The Old Greek Of IsaIah - Society Of Biblical Literature

The Old Greek of Isaiah

Septuagint and Cognate StudiesEditorWolfgang KrausEditorial BoardRobert HiebertKaren H. JobesSiegfried KreuzerArie van der KooijVolume 61The Old Greek of Isaiah

The Old Greek of IsaiahAn Analysis of Its Pluses and MinusesMirjam van der Vorm-CroughsSBL PressAtlanta

Copyright 2014 by SBL PressAll rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted inany form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying andrecording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, exceptas may be expressly permitted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing fromthe publisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to theRights and Permissions Office, SBL Press, 825 Houston Mill Road, Atlanta,GA 30329, USA.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataVan der Vorm-Croughs, Mirjam.The old Greek of Isaiah : an analysis of its pluses and minuses / Mirjam vander Vorm-Croughs.pages cm. — (Society of Biblical Literature Septuagint and cognate studies ; no. 61)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-58983-978-6 (paper binding : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-58983980-9 (electronic format) — ISBN 978-1-58983-979-3 (hardcover binding : alk.paper)1. Bible. Isaiah. Greek—Versions—Septuagint. 2. Bible. Isaiah—Language,style. 3. Greek language, Biblical. 4. Hebrew language. I. Title.BS1514.G7S486 2014224’.10486—dc232014010033Printed on acid-free, recycled paperconforming to ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R1997) and ISO 9706:1994

CONTENTSPrefaceAbbreviationsixxiCHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION1.1 A brief survey of studies on the Septuagint of Isaiah1.2 A survey of studies on pluses and minuses in the Septuagint1.3 How to establish pluses and minuses in a translation1.4 Vorlage or translator?1.5 An outline of this study and a discussion of the method of analysis1212142728CHAPTER 2. EXPLICITATION2.1 Introduction2.2 Explicitation through the addition of an attribute2.3 The addition of ÈÜË, ĞÂÇË and Ä 2.4 Explicitation of the subject2.5 Explicitation through the addition of an object2.6 Explicitation through the addition of a verb phrase2.7 The addition of a pleonastic noun2.8 Explicitation without the occurrence of a plus2.9 Conclusion31313341444955596061CHAPTER 3. IMPLICITATION3.1 Introduction3.2 Implicitation through the omission of an attribute3.3 The omission of the governing noun in a genitival relationship3.4 The omission of ), %' and : 3.5 Implicitation of the subject3.6 Implicitation by the omission of an object3.7 Implicitation without the occurrence of a minus6363646971747780v

vi3.8THE OLD GREEK OF ISAIAHConclusionCHAPTER 4. THE ADDITION AND OMISSION OF PARTICLES4.1 The copulative conjunctions Á ţ and # 4.2 Particles forming a plus4.3 Particles forming a minus4.4 ConclusionCHAPTER 5. FREE TRANSLATION OF HEBREW IDIOMATICAND GRAMMATICAL FEATURES5.1 Introduction5.2 The translation of the asyndetic relative clause5.3 The formation of a relative clause to replace a Hebrew construct state5.4 The omission of the retrospective pronoun or adverb in the relativeclause5.5 The omission of the genitive pronoun5.6 The omission of the infinitive absolute5.7 Translation of semi-prepositions5.8 The omission of Hebrew idiomatic expressions and formulae5.9 CHAPTER 6. DOUBLE TRANSLATION6.1 Introduction6.2 Doublets and double translations in LXX Isaiah6.3 The two renderings are joined in coordination6.4 The two Greek renderings are in genitival relationship6.5 Two renderings of one Hebrew expression form differentgrammatical units within the same sentence6.6 One Hebrew expression is used again in a preceding orfollowing clause6.7 With a second rendering of a Hebrew phrase or clause a newclause is formed6.8 Two Greek renderings each reflect a different aspect of oneHebrew expression6.9 Repetitive rendering6.10 Conclusion141141143145153CHAPTER 7. CONDENSATION7.1 Introduction187187155164171177177184

CONTENTS7.27.37.47.57.67.77.8The reduction of synonymous elementsThe reduction of (nearly) identical elementsTwo phrases or clauses are combined into oneThe cancelling of paronomasiaDistributive renderingA single Greek rendering represents two Hebrew expressions,reflecting the location of the one and the syntactical function orcontent of the otherConclusionCHAPTER 8. PLUSES AND MINUSES CREATING ORIMPROVING RHETORICAL FIGURES8.1 LXX Isaiah and classical rhetoric8.2 Division of figures8.3 Word figures of addition8.4 Word figures of omission (detractio)8.5 Word figures of transposition (figurae per ordinem)8.6 Repetition of clauses: the refrain8.7 The deletion of rhetorical figures8.8 ConclusionCHAPTER 9. ANAPHORIC TRANSLATION9.1 Introduction9.2 The adoption of elements from the near context: LXX Isaiah’s plusesand minuses caused by contextual harmonisation and exegesis9.3 The adoption of elements from passages elsewhere in Isaiah9.4 The adoption of elements from other biblical books9.5 Assimilation to fixed biblical phrases9.6 ConclusionCHAPTER 10. SOME OTHER FACTORS THAT MAY HAVEMOTIVATED THE TRANSLATOR TO ADD OR OMIT ELEMENTS10.1 Additions and omissions related to the translator’s supposeddeficient understanding of the Hebrew10.2 Additions and omissions related to the translator’s “improvement”or deletion of obscure or (seemingly) “incorrect” Hebrew10.3 Additions and omissions related to ideological or theologicalconsiderations10.4 68291294297299299304333357450453455456460463470

viiiTHE OLD GREEK OF ISAIAHCHAPTER 11. PLUSES AND MINUSES CAUSED BYTRANSLATION MISTAKES11.1 Haplography11.2 Parablepsis11.3 Other possible cases of translational errors11.4 ConclusionCHAPTER 12. PLUSES AND MINUSES CAUSED BY ADIFFERENT VORLAGE12.1 Introduction12.2 A plus or minus cannot be explained by one of the translationtendencies LXX Isaiah displays12.3 The plus or minus has a parallel in one of the Qumran manuscripts12.4 Conclusion471471473475476477477478485512CHAPTER 13. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS515Bibliography523INDICESScripture IndexIndex of AuthorsIndex of Subjects535565571

PREFACEThis study is a slightly revised version of a dissertation that was defended inNovember 2010. It is an offshoot of the research project ‘The Septuagint of theBook of Isaiah,’ which was started in 2004 at the Institute of Religion of LeidenUniversity, and in which Prof. A. van der Kooij and Dr. M.N. van der Meer alsocollaborated.It is a great pleasure to thank those who played an important role inassisting me in this study. In the first place, I owe many thanks to Prof. A. vander Kooij. Without his continuous help and advice this work could not havebeen written. I also would like to express my gratitude to Prof. T. Muraoka,who, some fifteen years ago, inspired me to focus my research on the Septuagintof Isaiah. Special thanks are due to Dr W. Th. van Peursen for his advice onsection 1.3.2 of this study. I am also much indebted to Helen Richardson-Hewittfor the many hours she spent correcting the English of this book.Lastly, I thank all those who supported me in any respect during the completionof the project, in particular my husband, Matthijs van der Vorm. This work isdedicated to him, and to our three children, Michiel, Boaz and Marit.ix

TLBGNTLBHSBibBIOSCSBKATBWAT NFBZAWCATSS1QIsaiahaThe Septuagint version of the Hebrew BibleThe Masoretic TextAnnales Academiae scientiarum fennicaeAbhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften inGöttingenAnchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by D. N. Freedman. 6vols. New York, 1992Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und desUrchristentumsAlttestamentliche AbhandlungenBrown, F., S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs. A Hebrew andEnglish Lexicon of the Old Testament. With an AppendixContaining the Biblical Aramaic. Oxford, 1979Blass, F., A. Debrunner, and F. Rehkopf. Grammatik desneutestamentlichen Griechisch. 17th ed. Göttingen, 1990Bibiotheca ephemeridum theologicarum lovaniensiumBaker’s Greek New Testament LibraryBiblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Edited by K. Elliger andW. Rudolph. Stuttgart, 1983BiblicaBulletin of the International Organization for Septuagintand Cognate StudiesBiblischer Kommentar, Altes Testament. Edited by M.Noth and H. W. WolffBeiträge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten Testament, NeueFolgeBeihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentlicheWissenschaftComputer Assisted Tools for Septuagint Studiesxi

HALOTHdAHKATHUBHUB IsaHUCAICAICCJBLJBSJBThJou ޠ onJQRJSJSupJSOTJSOTSupJTSKHCLDTHE OLD GREEK OF ISAIAHContributions to Biblical Exegesis and TheologyCatholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph SeriesConiectanea biblica: Old Testament SeriesCommentaar op het Oude TestamentDiscoveries in the Judaean DesertDead Sea DiscoveriesEncyclopaedia Judaica. 16 vols. Jerusalem, 1972Ephemerides theologicae lovaniensesForschungen zum Alten TestamentFédération internationale des associations d’étudesclassiquesGesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. Edited by E. Kautzsch.Translated by A. E. Cowley. 2d. ed. Oxford, 1910Gettysburg Theological StudiesKoehler, L., W. Baumgartner, and J. J. Stamm. TheHebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament.Translated and edited under the supervision of M. E. J.Richardson. 2 vols. Leiden, 2001Handbuch der AltertumswissenschaftHandkommentar zum Alten TestamentHebrew University BibleGoshen-Gottstein, M. H. The Book of Isaiah. Jerusalem,1995Hebrew Union College AnnualInitiations au christianisme ancienInternational Critical CommentaryJournal of Biblical LiteratureJerusalem Biblical StudiesJahrbuch für Biblische TheologieJou ޠ on, P. A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Translated andrevised by T. Muraoka. 2 vols. Subsidia biblica 14/1–2.Rome, 1991.Jewish Quarterly ReviewJournal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian,Hellenistic, and Roman Periods: SupplementsJournal for the Study of the Old TestamentJournal for the Study of the Old Testament: SupplementSeriesJournal of Theological StudiesKurzer Hand-Commentar zum Alten TestamentLectio divina

TRu, NFUCOPVTVTSupVWGTWBCWUNTZAWZVSxiiiLettinga, J. P. Grammatica van het Bijbels Hebreeuws.Revised by T. Muraoka with the assistance of W. Th. vanPeursen. 10th ed. Leiden, 1996.Monographs of the Peshitta Institute LeidenMitteilungen des Septuaginta-UnternehmensMededeelingen en verhandelingen van het VooraziatischEgyptisch Gezelschap “Ex Oriente Lux”Nachrichten von der Akademie der Wissenschaften inGöttingenA New English Translation of the Septuagint. New York,2007.New Revised Standard VersionOrbis biblicus et orientalisOrientalia christiana analectaOld Testament LibraryProceedings of the American Academy of JewishResearchDe Prediking van het Oude TestamentPerspectives on Syriac LinguisticsRevue bibiliqueStudien zum Alten und Neuen TestamentsSociety of Biblical Literature Septuagint and CognateStudiesStudi semiticiStudia semitica neerlandicaStudies on the Texts of the Desert of JudahStudia orientaliaSubsidia biblicaTübinger Beiträge zur LinguistikTextual Criticism and the TranslatorTheologische Rundschau, Neue FolgeUniversity of Cambridge Oriental PublicationsVetus TestamentumVetus Testamentum SupplementsVeröffentlichungen der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaftfür TheologieWord Biblical CommentaryWissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen TestamentZeitschrift für die alttestamentliche WissenschaftZeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf demGebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen

Chapter 1.INTRODUCTIONIn recent decades the inquiry into the Greek translation of Isai

HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual ICA Initiations au christianisme ancien ICC International Critical Commentary JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JBS Jerusalem Biblical Studies JBTh Jahrbuch für Biblische Theologie Jouon Jouon, P. A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Translated and revised by