Chapter Eight: Cardiovascular System 191

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Chapter Eight: Cardiovascular SystemOVERVIEW OF THECARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMThe cardiovascular system consistsof the heart as a pump, blood vesselsthat take blood away from the heart(arteries), and blood vessels that takeblood back to the heart (veins).Locate the heart on the illustrationand color it in purple. Label thecommon carotid artery and color itin red. Arteries are typically coloredin red and veins are colored blue.Label and color in the internaljugular vein too. The internaljugular vein takes blood to thesuperior vena cava which takesblood to the heart. Label and colorthe aortic arch red and find thecontinuation of the aorta thattravels down the left side of thebody, splits and takes blood to thefemoral artery. The vessel parallel tothe femoral artery is the femoralvein and it should be colored blue.The femoral vein takes blood to theinferior vena cava befo re it goes tothe heart. Blood travels to the arm bythe brachial artery anddeoxygenated (color it blue) bloodtravels to the lungs in thepulmonary trunk.Answer Key: a. Internal jugularvein,b. Cornman carotid artery, c. Superiorvena cava, d. Brachial artery, e. Infenorvena cava, f. Aortic arch, g. Pulmonarytrunk, h. Heart, i. Aorta, j. Femoral artery,k. Femoral vem.a.b.c.d.e.-------\p/CrH '191

Chapter EightCardiovascular SystemIKAPLA .meulcaI193CIRCULATIONThe heart has four chambersincluding the superior atria and theinferior ventricles. There is a typicalcoloring pattern for thecardiovascular system. Vessels orchambers that carry deoxygenatedblood are colored in blue whilevessels that carry oxygenated bloodare colored red. Label and color theright atrium (blue), right ventricle(blue), left atrium (red) and leftventricle (red). Remember the heartis in anatomical position so the rightatrium is on the left in theillustration.There are two major circulations inthe body. One goes to the lungs andthis is called the pulmonarycirculation. Deoxygenated bloodleaves the right ventricle of the heartand travels through the pulmonaryartery (blue) to the lungs where theblood is oxygenated. Blood returnsfrom the lungs to the left atrium ofthe heart by the pulmonary veins(red). The other main circulation inthe body is called the systemiccirculation where blood travels fromthe left ventricle of the heart andgoes to the other regions of the body.Arteries are vascular tubes that takeblood away from the heart whileveins are vessels that return blood tothe heart. Most arteries carryoxygenated blood and most veinscarry deoxygenated blood but thereare a few exceptions.The first vessel that leaves the heartis the aorta which is part of thearterial system. Color it red. Arteriesreceive blood from the aorta andtake blood throughout the body.They branch and become smalleruntil they become arterioles. Thearterioles are the structures thatcontrol blood pressure in the body.As they get smaller they becomecapillaries. The capillaries are thesite of exchange with the cells of thebody. Label and then color thecapillaries purple. Purple is a goodchoice because the capillaries are theinterchange between the arteries(red) and the veins (blue). On thereturn flow the capillaries enlargeand turn into venules, which takeblood to the veins. Color the venulesand remaining veins of the bodyblue. Blood from the inferiorportion of the heart returns to theheart by the inferior vena cava.f. - - - - - - - circulation:head and arms - oxygen-rich blood DD1.oxygen-poor bloodoxygen-poor bloodoxygen-rich blooda.d.J.k.1.m.f.circulation:internal organs and legsAnswer Key: a. Right atrium, b. Aorta, c. Left atrium, d. Rightventricle, e. Left ventricle, f. Systemic, g. Pulmonary,h. Pulmonaryartery, i. Pulmonaryvein, j. Infenor vena cava, k. Vein, I. Venule, m. Capillary, n. Arteriole, o. Artery

Chapter EightCardiovascular SystemImeclicalBLOOD@Blood consists of plasma and formedelements. The plasma is the tluid portionof the blood and consists of water, proteins,and dissolved materials such as oxygen,carbon dioxide, electrolytes (ionicparticles) and other materials. Plasmamakes up about 55% of the blood volume.Formed elements make up about 45% ofthe blood volume and consist oferythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes(white blood cells) and thrombocytes(platelets). Label and color in the red bloodcells with a light red color. Label the whiteblood cells and color in the nucleus withpurple and the cytoplasm a light blue. Labeland color the thrombocvtes purple. Thereare about 200,00-450,00 thrornbocytes percubic millimeter of blood. They assist thebody in clotting to prevent blood fromtlowing out of small ruptures in bloodvessels.f, ::".:-,',.b.a.There are about 5 million erythrocytes percubic millimeter of blood. The erythrocytesdo not have a nucleus and they appear likea donut with a thin spot instead of thedonut hole. About a third of the weight of ared blood cell is due to hemoglobin whichmakes the cells red. Color in the surfaceview and cross section of the red blood cell.Note also the size of the thrombocyte.There are about 7 thousand leukocytes percubic millimeter of blood. There are twomain types of leukocytes; granularleukocytes and agranular leukocytes. Thegranular leukocytes have cytoplasmicgranules that either stain pink, dark purpleor do not stain much at all. The granularleukocytes that do not stain much at all arecalled neutrophils because the granules areneutral to the stains. They are the mostnumerous of the leukocytes making up 6070% of the leukocytes. Neutrophils have athree to five lobed nucleus. Color in thecells by shading the cytoplasm light bl ueand coloring in the nucleus purple.c.GranularAgranularThe eosinophils are granular leukocytesthat have pink or orange staining granules.The nucleus is generally two-lobed. Colorin the eosinophil by first coloring in thepurple nucleus and then adding orange tothe cytoplasm. Eosinophils make up about3 percent of the white blood cells.Basophils are a rare granular leukocyte inthat they make up less than one percent ofthe white blood cells. The nucleus is Sshaped but it is frequently difficult to seebecause it is obscured by the dark stainingcytoplasmic granules. Label the basophiland color in the granules a dark purple.The two kinds of agranular leukocytes arethe lymphocytes and the monocytes. Thelymphocytes can be large or small and theymake up 20-30% of the leukocytes. Thecytoplasm is light blue and the nucleus ispurple. The nucleus of the lymphocyte isdented or flattened. Lymphocytes come intwo kinds. B cells secrete antibodies(antibody-mediated immunity) and T cellswhich are involved in cell-mediatedimmunity. Label and color thelymphocytes.The monocytes are large cells (about 3times the size of a red blood cell) and theyhave a strongly lobed nucleus. Some peoplesay this looks like a kidney bean or ahorseshoe. They represent only about 5%of the leukocvtes. Color in the nucleus witha purple and 'the cytoplasm a light blue.d.g,e.h.f.Answer Key: a. Erythrocyte, b. thrombocyte,c. leukocytes, d. basophil, e. eosinophil,f. neutrophil, g. lymphocyte, h. monocyte195

Chapter Eight ICardiovascular SystemANTERIOR SURFACE VIEW OF HEARTThe apex of the heart is inferior and the base is superior. Label eachchamber of the heart and color them each a different color. Locate thecoronary arteries and their branches and color them in red. The rightcoronary artery leads to the right marginal artery. The left coronaryIp.o.n.197artery takes blood to the anterior interventricular branch and thecircumflex branch. The cardiac veins can also be seen on the anteriorside. The great cardiac vein runs in the interventricular sulcus on theanterior side. Label all of the major vessels entering and exiting the heart.c.q.UPLANd'·me lea1.m. - - - - - - - - -1.Answer Key: a. Aortic arch, b. Pulmonary trunk, c. Base of heart, d. Left atrium, e. Circumflex branch, f. Anterior interventricular branch, g. Left coronary artery,h. Great cardiac vein, I. Left ventricle, j. Apex of heart, k. Descending aorta, I. Inferior vena cava, rn. Rightventricle, n. Right marginal artery, o. Rightatrium,p. Rightcoronary artery, q. Superior vena cava

Chapter EightCardiovascular SystemPOSTERIOR SURFACE OF HEARTOn the posterior side of the heart are additional arteries and veins. Theposterior interventricular artery occurs between the ventricles on theposterior surface. It receives blood from the right coronary artery. Themiddle cardiac vein runs the opposite direction and takes blood into thecoronary sinus. The small cardiac vein is also found on the posteriora. - - - - - - -IUPLANd'·me lea199surface of the heart and enters the coronary sinus from the oppositedirection. Label the posterior features of the heart and color the arteriesin red (except for the pulmonary arteries that carry deoxygenatedblood-they should be colored in blue). Color the veins in blue (exceptfor the pulmonary veins which should be colored in red).J. - - - - - - - - -1.:e.--e.1.h. -ITb. ----g. - - - - - - - - - c.Answer Key: a. Aortic arch, b. Inferior vena cava, c. Right ventricle, d. Right atrium, e. Right coronary artery, f. Superior vena cava,g. Posterior interventricular artery, h. Middle cardiac vein, i. Coronary sinus, J. Pulmonary veins, k. Pulmonary arteries, I. Small cardiac vein

Chapter EightCardiovascular SystemCORONAL SECTION OF HEARTThe heart is located in a tough, fibrous sac known as the parietalpericardium which has an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer.If this sac is opened you can see a space called the pericardial cavity. Theheart is in this cavity. The outer surface of the heart is called the visceralpericardium or the epicardium. Inside of this is the main portion of theheart wall called the myocardium (made of cardiac muscle) and theinnermost layer of the heart is the endocardium.Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium of the heart by threevessels: the superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava and the coronarysinus. The walls of the right atrium are thin-walled as they only have topump blood to the right ventricle. The blood in the right atrium is incontact with the fossa ovalis which is a thin spot in the interatrialseptum. This thin spot is a remnant of a hole in the fetal heart know asIKAPLANd'. Ime lea201the foramen ovale. Blood in the right atrium flows through the cusps ofthe tricuspid or right atrioventricular valve into the right ventricle.The tricuspid valve is made of the three cusps, the chordae tendineaeand the papillary muscles that hold the chordae tendineac to theventricle wall. The ventricle wall is lined with trabeculae carneae thatact as struts along the edge of the wall. The wall between the ventricles isknown as the interventricular septum.From the right ventricle, blood passes through the pulmonarysemilunar valve and into the pulmonary trunk where the blood goes tothe lungs. In the lungs the blood is oxygenated. From the lungs the bloodreturns to the left atrium of the heart. Blood in the left atrium moves tothe left ventricle through the left atrioventricular valve or thebiscuspid valve. This valve has two cusps, chordae tendineae andpapillary muscles. When the left ventricle contracts, the blood movesthrough the aortic semilunar valve and into the ascending aorta.j/1White arrows oxygen-rich bloodBlack arrows oygen-poor bloodD veinsD arteriesy. -------x.To lungsTo lungsc. - - - - - - - - -From lungse. - - - - - - - - -From lungsw.v.u.t.1.s.J.r.k.--------q.1.p.m.n.o.Answer Key: a. Pulmonarytrunk, b. Pulmonary semilunar valve, c. Left atrium, e. Left atrioventricular valve, f. Aortric semilunar valve, g. Left ventricle, h. Endocardium,i. Epicardium, j. Myocardium, k. Parietal pericardium, I. Fibrous layer, m. Serous layer, n. Interventricular septum, o. Trabeculaecarneae, p. Inferior vena cava, q. Papillarymuscle, r. Right ventricle, s. Chordae tendineae, t. Right atrioventricular valve, u. Opening of coronarysinus, v. Fossa ovalis, w. Right atrium, x. Superior vena cava, y. Aorta

Chapter EightCardiovascular SystemSUPERIOR ASPECT OF THE HEARTThis view of the heart is seen as if the atria and the major vessels havebeen removed. You should be able to see all of the major valves of theheart. The most anterior valve is the pulmonary semilunar valve thatoccurs between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk. Label andcolor this valve blue. Posterior to this is the aortic semilunar valve. Itoccurs between the left ventricle and the aorta. Label this valve and colorit in red. Both of these valves prevent blood from returning to thea.IIAPLAN· ·Imedlea203ventricles once they have finished contracting. On the right side of theillustration (and on the right side of the heart) is the rightatrioventricular (or tricuspid) valve, so named because it has three flapsor cusps. This valve occurs hetween the right atrium and the rightventricle. It prevents the blood from returning to the right atrium duringventricular contraction. Label this valve and color it blue. On the left sideof the heart is the left atrioventricular (bicuspid) valve. It prevents bloodfrom moving back to the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts.c.ECG-CONDUCTION PATHWAYThe heart has specialized cells that initiate an electrical impulse thatradiates throughout the heart. The cells are clustered in a particular areaknown as the sinoatrial node or the pacemaker. These cells produce adepolarization that travels across the atria which depolarize and thencontract. Depolarization is an electrical event while contraction is amechanical event. Between the wall of the right atrium and the rightd.ventricle is a lump of tissue known as the atrioventricular (AV)node.Once the impulse reaches this area the AV node pauses a moment beforesending the impulse to the atrioventricular bundle. This bundle dividesinto the bundle branches and then the impulse travels to theconduction (Purkinje) fibers. These fibers reach the muscle of theventricles and stimulate them to contract. Color each of the componentsof the conduction pathway a different color.e.h.1.---g.Answer Key: a. Pulmonary semilunar valve, b. Aortic semilunar valve, c. Left atrioventricular valve, d. Right atrioventricular valve, e. Sinoatrial node, f. Atrioventricularbundle, g. Atrioventricular node, h. Bundle branches, I. Purkinje fibers

Chapter Eight ICardiovascular SystemVESSELS OVERVI EWThe blood vessels have differentthickness due to the differences inpressure that occur in them or theirfunction with respect to exchangingnutrients with the cells. Arterieshave thick walls due to the higherpressure found in them. Just as highpressure hoses have thick walls so doarteries. The outer layer of the arteryis the tunica extcrna (tunicaadventitia). You should locate thetunica externa and color it in. Themiddle layer of the artery, the tunicamedia is the thickest layer and it ismade of smooth muscle and elasticfibers. Color the tunica media red.The innermost layer of the artery isthe tunica intima (tunica interna)and it has a special elastic layer calledthe lamina elastic interna. Colorthis layer. The area in the arterywhere the blood flows is called thelumen.a.- c.\C :·-\.f.Veins are thinner walled thanarteries and they do not have thesame elastic fibers in the tunicamedia as arteries. Color the tunicamedia of the veins red and select thesame colors as you did for thearteries for the tunica externa andthe tunica interna. The tunicainterna of veins is folded into valvesthat allow for a one-way flow ofblood through veins.Capillaries are different from botharteries and veins in that they arecomposed of only simple squamousepithelium (called endothelium).The thin nature of capillaries allowsthem to exchange nutrients, water,carbon dioxide and oxygen with thecells. Color in the endothelium ofthe capillary with the same colorthat you selected for the tunicainterna.m.OpenAnswer Key: a. Vein, b. Artery, c.Lumen, d. Tunica intima, e. Tunicamedia, f. Tunica externa, g. Laminaelastica mterna, h. Laminaelasticaexterna, i. Smooth muscle, J. Venule,k. Endothelium, I. Arteriole, m. Capillary,n. Venous valveClosedn.IAPLAN· ·Ime dlea205

Chapter EightCardiovascular SystemIKAPLANd·. Ime lea207ARTERY OVERVI EWOne of the ways to study arteries is todraw them as if you were making astreet map. Begin with the heart anddraw the blood vessels that occur asyou take blood to the fingers, toes orto a particular organ of the body.Arteries are typically colored red andyou should select that color for thisillustration. Use the following arterylist and label the appropriate arteriesand color them in red. Theabbreviation for artery is a.Ascending aortaAortic archThoracic aortaAbdominal aortaBrachiocephalic trunkCommon carotid arterySubclavian arteryAxillary arteryBrachial arteryRadial arteryUlnar arteryCommon iliac arteryFemoral arteryAnterior tibial arteryFibular arteryb.1.e.f.f- ---Answer Key: a. Common carotid a.,b. Brachiocephalic trunk, c. Ascendingaorta, d. Brachial a., e. Ulnar a, f. Radiala., g. Subclavian a.,h. Aortic arch,i. Axillary a, J Thoracic aorta, k.Abdominal aorta, I. Common iliac a.,m. Femoral a., n. Anterior tibial a.,o. Fibular a.o.

blood away from the heart while veins are vesselsthat return blood to the heart. Most arteries carry oxygenated bloodand most veins carrydeoxygenated blood but there are a few exceptions. The first vessel thatleaves the heart is the aortawhich is part of the arterial system. Color it red. Arteries receive blood from the aortaand take blood .

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