Site Suitability Review Of The Northwood Landfill
Site Suitability Reviewof theNorthwood LandfillbyPhillip L. GreerNorth Dakota Geological SurveyandJeffrey OlsonNorth Dakota State Water CommissionPrepared by theNorth Dakota Geological Surveyand theNorth Dakota State Water CommissionND Landfill Site Investigation No. 46
SITE SUITABILITY REVIEWOF THENORTHWOOD LANDFILLBy Phillip L. Greer, North Dakota Geological Survey,and Jeffrey M. Olson, North Dakota State Water CommissionNorth Dakota Landfill Site Investigation 46Prepared by the NORTH DAKOTA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYand the NORTH DAKOTA STATE WATER COMMISSIONBismarck, North Dakota1995
TABLE OF CONTENTSPageINTRODUCTION1Purpose1Location of the Northwood Landfill1Previous Site Investigations3Methods of Investigation3Test Drilling Procedure3Monitoring Well Construction and Development3Collecting and Analyzing Water Samples6Water-Level Measurements8Location-Numbering SystemGEOLOGY810Regional Geology10Local Geology11HYDROLOGY11Surface Water Hydrology11Regional Ground-Water Hydrology14Local Ground-Water Hydrology15Water Quality16CONCLUSIONS16REFERENCES18APPENDIX A Water Quality Standards and MaximumContaminant Levels19APPENDIX B Sampling Procedure for Volatile OrganicCompounds21ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)PageAPPENDIX C Lithologic Logs of Wells and Test Holes.23APPENDIX D Water Level Tables28APPENDIX E Major Ion and Trace ElementConcentrations.30APPENDIX F Volatile Organic Compounds for Well149-055-02CAB32iii
LIST OF FIGURESPageFigure 1. Location of the Northwood landfill in the SWquarter of Section 2, T149N, R55WFigure 2.Well construction design used for monitoringwells installed at the Northwood landfill.Figure 3. Location-numbering system for the Northwoodlandfill259Figure 4.Location of monitoring wells and test holesat the Northwood landfill12Figure 5.Hydrogeologic-section A-A' in the Northwoodlandfill.13iv
INTRODUCTIONPurposeThe North Dakota State Engineer and the North DakotaState Geologist were instructed by the 52 nd State LegislativeAssembly to conduct site-suitability reviews of the solidwaste landfills in the state of North Dakota. These reviewsare to be completed by July 1, 1995 (North Dakota CenturyCode 23-29-07.7). The purpose of this program is to evaluatesite suitability of each landfill for disposal of solid wastebased on geologic and hydrologic characteristics. Reportswill be provided to the North Dakota State Department ofHealth and Consolidated Laboratories (NDSDHCL) for use insite improvement, site remediation, or landfill closure. Aone-time ground-water sampling event was performed at eachsite, and additional studies may be necessary to meet therequirements of the NDSDHCL for continued operation of solidwaste landfills. The Northwood solid-waste landfill is oneof the landfills being evaluated.Location of the Northwood LandfillThe Northwood solid waste landfill is located about fourmiles west of the City of Northwood in the SW 1/4, Section 2,Township 149 North, Range 55 West. The active area of thelandfill encompasses approximately 20 acres.1
R.55W.R.55W.Landfill BoundaryGrandForksCountyElevation in feet aboveMSL (NGVD, 1929)Figure 1. Location of the Northwood municial landfill inthe SW 1/4, Section 2, T.149N., R.55W.2
Previous Site InvestigationsNo previous hydrogeologic investigations have beenperformed at the Northwood landfill.Methods of InvestigationThe Northwood study was accomplished by means of: 1)drilling test holes; 2) constructing and developingmonitoring wells; 3) collecting and analyzing water samples;and 4) measuring water levels.Test-Drilling ProcedureThe drilling method was based on the site's geology anddepth to ground water, as determined by the preliminary siteevaluation. A hollow-stem auger was used at the Northwoodlandfill because the depth to ground water was expected to berelatively shallow. The lithologic descriptions weredetermined from the drill cuttings. The water used with therig was obtained from municipal water supplies.Monitoring Well Construction and DevelopmentFour test holes were drilled at the Northwoodlandfill, and a monitoring well was installed in each testhole. The number of wells installed at the landfill was3
based on the geologic and topographic characteristics of thesite. The depth and intake interval of each well wasselected to monitor the water level at the top of theuppermost aquifer. The wells were located around the activearea of the landfill.Wells were constructed following a standard design (Fig.2) intended to comply with the construction regulations ofthe NDSDHCL and the North Dakota Board of Water WellContractors (North Dakota Department of Health, 1986). Thewells were constructed using a 2-inch diameter, SDR21,polyvinyl chloride (PVC) well casing and a PVC screen, either5 or 10 feet long, with a slot-opening size of 0.012 or 0.013inches. The screen was fastened to the casing with stainlesssteel screws (no solvent weld cement was used). After thecasing and screen were installed into the drill hole, theannulus around the screen was filled with No. 10 (grain-sizediameter) silica sand to a height of two feet above the topof the screen. A two to three-foot bentonite plug was placedabove the sand pack using medium-size bentonite chips. Highsolids bentonite grout and/or neat cement was placed abovethe bentonite plug to seal the annulus to approximately fivefeet below land surface. The remaining annulus was filledwith drill cuttings. The permanent wells were secured with aprotective steel casing and a locking cover protected by atwo-foot-square concrete pad.All monitoring wells were developed using a stainlesssteel bladder pump or a teflon bailer. Any drilling fluid4
Locking Cap4-Inch DiameterSteel CasingConcrete Pad/ / / / / // / / / /Soil2-inch diameter PVC CasingNeat Cementor Bentonite Grout2 to 4-footBentonite PlugNo. 8 Slot PVC ScreenNo. 10 Silica SandFigure 2. Construction design used for monitoring wellsinstalled at the Northwood landfill.5
and fine materials present near the well were removed toinsure movement of formation water through the screen.The Mean Sea Level (MSL) elevation was established foreach well by differential leveling to Third Order accuracy.The surveys established the MSL elevation at the top of thecasing and the elevation of the land surface next to eachwell.Collecting and Analyzing Water SamplesWater-quality analyses were used to determine ifleachate is migrating from the landfill into the underlyingground-water system. Selected field parameters, major ions,and trace elements were measured for each water sample.These field parameters and analytes are listed in Appendix Awith their Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL). MCLs areenforceable drinking water standards that represent themaximum permissible level of a contaminant as stipulated bythe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).Water samples were collected using a bladder pumpconstructed of stainless steel with a teflon bladder. Ateflon bailer was used in monitoring wells with limitedtransmitting capacity. Before sample collection, three tofour well volumes were extracted to insure that unadulteratedformation water was sampled. Four samples from each wellwere collected in high-density polyethylene plastic bottlesas follows:6
1) Raw (500 ml)2) Filtered (500 ml)3) Filtered and acidified (500 ml)4) Filtered and double acidified (500 ml)The following parameters were determined for each sample:Specific conductance, pH, bicarbonate, and carbonate wereanalyzed using the raw sample. Sulfate, chloride, nitrate*,and dissolved solids were analyzed using the filtered sample.Calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, and manganesewere analyzed from the filtered, acidified sample. Cadmium,lead, arsenic, and mercury were analyzed using the filtereddouble-acidified samples.One well was sampled for Volatile Organic Compounds(VOC) analysis. This sample was collected at a differenttime than the standard water-quality sample. The procedureused for collecting the VOC sample is described in AppendixB. Each sample was collected with a plastic throw-awaybailer and kept chilled. These samples were analyzed withinthe permitted 14-day holding period. The standard waterquality analyses were performed at the North Dakota StateWater Commission (NDSWC) Laboratory and VOC analyses wereperformed by the NDSDHCL.*No special preservative techniques were applied to nitrate samples andas a result reported nitrate concentrations may be lower than actual.7
Water-Level MeasurementsWater-level measurements were taken at least three timesat a minimum of two-week intervals. The measurements weretaken using a chalked-steel tape or an electronic (Solnist10078) water-level indicator. These measurements were usedto determine the shape and configuration of the water table.Location-Numbering SystemThe system for denoting the location of a test hole orobservation well is based on the federal system ofrectangular surveys of public land. The first and secondnumbers indicate Township north and Range west of the 5thPrinciple Meridian and baseline (Fig. 3). The third numberindicates the section. The letters A, B, C, and D designate,respectively, the northeast, northwest, southwest, andsoutheast quarter section (160-acre tract), quarter-quartersection (40-acre tract), and quarter-quarter-quarter section(10-acre tract). Therefore, a well denoted by 149-055-02CABwould be located in the NW1/4, NE1/4, SW1/4, Section 2,Township 149 North, Range 55 West. Consecutive numbers areadded following the three letters if more than one well islocated in a 10-acre tract, e.g. 149-055-02CAB1 and 149-05502CAB2.8
Figure 3. Location-numbering system.
GEOLOGYRegional GeologyThe Northwood landfill lies at the western edge of theRed River Valley in an area where a variety of depositionalenvironments are represented. The landfill is located on theHerman Beach complex, which marks the maximum westward extentof glacial Lake Agassiz. The Herman Beach shoreline depositsare low, long narrow ridges of wave-washed sand and gravel(Hansen and Kume, 1970).The Herman Beach ridges overlie collapsed glacialsediments that were deposited during several earlier glacialadvances. These glacial sediments range from 50 to 150 feetthick and consist of till with scattered beach deposits. Theuppermost bedrock in the area is Cretaceous shale of theCarlile Formation (Hansen and Kume, 1970, Plate 3).The Elk Valley delta plain a short distance east of thelandfill contains outwash and deltaic deposits consisting ofwell-sorted clay, silt, sand, and gravel. At an outcropalong the Goose River west of Northwood (NW 1/4, Section 7,T149N, R54W) the deltaic sediments consist of interbeddedsilt, clay, and fine sand (Hansen and Kume, 1970). Thisoutcrop is 1 1/2 miles east of the Northwood landfill.The delta plain had an extremely low-relief surfacewhich has since been modified by water and wind erosion. Aveneer of Holocene alluvium and windblown sediments overliesthe deltaic deposits.10
Local GeologyThe landfill is located on a small ridge (Fig. 4) whichhas about 10 feet of relief and is part of the Herman Beachridge complex. A fine to medium-grained sand occurring atthe surface around the landfill is a remnant of the beachridge. This sand has a maximum measured thickness of 6 feetin test hole 149-055-02CCD (Fig. 5, lithologic logs inAppendix C). The surficial sand is absent at test hole 149055-02CDD, which is located east of the beach ridge.The beach sand is underlain by successive layers oftill, sand, and till. The uppermost till ranges from 11 feetto 23 feet thick. A layer of fine-grained sand beneath thetill has a maximum thickness of 21 feet. Although a fewzones consist of relatively uniform sand, most of the unit iscomposed of poorly sorted sand containing significantpercentages of clay, silt, or gravel. This sand is probablyan outwash deposit. The sand is underlain by a second layerof till of unknown thickness.HYDROLOGYSurface-Water HydrologyThe Goose River is located about 0.75 miles northeast ofthe landfill. The Goose River appears to be the main point11
R.55W.R.55W.(i) SWC/NDGS Monitoring WellsBuried Refuse Landfill BoundaryDirection ofGround-Water Flow02CAB1133.80Well Number andWater-Level Elevation8/24/94Elevation in feetabove MSL (NGVD, 1929)Figure 4. Location of monitoring wells and the directionof ground-water flow.12
AA0mCN10ItnU100EUEVATIONIN FEET1140tr)tr)0cincn. .— . . . 1120 —1100 ——SAND:1—TILLV —WATER LEVELS8-24-94HORIZONTALSCALE IN FEET0125VERTICALEXAGGERATIONX 10250—TEST HOLE ORMONITORINGWELL—SCREENEDINTERVALLOCATION OF WELLSAND CROSS SECTIONFigure 5: Geohydrologic section A—A' in the Northwood landfill.
of discharge for the area near the Northwood landfill. Anintermittent stream occurs along the north boundary of thelandfill and drains into the Goose River. Some surfacerunoff at the Northwood landfill may flow into this stream.The Goose River should not be affected by significantcontaminant migration due to its distance from the landfill.Regional Ground-Water HydrologyRegional aquifers near the Northwood landfill consist ofbedrock and glacial lithologies. The Dakota aquifer islocated about 500 feet below land surface and directlyunderlies the glacial till (Kelly and Paulson, 1970). TheDakota aquifer is characterized by a sodium-chloride typewater. The Dakota aquifer should not be susceptible tocontaminant migration from the landfill due to its depth andthe occurrence of intervening clays characterized by lowtransmitting capacity.The western boundary of the Elk Valley aquifer, asmapped by Kelly and Paulson (1970), is about one-half milefrom the Northwood landfill. Available data indicates thewestern boundary of the aquifer may extend farther west thanoriginally mapped. The Elk Valley aquifer is unconfined andgenerally less than 50 feet below land surface near thelandfill. The Elk Valley aquifer consists of fine grainedsand and is characterized by a calcium-bicarbonate typewater. This aquifer may be susceptible to contaminant14
migration if the western boundary extends beneath thelandfill.Undifferentiated glacial aquifers are present inisolated sand and gravel deposits. These aquifers aregenerally small in size and contain small amounts of water.The ground-water chemistry in these aquifers is variable. Itis not known if any undifferentiated aquifers exist near theNorthwood landfill.Local Ground-Water HydrologyFour test holes were drilled at the Northwood landfilland monitoring wells were installed at each site (Fig 4).Four water-level measurements were taken over an eight-weekperiod (Appendix D). All monitoring wells were screenedwithin a layer of fine-grained sand. Two separate sandaquifers were encountered at the Northwood landfill. Asurficial, unconfined aquifer, encountered at well 2CDD, isseparated from a deeper sand aquifer by a 5- to 10-foot thicklayer of clay. The other three monitoring wells are screenedin the deeper, confined sand aquifer. The deeper, confinedsand aquifer appears to be located at the same elevation asthe Elk Valley aquifer and it is not known if these aquifersare hydraulically connected. The direction of ground-waterflow is to the east-northeast toward the Little Goose River.15
Water QualityChemical analyses of water samples are shown in AppendixE. Well 2CAB detected an iron concentration of 0.37 mg/Lwhich is slightly above the SMCL of 0.3 mg/L set by theEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA). The source of theincreased iron concentration was not determined. The majorion concentrations are not above SMCL.The trace element analyses detected an elevatedconcentration of selenium (7 µg /L) in well 02CCD. Thisconcentration is below the MCL of 10 gg/L but higher thanconcentrations in the other wells. The source of theselenium was not determined in this study.The results of the VOC analyses, from well 149-05502CAB, are shown in Appendix F. The VOC analyses detected aconcentration of dichloromethane (1.02 µg/L). It isinconclusive whether the source of this VOC compound is theresult of laboratory contamination t or migration from thelandfill.CONCLUSIONSThe Northwood landfill is located on the Herman Beachridge complex near the western edge of the Elk Valley deltat Beginning in September, 1994 the NDSDHCL changed their analyticalprocedures that lowered detection limits for VOC conoentrations by oneto two orders of magnitude.16
plain. A layer of fine-grained to medium-grained beach sandat the ground surface has a maximum measured thickness of 6feet. The beach sand is underlain by a layer of till, alayer of fine-grained sand, and another layer of till.The deeper sand ranges from 11 feet to 21 feet thick.Water-level measurements indicate that the deeper sandaquifer is confined. The direction of ground-water flow iseast-northeast, toward the Goose River.It is not known whether the deeper sand is a small,isolated aquifer or whether it is hydraulically connected tothe extensive blanket of outwash sand which makes up the ElkValley aquifer. Previous studies have mapped the westernboundary of the Elk Valley aquifer to within a mile east ofthe landfill. However, the aquifer boundaries areapproximate because of limited well data in the area.Chemical analyses of water samples revealed an ironconcentration slightly above the SMCL in well 02CAB. Thesource of the elevated iron concentration was not determined.The trace element analyses detected an elevatedconcentration of selenium in well 02CCD. This concentrationis below the MCL of 10 gg/L but higher than concentrations inthe other wells. The source of the selenium was notdetermined in this study.The VOC analysis, from well 02CAB, detected a trace ofdichioromethane. It is inconclusive whether the source ofthis VOC compound is the result of laboratory contamination ormigration from the landfill.17
REFERENCESHansen, D.E., and Kume, J., 1970, Geology and ground waterresources of Grand Forks County, part I, geology: NorthDakota Geological Survey, Bulletin 53, North Dakota StateWater Commission, County Ground Water Studies 13, 76 p.Hem, J.D., 1989, Study and interpretation of the chemicalcharacteristics of natural water: United StatesGeological Survey, Water-Supply Paper 2254, 263 p.Kelly, T.E., and Paulson, Q.F., 1970, Geology and groundwater resources of Grand Forks County, part III, groundwater resources: North Dakota Geological Survey, Bulletin53, North Dakota State Water Commission, County GroundWater Studies 13, 58 p.North Dakota Department of Health, 1986, Water wellconstruction and water well pump installation: Article33-18 of the North Dakota Administrative Code, 42 p.18
t4" tw" '.APPENDIX AWATER QUALITY STANDARDSANDCONTAMINANT LEVELS19
Water Quality StandardsandContaminant LevelsField ParametersappearancepHspecific rontiumMCL (vg/L1501050100210*EPA has not set an MCL for strontium. The medianconcentration for most U.S. water supplies is 100 gg/L (Hem,1989).MCL (mg/L1250 0.35020-170300-1000 1000ChlorideIronNitrateSodiumSulfateTotal Dissolved SolidsRecommended ConcentrationLimits (mg/TA150-20025-50150-20025-50 121 (hard tovery 0
APPENDIX BSAMPLING PROCEDURE FORVOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS21
SAMPLING PROCEDURE FOR 40ML AMBER BOTTLESSample Collection for Volatile Organic CompoundsbyNorth Dakota Department of Healthand Consolidated Laboratories1.Three samples must be collected in the 40m1 bottles thatare provided by the lab. One is the sample and theothers are duplicates.2.A blank will be sent along. Do Not open this blank andturn it in with the other three samples.3.Adjust the flow so that no air bubbles pass through thesample as the bottle is being filled. No air should betrapped in the sample when the bottle is sealed. Makesure that you do not wash the ascorbic acid out of thebottle when taking the sample.4.The meniscus of the water is the curved upper surface ofthe liquid. The meniscus should be convex (as shown) sothat when the cover to the bottle is put on, no airbubbles will be allowed in the sample.convex meniscus5.Add the small vial of concentrated HCL to the bottle.6.Screw the cover on with the white Teflon side down.Shake vigorously, turn the bottle upside down, and tapgently to check if air bubbles are in the sample.7.If air bubbles are present, take the cover off thebottle and add more water. Continue this process untilthere are no air bubbles in the sample.8.The sample must be iced after collection and deliveredto the laboratory as soon as possible.9.The 40 ml bottles contain ascorbic acid as apreservative and care must be taken not to wash it outof the bottles. The concentrated acid must be addedafter collection as an additional preservative.22
APPENDIX CLITHOLOGIC LOGSOF WELLS AND TEST HOLES23
149-055-02CABDate Completed:L.S. Elevation (ftJ:Depth Drilled (ft):Screened Interval (ft):NDSWCPurpose:Well ervation Well2" PVCUndefinedNORTHWOODLithologic LogUnitDepth (ft)Description0-1TopsoilSandFine to medium grain.1-3ClayTrace of sand and gravel, yellowish-brown withmoderate red mottles, till.3-12ClaySandy, silty, yellowish-brown.12-14SandClayey, yellowish-brown.14-18SandClayey wih a trace of gravel, bluish-gray, damp.18-22SandVery fine grained, gray, damp.22-25SandFine grained, trace of gravel, gray.25-35ClayTrace of sand and gravel, greenish-gray.35-3724
149-055-02CCADate Completed:L.S. Elevation (ft):Depth Drilled (ft):Screened Interval (ft):NDSWCPurpose:Well ervation Well2" PVCUndefinedNORTHWOODLithologic LogUnitDepth (ft)Description0-1Topsoilof gravel.1-4SandFine to medium grain withClayTrace of sand and gravel, yellowish-brown, till.4-16ClaySandy, gravelly, yellowish-brown.16-22ClaySandy, gravelly, gray.22-27SandClayey, gray.27-38a trace25
149-055-02CCDDate Completed:L.S. Elevation (ft):Depth Drilled (ftJ:Screened Interval (ftJ:6/21/941143.453725-35NDSWCPurpose:Well Type:Aquifer:Source:Owner:Observation Well2" PVCUndefinedNORTHWOODLithologic LogUnitDepth (ft)Description0-1TopsoilSandMedium grain, yellowish-brown.1-6ClaySandy with a trace of gravel, yellowish-brown.6-18SandFine grain, gray.18-21SandClayey, trace of gravel, gray.21-35ClaySandy, gray.35-3726
149-055-02 Date Completed:L.S. Elevation (ftJ:Depth Drilled (ftJ:Screened Interval (ftJ:6/21/941139.492515-25NDSWCPurpose:Well Type:Aquifer:Source:Owner:Observation Well2" PVCUndefinedNORTHWOODLithologic LogUnitDepth (ft)DescriptionTopsoil0-1ClayTrace of sand and gravel, yellowish-brown, till1-17SandFine to medium grain, yellowish-brown, wet.17-20ClaySandy with a trace of gravel, yellowish-brown.20-2527
APPENDIX DWATER-LEVEL TABLES28
Northwood Water Levels7/26/94 to 9/8/94149-055-02CABUndefined AquiferDepth toDateWater (ftJ07/26/9408/11/947.827.07149-055-02C CADndefined AqpiferDepth toDateWater ed AquiferDepth toDateWater (ftJ07/26/9408/11/9410.059.16WL Elev(nsl, ft)Date1132.581133.3308/24/9409/08/94WL Elev(nsl, ft)Date1133.321134.1608/24/9409/08/94WL Elev(nsl, Undefined AquiferDepth toDateWater (ftJWL Elev(wl, /9410.369.2129MP Elev (nsl,ftJ 1140.4SI (ft.) 26-36WL ElevDepth to(nsl, ft)Water (ft)6.606.841133.801133.56HP Elev (msl,ft) 1147.14ST (ft.) 27-37WL ElevDepth to(mel, ft)Water (ftJ12.5812.811134.561134.33HP Elev (msl,ft) 1145.29SI (ft.) 25-35WL ElevDepth to(wl, ft)Water (ftJ8.949.191136.351136.10HP Elev (msl,ft) 1141.04SI (ft.) 15-25WL ElevDepth to(wl, ft)Water (ft)9.239.421131.811131.62
APPENDIX EMAJOR ION AND TRACE-ELEMENTCONCENTRATIONS30
Northwood Landfill Water QualityMajor IonsLocationScreenedInterval(ft)(milligrams per liter)DateSampledSi02FeMnCaMgNaHCO3 CO 3KSO4ClFNO 3TDSHardness asNCHCaCO3(SpecCond TempSAR (pmho) (.C) pHNa0.3 121704.20.200.0756368043050.3932121602.80.3 507/19/94260.060.397836364.73070Trace Element 110(micrograms per liter)
APPENDIX FVOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDSFOR WELL 149-055-02CAB32
Volatile Organic CompoundsandMinimum ConcentrationsConcentrations are based only on detection limits. Anythingover the detection limit indicates possible contamination.Chemical Analysisgg/LConstituent 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 50 50 50 50 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5BenzeneVinyl ChlorideCarbon obenzeneAcetone2-Butanone ropropane1,1,2,2-TetrachloroethaneEthyl thaneChloroethane1,1,2-Trichloroethane1.02* 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5* Constituent Detection33
VOC Constituents cont. 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 5 0.5 5 5 50 5 5 5 5 arbondisufideEthertrans-1,3-Dichloropropene* Constituent Detection34
The North Dakota State Engineer and the North Dakota State Geologist were instructed by the 52nd State Legislative Assembly to conduct site-suitability reviews of the solid waste landfills in the state of North Dakota. These reviews are to be completed by July 1, 1995 (North Dakota Centur
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