HOW 5G TRANSFORMS CLOUD COMPUTING
HOW 5G TRANSFORMS CLOUDCOMPUTINGMikhail GloukhovtsevSr. Solutions ArchitectDigital Solutions, Cloud & IoTOrange Business ServicesMikhail.gloukhovtsev@orange.comIn memory of my fatherKnowledge Sharing Article 2020 Dell Inc. or its subsidiaries.
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Table of Contents1.Introduction . 52.5G Technology . 52.1 What Is 5G and How Is It Different From 4G (LTE)? . 52.2 5G Features . 72.2.1 5G Features: Spectrum and Speeds . 72.2.2 5G Features: Lower Latency. 92.2.3 5G Features: Higher Network Capacity. 92.3 5G Use Cases . 92.4 Transition to 5G .103.Making 5G Work: 5G and Cloudification .103.1 Will 5G Technologies Kill Cloud? .113.2 Symbiosis Between 5G and Cloud Computing .114.5G Network Softwarization as Network Cloudification .124.1 Network Function Virtualization .144.2 Network Function Disaggregation (NFD) .154.3 Virtualization in 5G Networks: Network Slicing .154.4 SDN and Cloud Computing: Working in Unison .164.4.1 SDN as a Way to 5G Network as Code .164.4.2 SDN Integration with the Cloud .164.5 Moving Virtualization From the Core to the RAN. The Role of Cloud RAN in 5G Networks.175.5G and Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) .195.1 What Is MCC? .195.2 MCC Architecture .196.5G Extends the Cloud to the Edge .206.1 Edge Computing .206.2 Fog Computing .21Dell.com/certification3
7.6.3How Are Edge and 5G Intertwined? .236.4Network Edge Reference Architecture Overview .246.5Dell Technologies Edge Portfolio .25Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) .267.1 What Is MEC? .267.2 MEC Reference Architecture .277.3 Operator-Oriented Use Cases of MEC .287.4 Integration Between MEC and C-RAN .298.The Role of Distributed Cloud Computing in 5G Networks .299.Cloud-Native 5G Platform and 5G Service Based Architecture .3010. 5G Edge and Cloud Hyper-Scalers .3111. Telco Cloud.3211.1 What is Telco Cloud?.3211.2 Collaboration of Dell and VMware with CoSPs on Telco Clouds .3411.3 VMware Telco Cloud .3512. All Cloud Strategy For 5G .3512.1 All Cloud 5G Architecture .3512.2 5G and Multi-Cloud Connectivity.3613. Data Centers for the 5G Era .3613.1 Requirements for 5G Cloud Data Centers .3613.2 5G Cloudlets, Edge and Micro Data Centers .3713.3 Dell Rack Servers in Telco Cloud Data Centers.3813.4 Dell Edge Micro Modular Data Centers .3814. 5G Security and Cloud Platforms .3915. Conclusion .4116. References .42Disclaimer: The views, processes or methodologies published in this article are those of theauthor. They do not necessarily reflect Dell Technologies’ views, processes or methodologies.2020 Dell Technologies Proven Professional Knowledge Sharing4
1. Introduction5G – the fifth generation of cellular network technology – is sometimes referred to as “the 5Gwireless revolution.” Indeed, 5G offers many advantages such as significantly higher datathroughput rates compared with the previous 4G (LTE) technologies, low latency, and greatersystem capacity. It will affect many industries and services including cloud computing. Opinionson how 5G will transform cloud computing run the gamut from considering 5G as a cloudcomputing killer to expecting it to be a great enabler of new cloud-based applications andservices that were previously impossible to provide.Some industry researchers think that ultra-fast and high-capacity 5G network makes dataprocessing and transfer directly between autonomous devices possible and, as a result, cloudcomputing as it exists today will become a thing of the past. According to the opposite views, 5Gwill enable the use of a wide range of completely new applications and services in cloudcomputing. The synergy of 5G cellular and cloud technologies will provide the possibility ofcreating innovative business services.5G changes the cloud computing landscape by adding new architectures and technologies suchas Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC), Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC), Cloud Radio AccessNetwork (C-RAN) and others. There are predictions of developing “all-cloud 5G architecture”that enables an all-cloud digital transformation of networks, Operation Support Systems(OSS)/Business Support Systems (BSS), and services.In this article I consider the emerging concept of 5G and cloud computing symbiosis and how ittransforms cloud computing. This transformation results in new cloud computing architectures,affects various businesses using cloud services, and brings new business opportunities. I alsoreview key challenges in 5G-cloud solutions. I hope my article will help the readers indeveloping cloud-services strategies in the era of 5G.2. 5G Technology2.1 What Is 5G and How Is It Different From 4G (LTE)?5G is a standard for the next generation of wireless network technology. It is being defined bythe International Telecommunications Unit (ITU) that introduced the International MobileTelecommunication system for 2020 and beyond standard—IMT-2020—in 2017. The frameworkand overall objectives of developing the 5G standard are defined in IMT-2020. To meet IMT2020 requirements, the industry association 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) hasDell.com/certification5
introduced the 5G New Radio (5G NR) standard. A system using 5G NR software is defined asa “5G” system.Table 1 shows the evolution of the main features of 1G-5G technologies. 4G provides significantbandwidth and capability improvements over 3G. The transition to 5G adds more frequencybands, both in and around the existing 4G spectrum, as well as a new millimeter wave(mmWave) spectrum (see Section 2.2.1). 5G supports low latency and mission criticalapplications, i.e. ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC), enhanced mobilebroadband (eMBB), etc. (Section 2.3). As seen from Table 1 and Figure 1, 5G will deliver multiGb/s peak rates and ultra-low latency.Table 1. The Evolution of the Main Features of 1G-5G Technologies (Ref.1)Figure 1. Comparison of Main Features of 4G vs. 5G (Ref.2)According to IMT-2020, theoretically 5G cell can support speeds of up to 20 Gb/s for downloadsand 10 Gb/s for uploads, with latency as low as 4 ms. For example, if downloading an HD videofile would take about 10 minutes in 4G, it will take seconds to do so using 5G. However, in most2020 Dell Technologies Proven Professional Knowledge Sharing6
situations, real world download/upload speeds depend on which 5G spectrum band is used(Section 2.2.1).2.2 5G Features5G technology features (Fig. 1) and use cases are very different compared with the previous1G-4G technologies. While the previous wireless technologies were used to connect people topeople and to the Internet, 5G connects things to people, to the Internet, and to other things(IoT). 5G networks are part of developing Industry 4.0.Today we witness an evolution of networks by implementing Software Defined Networking(SDN), Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and cloud-native architectures to enabledisaggregation and virtualization of primary functions1 (see Sections 4.1-4.4). This results inseparation of control plane and user plane and introduces capabilities such as network slicingand mobile edge computing (MEC) (Sections 4.3 and 7). 5G initiates the transition to cloudnative networking models enabling a Services-Based Architecture (SBA), which transforms aresponse-request method of communication into a producer-consumer type model (Section 9).2.2.1 5G Features: Spectrum and SpeedsBefore we consider the speed and bandwidth associated with different bands of the 5Gspectrum, let us recall how the signal frequency determines the transmission distance. While allradio waves travel at the speed of light, the frequency used by a 5G tower directly affects thetransmission distance. High-frequency waves have shorter ranges. On contract, lowerfrequency waves are transmitted over longer distances.The difference between the highest and lowest frequency of the signal defines the bandwidth.Therefore, using higher bands of the radio spectrum results in a broader range of frequenciesand in a higher throughput (Fig. 2). For example, millimeter waves in the high-band spectrumare able to carry large amounts of data. However, radio waves in higher bands are alsoabsorbed more easily by gases in the air, trees, and nearby buildings. mmWaves (see below)are therefore useful in densely packed networks, but their transmission distances are not long(Fig. 2). The distance challenge is illustrated by the so-called “three-house rule”: to operate 5G,an antenna is needed for every three houses. Hence there are no good or bad parts of the 5Gspectrum and different parts of the spectrum can be used by 5G providers to maximize distanceand get as much throughput as possible at the same time.Dell.com/certification7
Figure 2. Coverage, Bandwidth, and Latency for 5G Spectrum Bands (Ref.3)Low-band spectrum. This can be described as “sub” 1GHz spectrum (Fig. 2) that is primarilyused today by US carriers for 3G and LTE. The low-band spectrum provides consumers a verywide coverage area with good building penetration, but the peak data speeds are only up to 100Mb/s. Sub-1 GHz band supports widespread coverage across urban, suburban and rural areasand helps to support Internet of Things (IoT) services.4Mid-band spectrum. This spectrum between 1 and 6 GHz provides faster throughput and lowerlatency than the low-band spectrum (Fig. 2). Mid-band transmissions are less suitable for goodin-building penetration, but peak speeds can reach as high as 1 Gb/s. The coverage,throughput, latency and capacity characteristics of the mid-band spectrum make it an excellentcandidate for deployment of 5G URLLC services.4High-band spectrum. Sometimes referred to as mmWave in the industry, this high-bandspectrum enables peak data rates up to 20 Gb/s (Fig. 1) with a very low latency. The actualspeeds in this band are often 1-2 Gb/s. However, high-band coverage area is not large and thedifficulty for these waves to traverse building walls and windows makes indoor coverage limited.Major telecommunication companies are working on solutions for these propagation challengesbecause mmWave is so fundamental to achieve 5G speed and latency targets.52020 Dell Technologies Proven Professional Knowledge Sharing8
2.2.2 5G Features: Lower LatencyReal-time applications require low latency that can be reached with 5G. The 5G high-bandlatency levels are quite low (Table 1, Fig. 2). However it should be noted that frequently citedlatencies of 1 ms do not include the time to the server. The latency of 1 ms has been recordedin tests in a laboratory environment.6 The "air latency" (between a phone and a tower) in 2019equipment is typically 8-12 ms. The latency to the server and further back in the networkincreases the average latency to 30 ms, that is 25%-40% lower than typical 4G deployed. Thelatency can be reduced to 10-20 ms by adding edge servers (Section 6) close to the towers.2.2.3 5G Features: Higher Network Capacity5G network capacity is much higher compared with that of 4G – up to 100x the number ofconnected devices per unit area. 5G also uses a new technology called Massive MIMO (multipleinput multiple output, mMIMO). mMIMO utilizes multiple targeted beams to spotlight and followusers around a cell site for improving coverage, speed, and capacity. As a result, more peoplecan simultaneously connect to the network and maintain high throughput.2.3 5G Use Cases5G networks, which are a cornerstone in building up infrastructure to implement new businessmodels, support the following use cases:1. Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB): It provides theoretical peak download speeds ofup to 20 Gb/s and a reliable 100 Mb/s user experience data rate in urban areas. This willbetter support increased consumption of video as well as emerging services like virtualand augmented reality.2. Ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC): Applications used byautonomous vehicles, smart grids, industrial automation, remote patient monitoring, andtelehealth require URLLC.3. Massive machine-type communications (MMC): The ability to support at least one millionIoT connections per square kilometer (Fig. 1) with wide coverage including insidebuildings.4. Fixed wireless access (FWA): The ability to offer fiber type speeds to homes andbusinesses using new frequency bands, mMIMO (Section 2.2.3) and 3D beamformingtechnologies.Dell.com/certification9
2.4 Transition to 5G5G will initially operate in combination with existing 4G networks. The transition to 5G willrequire disruptive changes in the network architecture and infrastructure of telecommunicationcompanies (telco) and service providers (Section 11). It will also result in a more distributedarchitecture (Section 8) with an increasing role of edge computing providing compute/storageand analytical services closer to the source of data (Section 6). Understanding these technologytransformations, Dell Technologies has started executing on a 5G strategy7 based on thefollowing guiding principles: 5G requires a new foundational architecture resulting from the once-in-a-decade rearchitecture of cellular networks. 5G will be the first end-to-end architecture which is completely software-defined, fromthe radio access network (RAN) (Section 4.5) to the core. Dell Technologies’ experiencein software-defined architectures puts the company in the best position to help theservice provider partners in 5G architectural transformation. The new operational model will be based on APIs and software programmability at alevel not yet seen in networking. It will provide the separation of control and user planes(CUPS) taking place not just at the macro level (network), but at the micro level. This new paradigm will result in de-centralization of the infrastructure (Section 8). 5G Operations will be data-driven and the need to capture, process, and act on networkdata and events in real-time will increase the role of machine learning. Openness and disaggregation of the different architecture layers (Section 4.2) are keydesign principles in this new 5G world.3. Making 5G Work: 5G and CloudificationThere are two key aspects in the relationship between 5G technologies and cloud computing.First, further development of cloud computing has to meet the 5G needs. This is reflected bygrowing roles of edge, mobile edge, and fog computing in the cloud computing realm. Thesecond aspect is that 5G technologies are undergoing “cloudification” through network“softwarization” (Section 4), NFV, SDN, etc. Hence, both technology types influence thedevelopments of each other. 5G deployments bring up discussions about the converg
transforms cloud computing. This transformation results in new cloud computing architectures, affects various businesses using cloud services, and brings new business opportunities. I also review key challenges in 5G-cloud solutions. I hope my article will help the readers in developing cloud-services strat
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