Mazes Or Labyrinths - Labyrinthos Homepage

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urrent revival of interest in the medieval labyrinth design, especially in America since the mid-1990s, hasresulted in the development of a number of new variations. Some are based directly on the labyrinth inChartres Cathedral, often with fewer circuits to enable them to fit in confined spaces, or to produce widerpaths. A number have been given specific names by their creators, but as most of these titles exist primarilyto establish copyright, they can conveniently be included in this sub-category of the medieval type.St. Omer typeOne particular medieval group probably deserves separate recognition the St. Omer labyrinth. Although its pathway may seem to be a randommeandering design, it can be demonstrated that the pattern wasdeveloped directly from the standard medieval form. The originalexample constructed in the fourteenth century at the Abbey of St. Bertinin St. Omer, northern France, was subsequently copied and furtherdeveloped and has been employed on various occasions until recenttimes.The pavement labyrinth formerly in the Abbey of St. Bertin, FranceLabyrinthos Archive8

Contemporary LabyrinthsThe current revival of interest in labyrinths has resulted in anumber of designers and builders consciously stretching theboundaries of what constitutes a labyrinth, or deliberatelyseeking new forms for new purposes. Ranging from theminimalist, with just a few turns and paths to capture theessence of the labyrinth, to complex symbolic and thematicdesigns, they still retain a single pathway, leading sometimesto a centre, but other times around the full course of thedesign and back outThe “Snoopy Labyrinth,” designed by Lea Goode-Harris,Charles M. Schultz Museum, Santa Rosa, California, USAThe modern stone labyrinth at Folhammar, Gotland, Sweden, isinspired by traditional forms, but consists of numerous meanders andspirals, forming one long pathway covering an extensive areaAlex Champion's "Viking Age HorseTrappings Maze," a complex swirlingdesign with one continuous pathwayThe twin path “Trojan Ride” labyrinth createdby Jeff Saward at New Harmony, Indiana, USAin 2010, specifically designed to be ridden by atroop of horsesAlso included here are the Reflection and Relationship labyrinths thathave become popular in recent years, which despite having more thanone pathway are still labyrinths by intent. Undoubtedly, some of thesemodern varieties may go on to be judged as important separatedevelopments when studied in the future, but for now this proliferationof forms can best be compared and contrasted within the"Contemporary" heading.The dual-path “Heart Labyrinth,” by Marty Kermeen & Jeff Saward, has twopaths leading to the centre, linking to each other to return to the entrance.While technically multicursal, it is a labyrinth by intentLabyrinthos Archive9

MazesWith a history stretching back to the late Middle Ages, puzzle mazes, like labyrinths, were simple at first, thenunderwent periods of rapid development. Developed initially from medieval labyrinth designs, the earliestmazes in the gardens and palaces of Europe were designed by rearranging the walls of a labyrinth to create apathway with choices; often including a number of dead-ends.While various types of mazes have been proposed and described by modern authorities, five basic types canbe clearly identified, as described below. It should be noted, however, that the ingenuity of modern-daydesigners often results in mazes that can fit happily in more than one of these categories, and, indeed, a fewthat are difficult to fit into any type. A conundrum that would surely have pleased Daedalus himself!Simply-connected MazesThe majority of early mazes, however complex their design may appear,were essentially formed from one continuous wall with many junctionsand branches. If the wall surrounding the goal of a maze is connected tothe perimeter of the maze at the entrance, the maze can always besolved by keeping one hand in contact with the wall, however manydetours that may involve. These ‘simple’ mazes are therefore correctlyknown as "Simply-connected."A simply connected maze design with limited choice of paths,planted at Krenkerup, Denmark, in 1877Mutiply-connected MazesIt was not until the early nineteenth century that the principle of isolatingthe goal of the maze from the perimeter to defeat the "hand-on-wall"method and increase the level of difficulty was truly understood. Anymaze with the goal set within an island of barriers, physicallyunconnected to the rest of the maze, qualifies as "Multiply-connected."The best examples contain islands within islands and, paradoxically, canbe developed into very intricate mazes with very few dead-ends that arenonetheless extremely difficult to solve.The hedge maze at Chevening House, England, c.1820, one of the firstconsciously designed to provide a more complex puzzle and thwart the"hand-on-wall" rule for solving mazesThree-dimensional MazesAlthough the majority of traditional mazes with walls of hedges or other materials may appear threedimensional, the pathway through the maze is essentially only two-dimensional. While the concept of trulythree-dimensional mazes has been around since the nineteenth century, they existed only on paper until theearly 1980s, with the introduction of bridges and underpasses to add complexity to the panel mazes thenpopular in New Zealand, Australia and Japan. Bridges are also a common addition to the huge cornfield, ormaize mazes that have become popular worldwide since the mid1990s. The introduction of the third dimension allows the islands ofa multiply-connected maze to be totally isolated from each other,with the only link via a bridge. In some of these mazes, successfulprogress to the goal depends on reaching a series of points withinthe maze in the correct order.A wooden panel maze at Labyrinthia, Rodelund, Denmark.With bridges and underpasses, it is typical of the newgeneration of three-dimensional mazes (photo: Ole Jensen)Labyrinthos Archive10

Conditional Movement MazesLong established as a theoretical concept, mazes with rules, or "ConditionalMovement Mazes," have become a reality since the 1980s. The next move isdictated by the overall rules or by instructions given at the visitor's current position,allowing extremely complex puzzles to occupy a very limited space. Constructed inmodern materials and not always aesthetically pleasing, these mazes offer anentertaining intellectual challenge and have proved popular in educationalcontexts, particularly to illustrate mathematical and scientific concepts.The object of Steve Ryan's "Freeway Maze" is to enter the intersection and exiton the opposite return carriageway without making any U-turns and avoidingthe stalled cars (red spots) blocking a number of routes ( Steve Ryan)Interactive MazesHigh-tech mazes where the design responds to the actions of visitorsare an increasingly common feature at amusement parks and othertourist attractions. They incorporate computer-timed barriers andother innovative devices such as motion sensors and mechanismsthat determine the physical characteristics of the walker. Interactivemazes first appeared in the closing years of the twentieth centuryand undoubtedly herald the direction of future leading-edge mazedesign in the twenty-first century.A modern maze with interactive features at Drielandenpuntnear Vaals in the Netherlands, designed by and Adrian Fisher 1991Jeff Saward, Thundersley, England; March 2017Please note: The text and illustrations in this article are Jeff Saward 2017 (unless stated otherwise), adaptedand reproduced from Jeff's study of historical labyrinths and mazes, published in the UK as Labyrinths & Mazes- The Definitive Guide to Ancient & Modern Traditions by Gaia Books, London, 2003 (ISBN 1-85675-183-X); inthe USA by Lark Books, New York, 2003 as Labyrinths & Mazes - A Complete Guide to Magical Paths of theWorld (ISBN 1-57990-539-0), in Germany as Das Große Buch der Labyrinthe und Irrgärten (ISBN 3-85502-9210) by AT Verlag, Aarau & Munich, 2003 and in Russia as ЛБИРИНТЫ (ISBN 5-322-00291-X) by Ниопа 21-й век,Moscow, 2005.While you are welcome to print out copies of this article for personal use and educational purposes,commercial reproduction of this article and its illustrations is prohibited without specific permission.Visit www.labyrinthos.net for detailsLabyrinthos Archive11

Man in the Maze labyrinth on a basket created by a Tohono O’odham weaver from Arizona, USA Other Classical Seed Patterns Other labyrinths based on three-fold and occasionally on two-fold or five-fold seed patterns are found in various locations. A unique five-fold classical labyrint

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