Guide To Safe Slinging And Signalling

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Guide toSafe Slingingand Signalling

Personal MessageContentsIntroductionIntroduction2Laing O’Rourke holds Health and Safety as a core business value and iscommitted to achieving our vision; ‘Let’s all get home safely. Every day’.Who Does What?6Planning the Lift8Our aspiration is that we will strive to create a health and safetyculture where: Clients choose to work with us because of our relentlesscommitment to health and safetyTypes of Equipment11Choice of Sling14 All our sites have a consistent look and feel and are of thehighest possible health and safety standardSafe Use of Slings15 Our stakeholders feel proud, empowered and recognisedfor their contribution to health and safetySchedule of Common Lifts22Common Loads23The Lift28Positioning of Mobile Cranes31Outrigger, Crawler and Axle Loads31Lifting with Excavators32Lorry Loaders32Lifting with Forklifts and Telescopic Handlers33Care of Lifting Accessories34Signalling35Load vs Sling Angles38Angle Guides39 We feel happy for family and friends to work with usor visit our sites to see how we mitigate risk to ensureno one gets hurt and we all get home safely every day We are recognised as having a world class approachto health and safety.Ray O’Rourke23

IntroductionIntroductionThe procedures and methods outlined in this booklet are mandatory on allLaing O’Rourke sites and must be followed by all Laing O’Rourke businessesand their subcontractors. Additional procedures may apply when working withdifferent Principal Contractors.The Laing O’Rourke A4 booklet ‘The Safe Operation of Cranes’ (below) containsthe arrangements for the overall management of lifting operations.Those arrangements are mandatory for all Laing O’Rourke crane operations anda copy of the booklet is held by the appointed person.Only authorised persons holding a valid CPCS slinger / signallercard are allowed to attach or detach slings and give signals to thecrane operator.Their authorisation must be recorded by the appointed person responsible forlifting on the site. Slingers/signallers must know who their crane supervisor is, andsupervisors must ensure that slinger/signallers are working to agreed methods.The appointed person must ensure that everyone in the crane team has studiedthis booklet.The purpose of the booklet is to give guidance on the correct, efficient and safeway to lift, move and place everyday items on construction sites. Where thecircumstances of the lift are not covered by this booklet, additional proceduresmust be developed by the appointed person (lifting) and the crane team mustbe properly briefed in those procedures.The SafeOperationof CranesFor simplicity, this booklet will refer to all lifting equipment as cranes, but this willcover all lifting equipment where the load is suspended including: Tower cranes Mobile and crawler cranes Lorry loaders Runway beam hoists Fork lift trucks fitted with a hook Excavators fitted with a lifting hook/eye Scaffold cranes.45

Who Does What?Who Does What?Appointed Person(CPCS Card)Crane Co-ordinatorThe competent person appointed to haveoverall control of all lifting operations on site.The Crane Co-ordinator will plan the sequenceof operations of cranes where there is morethan one crane to ensure components andcranes will not collide.Their responsibilities will include: The overall planning of lifting operations The production of method statements The completion of the “Lifting OperationsAssessment Form” Authorisation of slingers/signallersCrane Driver/Operator(CPCS Card)This is the person who will operate the craneto position loads or to rig the crane. Maintaining records of tests and inspectionsof lifting accessories and equipment.Crane Supervisor(CPCS Card)Slinger/Signaller(CPCS Card) The crane supervisor will direct andsupervise lifting operations on a dayto day basis to ensure compliancewith the agreed and planned methodsand correct practice.The person responsible for: Attaching and detaching the load toand from the crane The use of correct lifting accessories Initiating and directing the safe movementof the crane and load.67

Planning the LiftPlanning the LiftPlanning all LiftsBasic lifts involve:Lifting operations must be planned to ensure that lifts are carried out safely andefficiently. The following points must always be considered: Loads of established weight where there are no hazards or obstructionswithin the area of operation. Typical examples are pallets of bricks or blocks,bundles of rebar, scaffold tubes. Where loads are to be picked up Where loads are to be placed What areas are to be passed over Proximity of the public Any obstructions in the way How the load is to be slung How slings are to be removed and access to themStandard lifts involve: The lifting of general, frequently handled items of established weight, with nospecial lifting accessories being required. This booklet describes the slingingof this type of load and the methods shown are to be used, unless statedotherwise by the appointed person.Complex lifts may include: How the crane driver will be directed Large pre-cast units, plant such as air handling units, generators etc. The weight of the loadComplex lifts may require: The radius of the lift Any loads from a crane or outriggers and the capacityof the ground or slab to support them Weather conditions and light.For all cranes the Laing O’Rourke “Lifting Operations Assessment Form” (LOAF)must be completed.The Project Health and Safety Plan will record the overall project specificarrangements for the control of lifting operations.The Project Lifting Plan will detail the specific arrangements for lifting.The Schedule of Common Lifts will define and describe the ‘common lifts’ onthe project. Depending on the nature and complexity of the lift these could becategorised as: Basic Standard Complex.8 Special lifting accessories such as spreader beams to ensure that the load islifted safely and without damage Special connectors to connect to special built in lifting points.Complex lifts may also involve: Turning loads over or standing them upright Using more than one crane to lift a load (tandem lifts).Therefore, complex lift operations will require: Consultation with the manufacturer, supplier or designer regardingthe correct way of slinging complex loads Careful planning The production of a specific method statement.Note: Where businesses within Laing O’Rourke (i.e. Expanded, Select, Malling)are contractors working for Principal Contractors other than Laing O’Rourke,other procedures may apply. These will identify which lifting operations willrequire specific method statements.9

Planning the LiftTypes of EquipmentAlwaysNever Ensure that only authorisedslingers / signallers attachor detach loads or signalthe crane operator. Wrap hand/tag lines aroundhand or body. Discuss operations with thecrane operator. Leave a suspended loadunattended. Ensure capacity of craneis sufficient to land loadbefore lifting. Pass loads over the public. Include the weight of theslings etc in the load on thelifting hook. Seek expert advice whenusing eyebolts, plateclamps, bull dog grips,chain blocks etc. Obtain confirmation thatpre-fabricated rebarassemblies such as padfoundations and beamshave been fabricatedto allow safe lifting. Ensure that scaffold towersyou are asked to move aredesigned to be lifted safely.Chain SlingsChains are generally the most versatiletype of sling, as well as being the mostrobust. General purpose slings usuallyhave one, two, three or four legs. Use tie wires or banding tolift loads. Use lifting accessories fortowing or pulling.Chain Sling Ride or climb on machinesor suspended loads. Lift near power lines. Stand or walk beneatha load. Connect two or moreindependently slung loadsat different levels on thesame lift (sometimes knownas chandelier lifts).Note that the allowable load is reduced when not using all legs.For further information refer to pages 16 to 19.Shortening clutchesShortening clutches enable a multilegged chain sling to have differentlength legs to adjust to the balanceor required lifting angle of the load.Clutches must be correctly fittedto avoid failure or shortening of thechain life.Shortening Clutch1011

Types of EquipmentTypes of EquipmentWire Rope SlingsEnd FittingsWire rope slings are normally used for specific itemsas they are cheaper than chain slings and can be madeto exact lengths for loads requiring odd leg lengths.The end fittings on chain slings (and occasionally rope slings) will generally beeither sling hooks fitted with safety catches or C hooks.These hooks are designed to minimise the risk of the load slipping out of thehook. In addition, the C hook is designed not to catch on obstructions and ismore robust as it does not have an easily damaged safety catch.They cannot be bent round sharp corners howeverand should be used primarily where shackles areused to attach the sling to the load.Special purpose fittings are available for lifting drums, pipes, packing cases etc.Wire Rope SlingRound and Webbing SlingsRound slings and Webbing slings are used for easilydamaged loads, and for their lightness and ease ofhandling when long lengths are required.However, they are susceptible to damage and mustbe protected from sharp edges and from slidingalong the load if used at an angle.Refer to manufacturers’ literaturefor colour coding and furtherinformation.Slings must be visually checkedbefore use and immediatelyremoved and put beyond useif damaged.RIGHTRIGHTSling Hook withSafety CatchC HookWRONG – Do not useNo Safety CatchRound Sling12Webbing SlingNote: Primary hooks and single leg chains must be fittedwith safety catches.13

Choice of SlingSafe Use of SlingsSelect Plant Lifting AccessoryTagging SystemShackles must always be used on lifting hooks if more than one sling is to beconnected to it and if the hook would be overcrowded. The angle between slinglegs on a hook must never exceed 90 .Every Laing O’Rourke lifting accessory has its examination status and nextinspection date indicated on a yellow tag.Thorough ExaminationSix monthly thorough examinations by a competent person are required forlifting accessories such as slings, rings, links, hooks, shackles, swivels, eyebolts and spreader beams.RIGHTRIGHTMaximumangle 120 If angle lessthan 90 WRONGWRONGAngle too high(must be lessthan 90 )OvercrowdedAdditional information is provided in the Select publication ‘The Safe Operationof Cranes, App. 7 – Lifting Accessories Procedures’.Choice of slingThe construction, length and end fittings will depend on: The load being liftedThe weight of the loadThe size of the load, as larger loads will require longer slingsLonger slender loads would generally be slung at the 1/3rd points of the loadwith appropriate leg lengths.The shape and orientation of the loadWhether or not sling attachment points have been providedWhether the load could be easily damagedWhether the load is a single item or a bundle of loose itemsWhether the load is palletisedDouble wrapping of loose loads will use a long length of sling.Sling Selection for Basic or Standard lifts - slinger/signallers should choosethe appropriate type of sling or chain according to this booklet and the projectspecific ‘Schedule of Common Lifts’.Sling Selection for Complex / Special lifts – the slinger/signaller will use theequipment specified in the method statement.14Protecting the Load or SlingYou may need to protect the sling and/or loadfrom damage.If the sling passes round any sharp corners,then suitable packing should be used to protectthe sling and/or the corners of the load.Note the use of timber packing near thecorners of the load and slip tubes over thebeam flanges in the illustration.15

Safe Use of SlingsSafe Use of SlingsTwo-Legged SlingsThree-Legged SlingsFor two-legged slings, the anglebetween the legs of the sling willdetermine its safe working load (SWL).For three-legged slings, the maximumangle between the legs of the sling andthe vertical will determine its safe workingload (SWL).A two-legged sling will be marked with its SWL at 90 , which will applyfor all angles from 0 to 90 .Note also that it could possibly be marked with its SWL at 120 , in whichcase the SWL will apply for angles between 90 and 120 .It is generally good practice to keep the angle to between 60 and 90 . With theslings at smaller angles the load is more likely to tip up, and may slide out of theslings where basket or choke hitch are used.A three-legged sling will be marked with its SWL at 45 , which will applyfor all angles from 0 to 45 .Do not use any two-legged sling not marked with the SWL for the anglebeing used, or for angles greater than 120 .Note that the SWL for a three-legged sling assumes that all legs areequally loaded, and that each leg is at the same angle.Note that the SWL quoted for a two-legged sling assumes both legs areequally loaded, and that each leg is straight.Do not use any three-legged sling not marked with the SWL for theangle being used, or for angles greater than 45 .Two Legged SlingsUsed as Single Length SlingsIt is generally good practice to keep the angle to between 30 and 45 . With theslings at smaller angles the load is more likely to tip up.Beware that if used as a single-legged sling, the SWL will be half of the SWLmarked on the sling.If used with fewer than three legs, then multiply the SWLby the factor shown in the table below. For example,using two legs, take the SWL as being 2/3 of the SWLmarked on the sling.For further SWL factors, see page 19.For further SWL factors see page 19.Note: Hook back unused leg to the link or shackle at the top of the sling.Note: Hook back unused leg to the link or shackle at the top of the sling.16LegsSWL x22/311/317

Safe Use of SlingsSafe Use of SlingsFour-Legged SlingsMethods of SlingingFor four-legged slings, the maximumangle between opposite legs of thesling will determine its safe workingload (SWL).SWL factors also apply according tothe type of sling and how it is used.Examples for various types ofsingle-legged slings are shown here.The same principles also apply tomulti-legged slings.Single legin-lineSingle legchokedsingle wrappeddouble wrappedA four-legged sling will be marked with its SWL at 90 , which will applyfor all angles from 0 to 90 .18Endlessin-lineEndlesschokedEndlessbasketSafe Working Load (SWL) FactorsSingle leghalshedEndless in-lineEndless chokedEndless basket0 – 90 SLING MATERIALChainSingle leg backhookedMETHOD OF USENote that the SWL for a four-legged sling assumes that all legs areequally loaded, and that each leg is straight.If used with fewer than four legs, then multiply the SWL by the factor shown inthe table. For example, using three legs, take the SWL asLegsSWL xbeing 3/4 of the SWL marked on the sling.33/4For further SWL factors, see page 19.21/2Note: Hook back unused legs to the link or shackle11/4at the top of the sling.Single leghalshedSingle legbasket 0 – 90 It is generally good practice to keep the angle to between 60 and 90 . With theslings at smaller angles the load is more likely to tip up.Single legback hookedSingle legchokedDo not use any four-legged sling not marked with the SWL for the anglebeing used, or for angles greater than 120 .Single legbasketSingle leg inline(Note also that it could possibly be marked with its SWL at 120 ,in which case the SWL will apply for angles between 90 and 120 ).10.81.411.5N/A1N/AWire Rope111.412111.4Webbing10.81.4N/AN/A10.81.4Fibre RopeRoundN/A not applicable – do not use10.81.41N/A10.81.4N/AN/AN/AN/AN/A10.81.419

Safe Use of SlingsSafe Use of SlingsSling HooksWebbing SlingsWhen slinging, hooks must alwaysface outwards from the crane hook.Wide webbing slings cannot be usedat any sideways angle where the slingwould not be equally loaded across itswidth. This will usually apply where thesides of the load are flat. When liftinground pipes, for example, there wouldnot be this problem.AlWrongWide webbing sling loadedon edge onlyHand/Tag LinesIn certain circumstances, hand/taglines should be attached to the load.These will be used to prevent the loadswinging or spinning and to help toposition it.Arrange the tag line length andposition to avoid the line snaggingwhen moving the load.Choke HitchDo not ‘batter down’ slings to increasethe grip, allow the angle to form naturally.Using a hand/tag lineMaximum permitted angle is 120 .Vacuum Lifting Attachments Vacuum attachments are frequently used by specialist contractors Vacuum lifting attachments must be approved and certificated Dual circuit vacuum lifters are highly recommended with each circuitcapable of carrying the full rated load Secondary Safety Device (SSDs) such as straps are essential with singlecircuit lifters but are also strongly advised on other liftsChoke angle20 Operators must be competent and formally trained in their use.21

Schedule of Common LiftsCommon LoadsEach project should have a ‘Schedule of Common Lifts’ document.Concrete and Muck SkipsThis schedule will detail the types and weights of the various loads it isanticipated will be encountered on the project, describe the lifting accessoriesthat will be required and detail any particular limitations or controls on the lift.The appointed person (lifting) will prepare this schedule before workcommences and will regularly review and maintain it.Concrete and muck skips should not be lifted directly bythe crane hook. A single-leg sling (commonly known asa drop or skip chain) should be used, as moving a heavycrane hook precisely into place can be difficult.The schedule will also be used to brief the crane team on the correct practicesand techniques for most of the common lifts that will be undertaken.See example of typical schedule belowScaffold Tubes11b. Wall CageWhen lifting bundles of tubes, bars orother loose materials, whether banded ornot, slings should be double wrapped.Method: x ton 2 leg chains onto ym long spreader beam withdrop chains at 1m cc attached to T40 ? lifting bar. Lifting beams must be provided with feet to avoidstressing the drop eyes when stored on the ground.The illustration shows slings in doublewrap choke hitch. The SWL factor is 0.8for chain slings used in this way.Precautions: ‘Approval for lift’ must be in place before liftingreinforcement. Refer to Project Task Sheet for fixing and liftingrequirements.Palletised LoadsAn example of a frequently lifted load thatrequires special equipment is a pallet of bricks orblocks requiring crane forks with safety netting.Note that the mesh size should be smaller thanthe smallest item to be lifted.2223

Common LoadsCommon LoadsSteel SectionsRubbish SkipsBeamsColumnsUse double wrapped slings whensling legs could slide together.Use purpose designed lifting pointor bracket.The SWL factor is 0.8 for chainslings used in this way.Remote releaseshackle usedduring columnerection.PinTypical arrangement of special sling, with steelbox sections under skip and steel tube spreadersto keep sling legs vertical.Keyhole plates on skip lugs are for locationpurposes, not for lifting.Skips with specially adapted lifting points areacceptable, providing there has been a thoroughexamination every 6 months.Beware of rusted floors; they can fall out whenthe skip is lifted.PipesRubberBeltOpertaingRopesStillagesWrap slings round corner posts.Do not attempt to lift double stackedstillages. Beware of overloadingscaffold boards if landing loadedstillages on a scaffold.24For short pipes, pass sling through pipe. Use a 1.4 SWLfactor for webbing slings used in this way.For long pipes, use two slings in choke hitch, doublewrapping if slings are likely to slide together. Providedthat no angle exceeds 90 , then use the SWL for onesling for the SWL of this arrangement. Note that ashackle is required to connect the slings at the top.Where a pipe is being placed into an adjacent trench,a single webbing sling can be used, which will make iteasier to engage the spigot in

The completion of the “Lifting Operations Assessment Form” Authorisation of slingers/signallers Maintaining records of tests and inspections of lifting accessories and equipment. The crane supervisor will direct and supervise lifting operations on a day to day basis to ensu

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