTAROS is todevelop an integrated Arctic ObservationSystem (iAOS) by extending, improvingand unifying existing systems. It seeksto help address Arctic challenges and en able better-informed decision-making.iCUPE aims to help establish and maintain long-term, coherent and coordinatedpolar observations and research activ ities. Its focus is on improving the integration of existing in-situ observationalnetworks collecting data on pollutants,including aerosols and trace gases, aswell as contaminants. It also seeks toharmonise quality control.Coordinator:Nansen Environmental and RemoteSensing Center, NorwayTotal cost:EUR 15 490 067Coordinator:University of Helsinki, FinlandEC contribution:EUR 15 490 067Total cost:EUR 9 340 000Start/end:December 2016 to November 2021EC contribution:EUR 2 750 000Other countries:Sweden, Germany, Poland,Denmark, Finland, United Kingdom,Ireland, France, Germany, Belgium,Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greenland,Russia, United States, Canada,ChinaStart/end:September 2017 to August 2020Other countries:Italy, Denmark, Germany,France, Estonia, Greece, ps://www.atm.helsinki.fi/icupe11
Transnational access to Arcticresearch infrastructureAThere is also a significant opportunity tolink up much more productively with othernations in the wider international polar science community, including with those lacking infrastructure or facilities. The sameapplies to connecting with businesses, suchas those involved with shipping, which operate Arctic infrastructure.rctic research is crucial – but itcomes at a cost. Pooling resourcescould help lower the price tag andpromote better results.It takes expensive infrastructure that cansurvive harsh climatic conditions to observe, monitor and understand the rapidchanges taking place in the Arctic.Europe has a long trad ition and very strongreputation for worldclass scientific researchin the Arctic region. Thisis enabled and supported by significant andsubstantial scientific infrastructure, as well asfacilities and platformsoperated by many European nations.While there is already adegree of coordinationand cooperation betweenEuropeans operating in theArctic, great potential existsfor the considerable resourcesavailable to be used morecoherently and effectively toachieve the highest-qualityresearch possible.It is important to developand bolster networks thatmake it easier for projectsto carry out potentiallygroundbreaking studiesand analyses in the Arctic. Supporting transnational access to researchfac ilities or installationsis one concrete way of fostering this.Moreover, costs can becut not only by sharing infrastructure and observation systems but also bymaking
in Arctic research and innovation, with an expected average investment of more than EUR 20 million per year. Overall, the EU is investing around EUR 200 million in Arctic-related research under the Horizon 2020 Programme (2014-2020). The actions featured in this publication il-lustrate the different elements of EU Arctic
Arctic Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grants (Arctic DDRIG) Arctic Social Sciences, Arctic System Sciences, and Arctic Observing Network (DDRIG) PROGRAM SOLICITATION NSF 20-597 National Science Foundation Directorate for Geosciences Office of Polar Programs Full Proposal Deadline(s) (due by 5 p.m. submitter's local time): December .
Why the Arctic tundra is a maritime biome Very important to first of all carefully define the Arctic. Too many references are including the boreal forest as part of the Arctic! The Arctic (the region north of tree line with an Arctic climate, Arctic flora, and tundra vegetation) is a relatively narrow strip of land around the margins of the
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4. Place three arctic animals in their habitat. 5. List two ways arctic animals keep warm during the arctic winter. 6. Explore the cultural diversity of Native Americans that make the Arctic their home. 7. Express a concern for how human activities may impact the arctic environment and the future survival of animals that live there. 8.
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