Helping The Student With Diabetes Succeed
Helping the Student withDiabetes Succeed:A Guide for School PersonnelENGLISH
A NOTE ABOUT THIS GUIDE FROM THEAMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATIONA Note About this Guide from theAmerican Diabetes Association The American Diabetes Association is pleased to provide this interim guide reflecting important changes indiabetes technology and treatment in the school setting including an updated Diabetes Medical ManagementPlan (DMMP). In early 2020, National Diabetes Program decided to sunset the NDEP brand including theschool guide Helping the Student with Diabetes Succeed: A Guide for School Personnel and transferred theguide to the American Diabetes Association (ADA).This interim guide maintains comprehensive information and resources from the 2016 edition that wasdeveloped by an 11-member writing group and endorsed by 16 organizations. Since its first publication in2003, the guide has been a critical resource for school nurses, diabetes providers, and policy makersnationwide to ensure that students with diabetes receive care in accordance with best practice and are treatedfairly in accordance with federal and state laws. ADA is committed to ensuring the guide continues to be thepreeminent authority on diabetes care in the school setting.In addition to this updated interim version, the original 2016 guide continues to be available on ADA’s websiteas we work to develop a new guide and supplemental resources. As always, our goal is to provide schools withcurrent recommendations and information to ensure the implementation of measures and policies that supportoptimal diabetes care in the school setting. We are confident that this important resource will continue toprovide the most effective path to this goal.Crystal Crismond WoodwardDirector, Safe at SchoolAmerican Diabetes AssociationMay 2020diabetes.org/safeatschoolHelping the Student with Diabetes Succeed: A Guide for School Personnel American Diabetes Association Learn more at diabetes.org 1-800-DIABETES (800-342-2383)2
TABLE OF CONTENTSTable of ContentsACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 4SUPPORTING ORGANIZATIONS . 5INTRODUCTION. 6DIABETES OVERVIEW . 9ACTIONS FOR SCHOOL PERSONNEL, PARENTS/ GUARDIANS, AND STUDENTS . 44TOOLS FOR EFFECTIVE DIABETES MANAGEMENT . 67SCHOOL RESPONSIBILITIES UNDER FEDERAL LAWS . 68GLOSSARY OF DIABETES TERMS . 93ADDITIONAL READING . 100Helping the Student with Diabetes Succeed: A Guide for School Personnel American Diabetes Association Learn more at diabetes.org 1-800-DIABETES (800-342-2383)3
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSAcknowledgmentsMany organizations contributed to developing 2016 edition of Helping the Student with Diabetes Succeed: AGuide for School Personnel. A core writing and review team helped research, write, and refine drafts of theguide. Their dedication and assistance were invaluable.Barbara J. Anderson, PhDBaylor College of Medicine/Texas Children’s HospitalSarah Butler, MS, RN, CDE, NCSNNational Association of School NursesCrystal Crismond Woodward (Jackson)American Diabetes AssociationBrian DimmickU.S. Department of EducationConnie Evers, MS, RDN, CSSD, LDAcademy of Nutrition and DieteticsAnne Hoogstraten, JDU.S. Department of EducationPaula Jameson, MSN, ARNP, FNP-BC, CDEFlorida Hospital for ChildrenFrancine Kaufman, MDChildren’s Hospital Los AngelesBarbara Linder, MD, PhDNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesCatherine Marschilok, MSN, CDEAmerican Association of Diabetes EducatorsJanet Silverstein, MDAmerican Academy of PediatricsHelping the Student with Diabetes Succeed: A Guide for School Personnel American Diabetes Association Learn more at diabetes.org 1-800-DIABETES (800-342-2383)4
SUPPORTING ORGANIZATIONSSupporting OrganizationsThe NDEP school guide was produced by a partnership of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive andKidney Diseases of the National Institutes of Health, the Division of Diabetes Translation of the Centers forDisease Control and Prevention, and several partner organizations. In 2016, the following organizationssupported its use by school personnel.American Academy of PediatricsAcademy of Nutrition and DieteticsAmerican Association of Clinical EndocrinologistsAmerican Association of Diabetes EducatorsAmerican Diabetes AssociationBarbara Davis Center for Childhood DiabetesChildren with DiabetesThe Endocrine SocietyIndian Health Service, Division of Diabetes Treatment and PreventionJDRFNational Association of Chronic Disease DirectorsNational Association of School NursesNational Association of School PsychologistsPediatric Endocrine Nursing SocietySHAPE AmericaU.S. Department of EducationHelping the Student with Diabetes Succeed: A Guide for School Personnel American Diabetes Association Learn more at diabetes.org 1-800-DIABETES (800-342-2383)5
INTRODUCTIONIntroductionDiabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in school-aged children, affecting about 208,000 youngpeople under age 20 in the United States. According to recent estimates, about 23,500 youths are diagnosedwith type 1 and type 2 diabetes each year.Diabetes is a serious chronic disease in which blood glucose (sugar) levels are above normal due todefects in insulin production, insulin action, or both. As the sixth leading cause of death by disease in theUnited States, long-term complications of diabetes include heart disease, stroke, blindness, kidney failure,nerve disease, gum disease, and amputation of the foot or leg. Although there is no cure, diabetes can bemanaged and complications can be delayed or prevented.Diabetes must be managed 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. For students with type 1 diabetes and for somewith type 2 diabetes, that means careful monitoring of their glucose levels throughout the school day andadministering multiple doses of insulin by injection or with an insulin pump to control their blood glucose andminimize complications. Coordination and collaboration among members of the school health team, thestudent’s parents/guardians, and the student’s personal diabetes health care team are essential for helpingstudents manage their diabetes in the school setting.Members of the School Health TeamMembers of the Student’s Personal DiabetesHealth Care TeamStudent with diabetesStudent with diabetesParents/guardiansParents/guardiansSchool nurseDoctorOther school health care personnelNurseTrained diabetes personnelRegistered dietitian nutritionistAdministratorsDiabetes educatorPrincipalOther health care providers with the student’s care504/IEP coordinatorOffice staffStudent’s teacher(s)School psychologist or guidance counselorCoach, lunchroom, and other school staff membersHelping the Student with Diabetes Succeed: A Guide for School Personnel American Diabetes Association Learn more at diabetes.org 1-800-DIABETES (800-342-2383)6
INTRODUCTIONPurpose of the School GuideThe purpose of this guide is to educate school personnel about effective diabetes management and to share aset of practices that enable schools to ensure a safe learning environment for students with diabetes,particularly those who use insulin to manage the disease. The school health team and the training approach forschool-based diabetes management explained in this guide build on what schools already are doing to supportchildren with chronic diseases.The practices shared in this guide are not necessarily required by the Federal laws enforced by theU.S. Department of Education and/or the U.S. Department of Justice for each student with diabetes.This guide can be used, however, in determining how to address the needs of students with diabetes. Theindividual situation of any particular student with diabetes will affect what is legally required for that student.In addition, this guide does not address State and local laws, because the requirements of these laws mayvary from State to State and school district to school district. This guide should be used in conjunction withFederal as well as State and local laws.Effective diabetes management is crucial:For the immediate safety of students with diabetes;For the long-term health of students with diabetes;To ensure that students with diabetes are ready to learn and to participate fully in schoolactivities; andTo minimize the possibility that diabetes-related emergencies will disrupt classroom activities.Diabetes management training for school personnel is essential to ensure effective school-baseddiabetes management. Three levels of training are needed.Level 1. All school personnel should receive training that provides a basic understanding of diabetes, howto recognize and respond to the signs and symptoms of low blood glucose (hypoglycemia) and high bloodglucose (hyperglycemia), and whom to contact immediately in case of an emergency.Level 2. Classroom teachers and all school personnel who have responsibility for students withdiabetes throughout the school day should receive Level 1 training plus additional training to carry out theirindividual roles and responsibilities and to know what to do in case of a diabetes emergency.Level 3. One or more school staff members should receive in-depth training about diabetes and routineand emergency care for each student with diabetes from a school nurse, a certified diabetes educator, orother qualified health care professional with experience in diabetes. This training will help ensure that a schoolstaff member is always available to help all students with diabetes in case of an emergency and to helpyounger or less experienced students or those with additional physical or mental impairments perform diabetescare tasks (e.g., administering insulin, checking blood glucose levels).Nonmedical school personnel who receive Level 3 training, called “trained diabetes personnel” in this guide,can be supervised by the school nurse to perform diabetes care tasks safely in the school setting. In yourschool, these individuals may be known as unlicensed assistive personnel, assistive personnel,paraprofessionals, trained nonmedical personnel, or trained school staff.Helping the Student with Diabetes Succeed: A Guide for School Personnel American Diabetes Association Learn more at diabetes.org 1-800-DIABETES (800-342-2383)7
INTRODUCTIONOrganization of the School GuideOrganized in six sections, the guide includes background information and tools for school personnel to helpstudents manage diabetes effectively.1. Diabetes Overview provides key information about diabetes, how the disease is managed, health care andeducation plans for students with diabetes, and the essential elements for planning and implementingeffective diabetes management in school. The Diabetes Overview also addresses psychosocial issues, theimportance of diabetes self-management, and the typical ages at which children are able to perform variousdiabetes care tasks.Users of previous editions of the School Guide will find updated information on:Diabetes equipment, supplies, and smartphone technology for blood glucose monitoring andinsulin administration;Meal planning, carbohydrate (carb) counting, and insulin-to-carb ratios; andResources and materials related to topics in the Diabetes Overview.The Diabetes Overview should be distributed to all school personnel who may be responsible for the safetyof students with diabetes.2. Actions for School Personnel, Parents/Guardians, and Students defines the roles and responsibilitiesof administrators, school nurses, key school staff members, the parents/guardians, and the student withdiabetes—the members of the school health team. The Actions pages should be distributed to all schoolpersonnel who may be responsible for the safety of students with diabetes throughout the school day and atschool-sponsored activities.3. Tools for Effective Diabetes Management contains three important tools for helping schools implementeffective diabetes management: a sample Diabetes Medical Management Plan, a sample template for anIndividualized Health Care Plan, and sample Emergency Care Plans for Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia.The Diabetes Medical Management Plan is completed by the student’s personal diabeteshealth care team and contains the medical orders that are the basis for the student’s health careand education plans.The Individualized Health Care Plan is developed by the school nurse in collaboration with thestudent’s personal diabetes health care team and the family to implement the student’sDiabetes Medical Management Plan in the school setting.The Emergency Care Plans for Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia, based on the medicalorders, summarize how to recognize and treat hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia and whom tocontact for help. These plans, developed by the school nurse, should be distributed to all schoolpersonnel who have responsibility for students with diabetes during the school day and duringschool-sponsored activities.4. School Responsibilities under Federal Laws was prepared by the U.S. Department of Education. Thissection provides an overview of Federal laws that address schools’ responsibilities for students withdiabetes, including confidentiality requirements. In applying the laws, schools must consider each studenton an individualized basis; what is appropriate for one student may not be appropriate for another student.5. Glossary of Diabetes Terms provides comprehensive explanations of the medical and technical termsused in this guide.Helping the Student with Diabetes Succeed: A Guide for School Personnel American Diabetes Association Learn more at diabetes.org 1-800-DIABETES (800-342-2383)8
DIABETES OVERVIEW6. Additional Reading lists publications related to diabetes in children and diabetes management in theschool setting.School personnel, health care professionals, and parents/guardians are encouraged to visit the NationalInstitute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) website for additional resources on diabetesin youth. Also, feel free to link your website to this guide and to the NIDDK website.Diabetes OverviewWhat Is Diabetes?Diabetes is a chronic disease in which blood glucose (sugar) levels are above normal. People withdiabetes have problems converting food to energy. After a meal, food is broken down into a sugar called bloodglucose, which is carried by the blood to cells throughout the body. Insulin, a hormone made in the pancreas,allows blood glucose to enter the cells of the body where it is used for energy.People develop diabetes because the pancreas produces little or no insulin or because the cells in themuscles, liver, and fat do not use insulin properly. As a result, glucose builds up in the blood and istransported to the kidney, where it is eliminated from the body in the urine. Thus, the body loses its mainsource of fuel even though the blood contains large amounts of blood glucose. The additional glucose in theurine causes additional loss of water, giving rise to more frequent urination.When insulin is no longer made, it must be obtained from another source—insulin injections or an insulinpump. When the body does not use insulin properly, people with diabetes may take insulin or other bloodglucose-lowering medications. Neither insulin nor other medications, however, are cures for diabetes;they only help to manage the disease.Taking care of diabetes is important. Over the years, ongoing high blood glucose, also called hyperglycemia,can lead to serious health problems. If not managed effectively, diabetes can affect the blood vessels, eyes,kidneys, nerves, gums, and teeth, making it the leading cause of adult blindness, kidney failure, and nontraumatic lower-limb amputations. Poorly controlled diabetes also increases a person’s risk for heart diseaseand stroke.Some of these problems can occur in teens and young adults who develop diabetes during childhood. Thegood news is that research shows these problems can be greatly reduced, delayed, or possibly preventedthrough intensive treatment that keeps blood glucose levels near normal.The three main types of diabetes are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.TYPE 1 DIABETESType 1 diabetes, formerly called juvenile diabetes, is a disease of the immune system, the body’s system forfighting infection. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells (the insulinproducing cells of the pancreas) and destroys them. Because the pancreas can no longer produce insulin,people with type 1 diabetes must take insulin daily to live.Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but onset of the disease occurs most often in children and young adults.Most cases of diabetes in children under age 10 are type 1 diabetes. In adults, type 1 diabetes accounts for 5to 10 percent of all cases of diagnosed diabetes.Helping the Student with Diabetes Succeed: A Guide for School Personnel American Diabetes Association Learn more at diabetes.org 1-800-DIABETES (800-342-2383)9
DIABETES OVERVIEWSymptoms. The symptoms of type 1 diabetes are due to an increase in the level of glucose in the blood andinclude increased thirst and urination, unexplained weight loss, blurred vision, and feeling tired all the time.These symptoms may be mistaken for severe flu or another rapid-onset illness. If not diagnosed and treatedwith insulin, the student with type 1 diabetes can lapse into a life-threatening condition known as diabeticketoacidosis or DKA. Signs of DKA include vomiting; sleepiness; fruity breath; difficulty breathing; and, ifuntreated, coma and death.Risk factors. Although scientists have made much progress in predicting who is at risk for type 1 diabetes,they do not yet know what triggers the immune system’s attack on the pancreas’ beta cells. They believe thattype 1 diabetes is due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors that are beyond the individual’scontrol. Researchers are working to identify these factors and to stop the autoimmune process that leads totype 1 diabetesType 1 Diabetes TrialNet is an international network of researchers who are exploring waysto prevent, delay, and reverse the progression of type 1 diabetes.TYPE 2 DIABETESType 2 diabetes, formerly called adult-onset diabetes, is the most common form of the disease in adults.People can develop it at any age, even during childhood. A progressive disease, type 2 diabetes usuallybegins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells do not respond to insulin properly. At first, thepancreas keeps up with the added demand by producing more insulin. Over time, however, the pancreas losesits ability to secrete enough insulin to control blood glucose levels after meals , overnight or during periods offasting.Managing type 2 diabetes requires maintaining a healthy weight and weight loss, if overweight. Lifestylechanges such as making healthy food choices and getting regular physical activity are essential. In addition,people with type 2 diabetes may take insulin and/or other blood gluc
American Association of Diabetes Educators American Diabetes Association Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes Children with Diabetes The Endocrine Society Indian Health Service, Division of Diabetes Treatment and Prevention JDRF National Association of Chronic Disease Directors National Association of School Nurses
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