Immigration And Families L'immigration Et Les Familles

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Lorna BailieJean BergeronDominic BoydMartin CollacottPam DanielJanet DenchJohanne DenisSpring / printemps 2006Rell DeShawSara DorowCarole Marie FournierJack JedwabStan KustecJuan Maunel Toro LaraTerry LepatskyLaura Lewis-WattsArlene Tigar McLarenImmigrationand FamiliesL'immigration etles famillesNoorferah MeraliStephanie PotterGeraldine PrattHon. Monte SolbergArthur SweetmanAndrew TelegdiJessie ThomsonTriadafilos TriadafilopoulosMadine VanderPlaatMichèle Vatz LaaroussiSupported by Selection Branch,Citizenship and Immigration CanadaAvec l'appui de la Direction généralede la sélection de Citoyenneté etImmigration CanadaCanadian Studies Programat Canadian HeritageProgramme des étudescanadiennes à Patrimoine canadien 5.95disponible jusqu’au 1er juin 2006on display until June 1st, 2006Guest editor / Directrice invitéeMadine VanderPlaat,Saint Mary's University

Canada West to East:Teaching History in a Time of ChangeA National Conference on the Teaching,Learning & Communication of our HistoryOctober 20-22, 2006The Empire Landmark Hotel, VancouverThe conference will also include the Association forCanadian Studies’ Annual Conference and Youth ForumLe Canada d Ouest en Est :Enseigner l’histoire en période de changementUne conférence nationale surl enseignement, l apprentissage et lacommunication de l histoire du CanadaLes 20-22 octobre 2006The Empire Landmark Hotel, VancouverLa conférence comprendra aussi la conférence annuelleet le congrès étudiant de l’Association d’études canadiennesBritish Columbia Social Studies Teachers Association

Spring / printemps 20063 Immigration and Families: IntroductionMadine VanderPlaat57 Intercountry Adoption andIntercountry Adoption ServicesPam Daniel5 L’immigration et les familles : introductionMadine VanderPlaat7 Interview with the Honourable Monte Solberg9 The History of Family Reunification in Canadaand Current PolicyRell DeShaw15 Sponsorship Agreement16 Entente de parrainage17 Family Versus Individual Immigration:A New Analytical PerspectiveStan Kustec21 Statistics Canada’s Data Sources onImmigrants and Immigrant FamiliesLorna Bailie and Johanne Denis30 Family Immigration Policy in ComparativePerspective: Canada and the United StatesTriadafilos Triadafilopoulos34 Immigration and Parental Sponsorshipin Canada: Implications for Elderly WomenArlene Tigar McLaren38 South Asian Immigration to Canada ThroughArranged Marriages: Exploring Challengesfor Sponsored Women61 Intercountry Adoption: An “Exceptional”Form of Immigration?Sara Dorow and Terry Lepatsky65 Capital Paradoxes: Has Robert Putnam Erredon Ethnicity, Engagement and Trust?Jack Jedwab68 Need We Pursue Immigration ObjectivesOne at a Time? Economic Growth, FamilyReunification and Points SystemsArthur Sweetman72 Le Nous familial vecteur d’insertionpour les familles immigrantesMichèle Vatz Laaroussi76 Family Members and Relatives: An ImportantResource for Newcomers’ Settlement?Jean Bergeron and Stephanie Potter81 Speaking with Families from withinthe ‘Family Class’Laura Lewis-Watts85 Resilience In Newcomer FamiliesDominic Boyd87 La réunification familiale : une stratégie dedéveloppement communautaire durable ?Carole Marie Fournier et Juan Manuel Toro LaraNoorfarah Merali42 Sponsor Questionnaire46 Separation and Reunification Among FilipinoFamilies in VancouverGeraldine Pratt50 Canadian Family Reunification Policyin the Context of ResettlementJessie Thomson53 Ending the Nightmare: Speeding up RefugeeFamily ReunificationJanet Dench90 Family Class Immigration:The Need for a Policy ReviewMartin Collacott94 Family Reunificaion: The Keyto Successful IntegrationAndrew Telegdi

Canadian Issues is published byThèmes canadiens est publié parPRESIDENT / PRÉSIDENTMaurice Basque, Centre d’études acadiennes, Université de MonctonFRENCH LANGUAGE SECRETARY / SECRÉTAIRE DE LANGUE FRANÇAISENicole Neatby, St-Mary’s UniversityENGLISH LANGUAGE SECRETARY / SECRÉTAIRE DE LANGUE ANGLAISEMinelle Mahtani, University of TorontoATLANTIC PROVINCE REPRESENTATIVE / REPRÉSENTANTE DE L’ATLANTIQUECITC is a quarterly publication of the Association for Canadian Studies(ACS). It is distributed free of charge to individual and institutionalmembers of the Association. CITC is a bilingual publication. Allmaterial prepared by the ACS is published in both French and English.All other articles are published in the language in which they arewritten. Opinions expressed in articles are those of the authors and doJacques-Paul Couturier, Université de Montonnot necessarily reflect the opinion of the ACS. The Association forQUEBEC REPRESENTATIVE AND TREASURER /REPRÉSENTANT DU QUÉBEC ET TRÉSORIERCanadian Studies is a voluntary non-profit organization. It seeks toChristopher Manfredi, McGill UniversityONTARIO REPRESENTATIVE / REPRÉSENTANT DE L’ONTARIOChad Gaffield, University of OttawaPRAIRIE PROVINCES AND NORTHWEST TERRITORIES REPRESENTATIVE /REPRÉSENTANT DES PRAIRIES ET DES TERRITOIRES DU NORD-OUESTexpand and disseminate knowledge about Canada through teaching,research and publications. The ACS is a scholarly society and amember of the Humanities and Social Science Federation of Canada.The ACS is also a founding member of the International Councilfor Canadian Studies.Gerald Gall, University of AlbertaBRITISH COLUMBIA AND THE YUKON REPRESENTATIVE /REPRÉSENTANT DE LA COLOMBIE-BRITANIQUE ET DU YUKONPenny Bryden, University of VictoriaCITC acknowledges the financial support of the Government ofCanada through the Canadian Studies Programme of the Departmentof Canadian Heritage and the Canada Magazine Fund for this project.STUDENTS REPRESENTATIVE / REPRÉSENTANTE DES ÉTUDIANTSCarla Peck, University of British ColumbiaCITC est une publication trimestrielle de l’Association d’étudesEXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF THE ACS / DIRECTEUR GÉNÉRAL DE L’AECcanadiennes (AEC). It est distribué gratuitement aux membres deJack Jedwabl’Association. CITC est une publication bilingue. Tous les textesDIRECTOR OF PROGRAMS AND ADMINISTRATION /DIRECTEUR DES PROGRAMMES ET ADMINISTRATIONémanant de l’Association sont publiés en français et en anglais. TousJames Ondrickles autres textes sont publiés dans la langue d’origine. Les collaborateurset collaboratrices de CITC sont entièrement responsables desidées et opinions exprimées dans leurs articles. L’Association d’étudescanadiennes est un organisme pan-canadien à but non lucratif dontl’objectif est de promouvoir l’enseignement, la recherche et lespublications sur le Canada. L’AEC est une société savante, membrede la Fédération canadienne des sciences humaines et sociales.Elle est également membre fondateur du Conseil internationald’études canadiennes.CITC bénéficie de l’appui financier du Gouvernement du Canadapar le biais du Programme d’études canadiennes du ministère duPatrimoine canadien et Le Fonds du Canada pour les magazinespour ce projet.DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS / DIRECTEUR DES PUBLICATIONSZach FinkelsteinEXECUTIVE DIRECTOR / DIRECTEUR EXÉCUTIFJack JedwabDESIGN / GRAPHISMELlama Communications (819) 776-6888 marc@llamacom.caADVERTISING / PUBLICITÉzach.finkelstein@acs-aec.ca (514) 925-3096CITC/ACS STREET ADDRESS / ADRESSE CIVIQUE CITC/AEC1822A, rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montréal (Québec) H3H 1E4Tel / Tél. : (514) 925-3094 – Fax / Téléc. : (514) 925-3095E-mail / Courriel : general@acs-aec.caCANADIAN ISSUES / THÈMES CANADIENS (CITC) – ISSN 0318-8442CONVENTION POSTE PUBLICATION, 41006541

IMMIGRATION AND FAMILIES:INTRODUCTIONhis issue of Canadian Issues / Thèmes canadiens provides a fascinating look at thecomplexities within which current debates about family class immigration and familyreunification are immersed. Some of the articles focus specifically on issues related to familyclass immigration policy, while others take a broader perspective by examining the importance ofthe role of the family within the immigration experience. As one reads through the articles it isincreasingly apparent that policy makers are faced with public voices fraught with competingdiscourses of economic, social, and cultural considerations, compassion and humanitarianism, andinternational legal obligations. It is also apparent that while using many of the same words theauthors do not necessarily speak the same language. With no shared operational definition of conceptssuch as “successful integration” or “social and economic well-being” (let alone what constitutes the“best interests” of the nation), the possibilities for meaningful, policy-informative, cross-discursivediscussion are not always readily apparent. Likewise, comparisons between individual researchprojects are hampered by contradictory measures of what constitutes an “immigrant family” and onemust take care in making temporal comparisons without careful reference to DeShaw’s article whichmaps the changes in immigration policy and definitions over time. In addition, the debate amongthe discourses is exacerbated by tensions between arguments made at the macro level and stories ofhuman strength, adversity (and duplicity) evidenced at the micro level.At the same time, none of the authors suggest that families are not an integral part ofimmigration. Decisions about whether to move and where to settle are usually family decisions(Lewis-Watts). Settlement and integration outcomes are closely tied to social capital, which itself isclosely tied to families (Jedwab, Potter and Bergeron). Moreover, absence of families can haveserious and negative impacts on the well-being of individuals (Dench, Pratt). Recognizingthis, Canada’s Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (2001) explicitly lists family reunification asone of its key objectives (Thomson). Nonetheless, we know very little about how families worktogether to achieve economic, social and cultural goals.Perhaps a partial explanation for this gap is that existing data sources on immigration focuson the individual as the unit of analysis, rather than the family. Consequently, researchers, asKustec points out, cannot estimate immigrants’ actual family size. Rather, all that is known is thesize of the immigrating family unit. This may represent only a portion of the actual family, andadditional members may later join the family in Canada. Additionally, researchers cannot exploreindividual outcomes within the context of extended family circumstances and chain migration(Bailie and Denis). We are no more likely to know whether one successful skilled worker hasmanaged to sponsor a whole network of “burdens” (as those who question the value of family classimmigration would suggest) than we are to know whether, within the larger family context, there arebalances between supportive and what appear to be dependent relationships. What is requiredare data that would allow us to link the sponsoring individual to those he or she has sponsored.This would enable us to assess existing immigration policies and programs from the morerealistic perspective of the overall contributions of families, rather than the contribution ofeach immigrant individually.In the same vein, we need to broaden the operational definitions and empirical base for whatconstitutes “contribution,” and what we hope newcomers will contribute to Canada. Narrow definitionsof “economic contribution” are not only too restrictive in what they capture, but they ignoreimmigrants’ social contributions, not to mention the very rationale behind reunification policies(Telegdi). A number of the authors, including Sweetman, argue that the very nature of family classimmigration requires a more holistic lens through which to view its impact. Sponsored familymembers are not selected explicitly for their potential contribution to the economy yet, in theabsence of other indicators, the economic argument remains a powerful discourse against the valueof family class immigration (Collacott). Moreover, definitions based on the “national interest” mayminimize the importance of family class immigration and chain migration to regional economicdevelopment and the protection of official language minority communities (Fournier and Lara).TMADINE VANDERPLAATMadine VanderPlaat is an Associate Professor at Saint Mary’s University, as well as Chairperson of theDepartment of Sociology and Criminology. She is also a Co-Director of the Atlantic Metropolis Centre.She has done significant research on issues related to human rights, empowerment and inclusion.3

The articles in this issue clearly demonstrate the needfor more policy relevant research on immigration andfamilies, including more emphasis on the family class. A fewsuggestions are offered here. First, we need to start generatinglongitudinal data that will allow us to explore the overallsocial, political, cultural and economic well-being of immigrant families, not just individuals. Given the family’s criticalrole in connecting the individual to society, and increasingconcerns with the successful integration of second-generationimmigrants, these data are as vital for family reunificationpolicies as they are for any immigration policy. Second, evenif our interest is purely economic in nature, we need todevelop better indicators for measuring the contributionsthat unpaid labour makes to the overall well-being of thefamily unit. For example, sponsored women may postponeor forego entry into the labour force to take on unpaid andyet critically important familial responsibilities (as do manyCanadian-born wives, mothers and daughters). Likewise, weneed to look at the experiences of men within the context ofthe larger family unit. Changes to gender roles, which oftenresult from immigration, can have serious consequencesabout which relatively little is known. Third, we need to buildour capacity to integrate existing pan-Canadian data sources.For example, there would be considerable value in developingstronger linkages between Statistics Canada’s NationalLongitudinal Survey of Children and Youth and the NewCanadian Children and Youth Survey, which has beendeveloped by the Metropolis Centres of Excellence. It isclearly the responsibility of those devising data collectionand research strategies to develop methodologies that capturethe experience of the reality that is studied. At the moment,the family nature of immigration is obscured, and sometimes distorted, by data and research that are overly focusedon the individual. This must change if we collectively aspolicymakers, researchers and service providers are to betterserve the interests of newcomers and Canadians alike.Canadian Issues / Thèmes canadiensAn additional concern that runs through a numberof the articles is the extent to which family classimmigrants are characterized as vulnerable, dependent,and more of a burden than a benefit to Canadian society.This “deficiency discourse” is, in part, supported bythe data limitations discussed above. It is also supportedby the fact that considerable family class research doesfocus on vulnerable and dependent populations likeelderly women (McLaren) and sponsored wives (Merali).Continuing research on these populations is critical ifwe are to foster an evidence-based approach to servicedelivery and reduce the extent to which Canadianpolicies may exacerbate vulnerabilities. However, withinthe current debate, it is crucial that the need to drawattention to vulnerabilities does not detract from theneed to demonstrate value and success, as do Boyd andVatz Laaroussi.Conceptual and methodological issues, whilecertainly important, pale in comparison to some of themoral dilemmas posed by family-class immigration.This is particularly evident in the articles focusing onchildren, including those on refugees (Dench, Thomson)and adoptions (Daniel, Dorow and Lepatsky). Areregulations that permit the adoption only of “completelyseparated minors” justified? Are children forced toremain in poverty or harsh circumstances as a result?There are moral dilemmas on the trade-offs thatcountries are willing to make to balance their ownnational interests with international commitments onhuman rights and refugees. And there are dilemmassurrounding how we choose to define “family,” which canresult in dramatically different outcomes at both amicro and macro level (Triadafilopoulos).4

L’IMMIGRATION ET LES FAMILLES :INTRODUCTIONe numéro de Canadian Issues / Thèmes canadiens jette un regard fascinant sur lacomplexité des débats actuels concernant l’immigration dans la catégorie du regroupementfamilial et la réunion des familles. Certains articles portent précisément sur des questionsliées à la politique en matière d’immigration dans la catégorie du regroupement familial, alorsque d’autres adoptent une perspective plus globale et se penchent sur l’importance du rôle dela famille dans le cadre de l’expérience de l’immigration. En lisant les articles, il apparaît de plusen plus évident que les décideurs se heurtent à des discours contradictoires du public sur lesconsidérations économiques, sociales et culturelles, la compassion et l’humanitarisme, et lesobligations légales internationales. Il apparaît également évident que si les auteurs emploientles mêmes mots, ils ne parlent pas nécessairement le même langage. Compte tenu de l’absenced’une définition opérationnelle commune des concepts tels la « réussite de l’intégration » oule « bien-être socioéconomique » (encore moins de ce qui constitue le « meilleur intérêt » de lanation), il est parfois difficile d’entrevoir au premier coup d’œil les possibilités de discussionsérieuse, informative sur le plan politique et interdiscursive. De même, il est ardu de comparerles divers projets de recherche lorsque le concept de « famille d’immigrants » y est défini etmesuré de façon contradictoire. Il faut faire preuve de prudence lorsque l’on effectue descomparaisons temporelles sans avoir d’abord consulté l’article de DeShaw, qui fait état desmodifications apportées à la politique en matière d’immigration et aux définitions au fil des ans.De plus, le débat soulevé par les divers discours est exacerbé par les tiraillements entre lesarguments présentés à l’échelon macroéconomique et les histoires de force de caractère, d’adversitéet de duplicité constatées à l’échelon microéconomique.En même temps, aucun auteur ne laisse entendre que les familles ne font pas partie intégrantede l’immigration. Les décisions relatives au déménagement et au lieu d’établissement sonthabituellement prises en famille (Lewis-Watts). Les résultats de l’établissement et de l’intégrationsont étroitement liés au capital social, qui est à son tour étroitement lié aux familles (Jedwab,Potter et Bergeron). De plus, l’absence de la famille peut avoir d’importantes répercussionsnégatives sur le bien-être des individus (Dench, Pratt). Reconnaissant ces faits, la Loi surl’immigration et la protection des réfugiés du Canada (2001) mentionne explicitement la réuniondes familles comme étant l’un de ses principaux objectifs (Thomson). Néanmoins, nous n’ensavons que très peu sur la façon dont les familles collaborent en vue d’atteindre leurs objectifséconomiques, sociaux et culturels.Cette situation découle peut-être du fait que les sources de données existantes surl’immigration mettent l’accent sur l’individu en tant qu’unité d’analyse, plutôt que sur la famille.Par conséquent, comme l’indique Kustec, les chercheurs ne sont pas en mesure d’évaluer la tailleréelle des familles des immigrants. On ne connaît que la taille de l’unité familiale qui immigre,laquelle ne représente peut-être qu’une partie de la famille réelle, puisqu’il se peut que d’autresmembres de la famille viennent rejoindre la famille qui se trouve au Canada, ultérieurement.Les chercheurs ne peuvent pas non plus examiner les résultats individuels dans le contexte descirconstances de la famille élargie et de la migration en chaîne (Bailie et Denis). Nous ne sommespas plus susceptibles de déterminer si un travailleur qualifié qui a bien réussi est parvenu àparrainer un réseau complet de « fardeaux » (comme le laissent entendre ceux qui s’interrogentsur la valeur de l’immigratio

disponible jusqu’au 1er juin 2006 on display until June 1st, 2006 Spring / printemps 2006 Canadian Studies Program at Canadian Heritage Programme des études canadiennes à Patrimoine canadien Immigration and Families L'immigration et les familles Supported by Selection Branch, Citizenship and Imm

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