COMPLIANCE RISK MANAGEMENT: APPLYING THE COSO

2y ago
70 Views
9 Downloads
6.48 MB
48 Pages
Last View : 2m ago
Last Download : 2m ago
Upload by : Randy Pettway
Transcription

C o m m i t t e eo fS p o n s o r i n gO r g a n i z a t i o n so ft h eT r e a d w a yC o m m i s s i o nEnterprise Risk ManagementCOMPLIANCE RISKMANAGEMENT:APPLYING THE COSO ERMFRAMEWORKByThe information contained herein is of a general nature and based on authorities that are subject to change. Applicability of the information tospecific situations should be determined through consultation with your professional adviser, and this paper should not be considered substitutefor the services of such advisors, nor should it be used as a basis for any decision or action that may affect your organization.

AuthorsSociety of Corporate Compliance and Ethics & Health Care Compliance Association (SCCE & HCCA)COSO Board MembersPaul J. SobelCOSO ChairDaniel C. MurdockFinancial Executives InternationalDouglas F. PrawittAmerican Accounting AssociationJeffrey C. ThomsonInstitute of Management AccountantsRobert D. DohrerAmerican Institute of CPAs (AICPA)Patty K. MillerThe Institute of Internal AuditorsPrefaceThis project was commissioned by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission(COSO), which is dedicated to providing thought leadership through the development of comprehensiveframeworks and guidance on enterprise risk management, internal control, and fraud deterrence designed toimprove organizational performance and governance and to reduce the extent of fraud in organizations.COSO is a private-sector initiative jointly sponsored and funded by the following organizations:American Accounting Association (AAA)American Institute of CPAs (AICPA)Financial Executives International (FEI)The Institute of Management Accountants (IMA)The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA)Committee of Sponsoring Organizationsof the Treadway Commissioncoso.org

Enterprise Risk Management Compliance Risk Management: Applying the COSO ERM Framework Enterprise Risk ManagementCOMPLIANCE RISKMANAGEMENT:APPLYING THE COSO ERMFRAMEWORKResearch Commissioned byCommi tte e o f S p o n s o r i n g O rg a n izations of the Trea d way Commiss ionNovember 2020coso.orgi

ii Enterprise Risk Management Compliance Risk Management: Applying the COSO ERM FrameworkCopyright 2020, Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).1234567890 PIP 198765432COSO images are from COSO Enterprise Risk Management - Integrating with Strategy and Performance 2017, TheAmerican Institute of Certified Public Accountants on behalf of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the TreadwayCommission (COSO). COSO is a trademark of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed, transmitted, or displayed in any form orby any means without written permission. For information regarding licensing and reprint permissions, please contact theAmerican Institute of Certified Public Accountants, which handles licensing and permissions for COSO copyrighted materials.Direct all inquiries to copyright-permissions@aicpa-cima.com or AICPA, Attn: Manager, Licensing & Rights, 220 Leigh FarmRoad, Durham, NC 27707 USA. Telephone inquiries may be directed to 888-777-7077.Design and production: Sergio Analco.coso.org

Enterprise Risk Management Compliance Risk Management: Applying the COSO ERM Framework ContentsPage1. Introduction12. Governance and Culture for Compliance Risks73. Strategy and Objective-Setting for Compliance Risks114. Performance for Compliance Risks155. Review and Revision for Compliance Risks226. Information, Communication, and Reportingfor Compliance Risks27Appendix 1.Elements of an effective complianceand ethics program31Appendix 2.International growth in recognitionof compliance and ethics programs37Acknowledgments39About SCCE & HCCA39About COSO40coso.orgiii

iv Enterprise Risk Management Compliance Risk Management: Applying the COSO ERM Frameworkcoso.org

Enterprise Risk Management Compliance Risk Management: Applying the COSO ERM Framework 1. INTRODUCTIONWhy this publication is neededCompliance risks are common and frequently material risksto achieving an organization’s objectives. For many years,compliance professionals have used a widely acceptedframework for compliance and ethics (C&E) programs toprevent and timely detect noncompliance and other actsof wrongdoing. The C&E program framework is describedin Appendix 1 (if readers are not already familiar with theelements of a C&E program, consider reading Appendix 1before proceeding). The COSO Enterprise Risk Management(ERM) Framework, meanwhile, has been used by risk andother professionals to identify and mitigate a variety oforganizational risks, including compliance risks.This publication aims to provide guidance on the applicationof the COSO ERM framework to the identification,assessment, and management of compliance risks byaligning it with the C&E program framework, creating apowerful tool that integrates the concepts underlying each ofthese valuable frameworks.What are compliance and compliance-related risks?Risk is defined by COSO as “the possibility that events willoccur and affect the achievement of strategy and businessobjectives.” Risks considered in this definition include thoserelating to all business objectives, including compliance.Compliance risks are those risks relating to possibleviolations of applicable laws, regulations, contractual terms,standards, or internal policies where such violation couldresult in direct or indirect financial liability, civil or criminalpenalties, regulatory sanctions, or other negative effects forthe organization or its personnel. Throughout this publication,“events” associated with compliance risks will be referred toas “noncompliance” or “compliance violations.”Although the underlying acts (or failures to act) are carried outby individuals, compliance violations are generally attributableto the organization when they are carried out by employeesor agents of the organization in the ordinary course of theirduties. The exact scope of acts attributable to an organizationcan vary depending upon the circumstances. In some cases,the employee may also bear liability as an individual.Most compliance violations either inherently cause harmor have the potential to result in direct harm to individuals,communities, or organizations. Examples of parties that maybe harmed through compliance violations include customers(e.g., violations of privacy or data security laws leading toa breach and theft of personal information, product safetyviolations resulting in injuries, antitrust violations resulting ininflated prices), employees (e.g., workplace safety regulationviolations resulting in injury to a worker, antidiscrimination orwhistleblower protection law violations), or the general public(e.g., environmental violations resulting in illness or death).Although most compliance risks relate to specific laws orregulations, others do not. These other risks, referred to as“compliance-related risks,” may include risks associatedwith failures to comply with professional standards, internalpolicies of an organization (including codes of conduct andbusiness ethics), and contractual obligations. For example,conflicts of interest represent violations of laws or regulationsonly in limited instances (frequently involving governmentofficials or programs). Conflicts of interest are frequentlyprohibited by professional standards, terms of contracts andgrant agreements, or internal policies, and they are viewedas damaging to an organization if they are not disclosed andmanaged. As a result, conflicts of interest are commonlyincluded within the population of compliance risks.Accordingly, throughout this publication, the term“compliance risk” is used in reference to any risk thatis either directly associated with a law or regulation oris compliance-related in that it is associated with otherstandards, organizational policies, or ethical expectationsand guidelines.As this discussion illustrates, the scope of what anorganization considers to be compliance risks is not anexact science, although most organizations use a similarlist of compliance risk areas within the universe of theirprograms (e.g., environmental, bribery, and corruption), evenif the specific compliance risks within each area may differ.Determining the exact scope of a C&E program is typicallycoso.org1

2 Enterprise Risk Management Compliance Risk Management: Applying the COSO ERM Frameworkboth an early step in developing the program and anongoing exercise as the risk landscape changes, and inputfrom compliance, legal, senior leaders, and the board areconsidered.Compliance violations often result in fines, penalties, civilsettlements, or similar financial liabilities. However, not allcompliance violations have direct financial ramifications. Insome cases, the initial impact may be purely reputational.However, reputational damage often leads to future financialor nonfinancial harm, ranging from loss of customers to loss ofemployees, competitive disadvantages, or other effects (e.g.,suspension, debarment).Most noncompliance stems from actions taken by insiders– employees, management, or members of an organization’sboard of directors. Increasingly, risks also result fromcontractors and other third parties whose actions affect anorganization. The most common examples involve vendorsin an organization’s supply chain (e.g., when a supplier ofEgyptian cotton bedding for several major retailers was foundto be using a lesser grade of cotton that was not from Egypt,the retailers incurred significant liabilities to their customers)or third parties involved in the sales cycle (e.g., intermediariesthat may pay bribes to government officials in order to obtainlucrative contracts for an organization).A final consideration in determining the scope of a programis the potential for inherited risks resulting from merger andacquisition (M&A) activity. As M&A transactions take place,the universe of compliance risks to which an organization isexposed can change drastically and instantly. These risks mayrelate to events that took place prior to the merger or maysimply result from unique risks faced by the merged entity thatthe acquiror had not previously faced.The evolution of compliance and ethics programsAlthough compliance with laws and regulations has beenan expectation for many years, compliance and ethics asa profession and as a distinct function in organizations is arelatively recent development. It stems from the equally recentemergence of the C&E program as a valuable and frequentlyrequired element of organizational management.A series of events in the 1980s in the United States led tothe U.S. Sentencing Commission publishing guidelines in1991 for the punishment of organizations for violations ofthe law. Among its provisions, the sentencing guidelines fororganizations provide for very significant reductions in criminalpenalties if an organization has an effective complianceprogram in place. Important amendments were made in 2004and 2010 to clarify and expand on the characteristics of aneffective program.coso.orgThe current U.S. Federal Sentencing Guidelines (USSG) identifythe following seven elements of an effective C&E program:1Standards and procedures2Governance, oversight, and authority3Due diligence in delegation of authority4Communication and training5Monitoring, auditing, and reporting systems6Incentives and enforcement7Response to wrongdoingSeparately, the USSG also require that organizationsperiodically assess the risk of noncompliance and continuallylook for ways to improve their C&E programs. This two-partrequirement has often been referred to as the eighth elementof an effective program. Each of these elements is explained ingreater detail in Appendix 1.The USSG also state that organizations should promote aculture that encourages ethical conduct and a commitmentto compliance with the law. This acknowledgment thatorganizational culture and business ethics play integral rolesin compliance risk management is one of the factors that led tothe common use of the term “compliance and ethics program”or “C&E program”.The USSG do not mandate C&E programs for any organization;however, they provide an incentive for the establishmentof such programs as a means of mitigating the significantpenalties that can otherwise result when an organization isfound to have violated federal laws. In criminal cases involvingnoncompliance with laws, an organization’s penalty can bedecreased significantly from a base amount determined, inpart, on the existence of an effective C&E program. Developingcase law related to the guidelines has added further weightto the importance of C&E programs, particularly in highlyregulated entities, with courts concluding that the failure toimplement an effective C&E program may represent a breachof fiduciary duty. Additionally, guidance issued by the U.S.Department of Justice and other agencies have emphasizedthe importance of C&E programs.Although the USSG don’t require organizations to have C&Eprograms, individual government agencies sometimes do.For example, certain healthcare organizations must havecompliance programs as a condition for eligibility to participatein Medicare, and the Federal Acquisition Regulations requirecertain government contractors to have compliance programs.

Enterprise Risk Management Compliance Risk Management: Applying the COSO ERM Framework Finally, a compliance department should be separate from thelegal and regulatory affairs department. This independenceis not generally required, but is rapidly emerging as apreferred practice due to the differing and sometimesconflicting responsibilities of the two functions. For example,guidance issued by the Office of Inspector General ofthe U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHSOIG) indicates that the compliance department should beindependent. In its 2012 A Toolkit for Health Care Boards, theHHS OIG’s Health Care Fraud Prevention and EnforcementAction Team (HEAT) stated: “Protect the compliance officer’sindependence by separating this role from your legalcounsel and senior management. All decisions affecting thecompliance officer’s employment or limiting the scope of thecompliance program should require prior board approval.”International guidance on compliance and ethicsprogramsAlthough the most extensive statutory, regulatory, andnonregulatory guidance on C&E programs has emanated fromthe United States, many other countries have issued variousforms of requirements for and guidance on C&E programs. Insome instances, guidance on C&E programs outside the U.S.is limited in application to specific areas of the law, such asbribery and corruption or antitrust/competition. In others, it isbroader, like it is in the U.S., and applicable to many areas ofthe law. Much of the guidance issued globally mirrors many ofthe concepts and elements described in the USSG.A sampling of some of the guidance from outside the U.S.reveals a mostly consistent picture of what regulators expectfrom C&E programs. For example, the United Kingdom’sMinistry of Justice has provided guidance on the Bribery Act2010, describing procedures that commercial organizationscan put in place to minimize the risk of bribery. Thoseprocedures are summarized into the following six principles,which that closely align with the USSG:1Performance of a bribery risk assessment2 Leadership and commitment to the anti-briberymanagement system3Establishment of an anti-bribery compliance function4 Sufficient resources provided for the anti-briberymanagement system5Competence of employees6Awareness and training on anti-bribery policies7 Due diligence in connection with third-party businessassociates and employees8 Establishment and implementation of anti-briberycontrols9Internal audit of the anti-bribery management system10 Periodic reviews of the anti-bribery management systemby the governing bodyBeyond bribery, ISO has also issued guidance more broadlyon compliance management systems in the form of ISO19600:2014. Most recently, ISO/DIS 37301 was proposed in 2020to replace ISO 19600. The draft new standard describes thefollowing five elements of a compliance management system:1 Compliance obligations (identification of new andchanged compliance requirements)2Compliance risk assessment3Compliance policy1Proportionate procedures4Training and communication2Top-level commitment5Performance evaluation3Risk assessment4Due diligence5Communication (including training)6Monitoring and reviewGuidance has also been issued by the InternationalOrganization for Standardization (ISO). Its 2016 ISO 37001 Antibribery management systems standard includes the followingexpectations of a program:3A variety of other legal and regulatory developments thatdo not directly reference C&E programs nonetheless affectthem. For example, 2019 European Union regulations aimedat providing new protections for whistleblowers help insupporting an important element of an effective C&E program.Similarly, data protection and privacy laws commonly differfrom one country to another, but frequently have direct orindirect effects on C&E programs.Additional examples of international guidance on C&Eprograms are provided in Appendix 2. What it shows is thatglobal guidance on C&E programs has far more similarities thancoso.org

4 Enterprise Risk Management Compliance Risk Management: Applying the COSO ERM Frameworkdifferences, even if the scope of application of a C&E programmay differ (i.e., limited to bribery and corruption in somejurisdictions and broader application in others). The commonthread across these various guides is a shared appreciationfor the elements on which this COSO guide is based.Figure 1.1 The COSO 2013 FrameworkThe relationship between compliance, internalcontrol, and enterprise risk managementCOSO defines internal control in Internal Control – IntegratedFramework (2013) and Enterprise Risk Management –Integrating with Strategy and Performance (2017) as follows:A process, effected by an entity’s board of directors,management, and other personnel, designedto provide reasonable assurance regarding theachievement of objectives relatingto operations, reporting, and compliance.Source: COSO Internal Control Framework 2013As this definition clearly points out, internal control is notsolely about accounting and financial matters. Compliancewith laws and regulations is one of the three fundamentalobjectives of an organization’s system of internal controls.The following five components of internal control support allthree categories of objectives:COSO defines ERM as follows:The culture, capabilities, and practices, integratedwith strategy-setting and its performance, thatorganizations rely on to manage risk in creating,preserving, and realizing value.The COSO ERM framework, like the internal controlframework, comprises five interrelated components: Control environment Risk assessmentGovernance & culture ControlactivitiesCOSOInfographicwith PrinciplesStrategy & objective-setting Information and communicationPerformance Monitoring activitiesReview and revisionThe relationships between the three objectives, fivecomponents, and the entity are depicted in figure 1.1:Information, communication, and reportingFigure 1.2 Risk Management ComponentsENTERPRISE RISK MANAGEMENTMISSION, VISION& CORE VALUESGovernance& CultureSTRATEGYDEVELOPMENTStrategy ormance10. ance6. Analyzes Business with Strategy1.ExercisesRisk Risk Management—IntegratingContextOversight11. Assesses Severity2. Establishes OperatingStructures3. Defines Desired Culture4. DemonstratesCommitmentto Core Valuesc5.o Attracts,s o . o r gDevelops,and Retains CapableIndividuals7. Defines Risk Appetite8. Evaluates AlternativeStrategies9. Formulates BusinessObjectivesof Risk12. Prioritizes Risks13. Implements

Enterprise Risk Management Compliance Risk Management: Applying the COSO ERM Framework iii 1. Introduction 1 2. Governance and Culture for Compliance Risks 7 3. Strategy and Objective-Setting for Compliance Risks 11 4. Performance for Compliance Risks 15 5. Review and Revision for Complia

Related Documents:

May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)

Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .

On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.

̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions

Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have

Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được

Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.

Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. 3 Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.