ELECTRIC VEHICLES TODAY AND TOMORROW Delaware

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ELECTRIC VEHICLES TODAYAND TOMORROWDelaware Valley RegionalPlanning CommissionMonday, November 6, 2017Gil Tal gtal@ucdavis.eduWei Ji weiji@ucdavis.eduTom Turrentine tsturrentine@gmail.com

The charging storyHome work Public

How often do they ChargeCharging event per week876543210L1L2DC Fast

If they plug in at all100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%Toyota Prius Plug-inFord C-max energiAudi A3 Sportback e-tronToyota Prius PrimeHybridPEVHyundai Sonata Plug-inHybridChevrolet VoltBMW i3

Because Low-Range PHEVs Provide Little Cost-Benefit,They are More Likely to Never Be Plugged in, even forfreeNot Plugging in Regularly (4 or Fewer Events)PercentNotPercentNot PluggingPlugging In In35%30%2016 - Used25%2016 - New20%15%10%2015 - New5%0%0510152025303540PHEV Vehicle RangePHEVVehicle Range2015 Survey2016 Survey2016 Used SurveyPower (2015 Survey)Power (2016 Survey)Power (2016 Used Survey)Source: Nicholas, Michael and Tal Gil. 2017 (Forthcoming), January 8-12. You Can’t Take It With You: Examining The Role Of Phev Range InThe Decision To Plug In. In Transportation Research Board. Washington DC.5

PHEVs With Longer Range Are Unlikely to Neverbe Plugged in. Cost-Benefit is Always Higher. 481 PHEV owners (Plug-in Prius, Energi, Volt) have free chargingat work. Do they plug in? If one-way distance is 10 miles: All act statistically similar Likelihood of plugging in is a function of range recovered Longer range PHEVs eventually plug in10 miles20 miles40 milesPHEV 10 PHEV 10 PHEV 10 PHEV 20 PHEV 20 PHEV 20 PHEV 40 PHEV 40 PHEV 40 Source: Nicholas, Michael and Tal Gil. 2017 (Submitted), January 8-12. You Can’t Take It With You: Examining The Role OfPHEV Range In The Decision To Plug In. In Transportation Research Board. Washington DC.6

How often do they ChargeCharging event per week876543210L1L2DC Fast

Home Charging 2013-2017Home Charging Infrastructure100%80%2013 Survey60%40%20%0%Plug-in PriusVoltLevel 1LeafLevel 2Nissan LEAF Level 2 home Charging 86%Level 2Home Charging Level 2015100%80%60%40%20%0%2015 SurveyLevel 1Level 2Nissan LEAF Level 2 home Charging 60%120%100%80%60%40%20%0%No Home ChargingL2L12017 SurveyNissan LEAF Level 2 home Charging8 42%

Level 1 and 2 Charging at home andPublic

Workplace Charging

100%90%80%70%How manycommutewith aPEV?60%50%40%30%20%10%0%NoYes

100%90%80%70%Do theyHave aCharger atwork?60%50%40%30%20%10%0%NoYes

60.0%56.6%50.0%Is 3.3%0.0%Not Congested1 day per week 2 days per week 3 days per week 4 days per weekalways

100%90%80%70%60%Is it Free?50%40%30%20%10%0%FreePaidSome free, some paid

Everyone Likes Free ChargingMarch 2015Source: 2015eVMT HHStudyRecruitmentSurveyEvents per 100 VehiclesWorkplace Charging Events per 100 Vehicles byElectric Range (Survey)9080706050403020100BEVsPHEVsFree1x Home2x Home050100150200250Vehicle RangeSAE INTERNATIONALFree ChargingSame as Lowest Home PriceDouble Lowest Home RateLog. (Free Charging)Log. (Same as Lowest Home Price)Log. (Double Lowest Home Rate)300 Teslas will almostnever Plug in ifmore than home15

DC Fast Charging

Who is using DC Fast?100%12%10%10%Volkswagen e-GolfChevrolet Bolt EVBMW i390%80%33%33%31%Nissan LeafTesla Model XTesla Model S70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%NoYes

How often they Use DC fast?

Comparison of free-prepaid and paidcharging for the BEV80 Nissan Leaf and theBEV200 Chevrolet Bolt

Can theyCharge athome?

Reason tofast chargewhen homecharging isavailable

Activitywhile fastcharging

ELECTRIC VEHICLES TODAY AND TOMORROW Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission Monday, November 6, 2017 . Chevrolet Volt. BMW i3. Hybrid. PEV. . Little Cost-Benefit, They are More Likely to Never Be Plugged in, even for free 5 Source: Nicholas, Michael and Tal Gil. 2017 (Forthcoming)

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