A Survey On Communication Networks For Electric System .
1A Survey on Communication Networks for ElectricSystem AutomationV. Cagri Güngör†Frank C. Lambert‡†Broadband & Wireless Networking LaboratorySchool of Electrical & Computer EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332Tel: (404) 894-5141 Fax: (404) 894-7883Email:gungor@ece.gatech.edu‡National Electric Energy Testing, Research, & Applications CenterGeorgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332Tel: (404) 675-1855 Fax: (404) ract— In today’ s competitive electric utility marketplace,real-time information becomes the key factor for reliable deliveryof power to the end-users, profitability of the electric utility andcustomer satisfaction. The operational and commercial demandsof electric utilities require a high-performance data communication network that supports both existing functionalities andfuture operational requirements. In this respect, since such acommunication network constitutes the core of the electric systemautomation applications, the design of a cost-effective and reliablenetwork architecture is crucial. In this paper, the opportunitiesand challenges of hybrid network architecture are discussedfor electric system automation applications. More specifically,Internet based Virtual Private Networks, power line communications, satellite communications and wireless communications(wireless sensor networks, WiMAX and wireless mesh networks)are described in detail. The motivation of this paper is to providea better understanding of the hybrid network architecture thatcan provide heterogeneous electric system automation applicationrequirements. In this regard, our aim is to present a structuredframework for electric utilities who plan to utilize new communication technologies for automation and hence, to make thedecision-making process more effective and direct.Index Terms— Electric System Automation, Internet basedVirtual Private Network, Power Line Communication, SatelliteCommunication, Wireless Sensor Networks, Wireless Mesh Networks, WiMAX.I. I NTRODUCTIONElectric utilities, particularly in urban areas, continuouslyencounter the challenge of providing reliable power to endusers at competitive prices. Equipment failures, lightningstrikes, accidents, and natural catastrophes all cause powerdisturbances and outages and often result in long serviceinterruptions. Electric system automation, which is the creation of a reliable, self-healing electric system that rapidlyresponds to real-time events with appropriate actions, aimsto maintain uninterrupted power service [6]. The operationaland commercial demands of electric utilities require a highperformance data communication network that supports bothexisting functionalities and future operational requirements.Therefore, the design of the network architecture is crucialto the performance of the system.Recent developments in communication technologies haveenabled reliable remote control systems, which have the capability of monitoring the real-time operating conditions andperformance of electric systems. These communication technologies can be classified into four classes, i.e., Power LineCommunication, Satellite Communication, Wireless Communication, and Optical Fiber Communication. Each communication technology has its own advantages and disadvantagesthat must be evaluated to determine the best communicationtechnology for electric system automation. In order to avoidpossible disruptions in electric systems due to unexpectedfailures, a highly reliable, scalable, secure, robust and costeffective communication network between substations and aremote control center is vital [14]. This high performancecommunication network should also guarantee very strictQuality of Service (QoS) requirements to prevent the possiblepower disturbances and outages.When the communication requirements of electric systemautomation are considered, Internet can offer an alternativecommunication network to remotely control and monitorsubstations in a cost-effective manner with its already existing communication infrastructure. However, Internet can notguarantee very strict QoS requirements that the automationapplications demand, since data communication in Internet isbased on best effort service paradigm [29]. Furthermore, whena public network like the Internet is utilized to connect thesubstations to a remote control center, security concerns arise.In this context, Internet based Virtual Private Network (InternetVPN) technologies, which are transforming the Internet intoa secure high speed communication network, constitute thecornerstone for providing strict QoS guarantees of electricsystem automation applications [7]. Internet VPN technologiesoffer a shared communication network backbone in which thecost of the network is spread over a large number of userswhile simultaneously providing the benefits of a dedicatedprivate network. Therefore, Internet VPN technology as ahigh speed communication core network can be utilized toenable minimum cost and highly reliable information sharingfor automation applications.
2Fig. 1. The overall communication network architecture for electric systemautomation.Although Internet VPN technologies can provide the necessary reliable communication for substations in urban areas,this may not be the case for substations in remote rurallocations where the high speed communication core network,e.g., Internet, might not exist. Therefore, when the individualcommunication capabilities and locations of electric systemsare taken into account, it is appropriate to consider the overallcommunication infrastructure as a hybrid network as shownin Fig. 1. This hybrid network consists of two separate parts: High Speed Communication Core Network: It can beeither a private network or public network. Due to severaltechnical advantages [29], Internet based Virtual PrivateNetwork can be considered as a cost-effective high speedcommunication core network for electric system automation.Last Mile Connectivity: It represents the challenge ofconnecting the substations to the high speed communication core network. The communication technologies forlast mile connectivity can be classified as: i) Power linecommunication, ii) Satellite communication, iii) Opticalfiber communication, and iv) Wireless communication.Each possible communication alternatives for last mileconnectivity introduces its own advantages and disadvantages.Many researchers and several international organizations arecurrently developing the required communication technologiesand the international communication standard for electricsystem automation. In Fig. 2, the summary of these communication system development activities is presented [14].Despite the considerable amount of ongoing research, therestill remains significantly challenging tasks for the researchcommunity to address both benefits and shortcomings ofeach communication technology. Since a cost-effective datacommunication network constitutes the core of the automationapplications, in this paper, the opportunities and challenges ofa hybrid network architecture are described for automationapplications. More specifically, Internet based Virtual PrivateNetworks, power line communications, satellite communica-tions and wireless communications (wireless sensor networks,WiMAX, and wireless mesh networks) are discussed in detail.The motivation of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the hybrid network architecture that can provide heterogeneous electric system automation application requirements.In this respect, our aim is to present a structured frameworkfor electric utilities who plan to utilize new communicationtechnologies for automation and hence, to make the decisionmaking process more effective and direct.The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. InSection II, the benefits and open research challenges ofInternet based Virtual Private Networks are discussed forelectric system automation. In Section IV, both advantagesand disadvantages of alternative communication technologiesare described for last mile connectivity. In Section V and VI,the opportunities and challenges of wireless sensor networks,wireless mesh networks and WIMAX are explained, respectively. Finally, the paper is concluded in Section VII.II. I NTERNET BASED V IRTUAL P RIVATE N ETWORKSRecent advances in Internet technology and Internet-readyIEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices) have enabled costeffective remote control systems, which makes it feasibleto support multiple automation application services, e.g., remote access to IED/relay configuration ports, diagnostic eventinformation, video for security or equipment status assessment in substation and automatic metering. While traditionalprivate Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)systems constitute the core communication network of today’s electric utility systems, the Internet based Virtual PrivateNetwork (Internet VPN) technology provides an alternativecost-effective high speed communication core network forremote monitoring and control of the electric system.Specifically, Internet VPN technology is a shared communication network architecture, in which the cost of the networkis spread over a large number of users while simultaneouslyproviding both the functionalities and the benefits of a dedicated private network. Therefore, the main objective of anInternet VPN for electric system automation is to provide therequired cost-effective high performance communication between IEDs and a remote control center over a shared networkinfrastructure with the same policies and service guaranteesthat the electric utility experiences within its dedicated privatecommunication network. In order to achieve this objective, theInternet VPN solution should provide the following essentialperformance attributes: Quality of Service (QoS): Internet technology itselfcannot guarantee very strict QoS requirements that utilityapplications require, since data communication in theInternet is mainly based on a best effort service paradigm.In this respect, QoS capabilities of Internet VPN technologies ensure the prioritization of mission critical ordelay sensitive traffic and manage network congestionunder varying network traffic conditions over the sharednetwork infrastructure. Reliability: The communication network should be ableto operate continuously over an extended period of time,
3Fig. 2. Summary of communication system development activities for electric utilities.even in the presence of network element failures ornetwork congestion. To achieve this, the communicationnetwork should be properly designed with the objectiveof no losses in all working conditions and able to dealwith failure gracefully. Service providers support ServiceLevel Agreements (SLAs), which define the specificterms and performance metrics regarding availability ofnetwork resources and offer the Internet VPN subscribera contractual guarantee for network services and networkuptime. Therefore, Internet VPN technology should deliver data in a reliable and timely manner for automationapplications.Scalability: Since the number of substations and remotedevices is large and growing rapidly, the communicationsystem must be able to deal with very large networktopologies without increasing the number of operationsexponentially for the communication network. Thus, thedesigned hybrid network architecture should scale wellto accommodate new communication requirements drivenby customer demands.Robustness: In order to avoid deteriorating communication performance due to changing network traffic conditions, the dimensioning process to assign the bandwidthto the virtual links of the Internet VPN should be basednot only on the main bandwidth demand matrix, but also on other possible bandwidth demand matrices toprovide a safe margin in network dimensioning to avoidcongestion. In case the network congestion can not beavoided with the current network traffic, low priority noncritical data traffic should be blocked so that the mostcritical data can be transmitted with QoS guarantees [24].This way, additional bandwidth for high priority databecomes available to enable the real-time communicationof critical data, which is particularly important in case ofalarms in electric systems.Security: Security is the ability of supporting securecommunication between a remote control center and fielddevices in order to make the communication safe fromexternal denial of service (DoS) attacks and intrusion.When a public network like the Internet is utilized toconnect the field devices to a remote control center,security concerns can arise. Hence, Internet VPN has toprovide secure data transmission across an existing sharedInternet backbone and thus, protect sensitive data so thatit becomes confidential across the shared network.Network Management: In order to provide the communication requirements of automation applications, electric utilities demand flexible and scalable network management capabilities. The primary network managementcapabilities of Internet VPN include: i) bandwidth pro-
4Fig. 3.Comparison of MPLS based Internet VPN and IPSec Internet VPN for electric system automation applications.visioning, ii) installing security and QoS policies, iii)supporting Service Level Agreements, iv) fault identification and resolution, v) addition and removal of networkentities, vi) change of network functions, vii) accounting,billing and reporting. In addition to these network management capabilities, Internet VPN technology can enablerapid implementation and possible modifications of thecommunication network at a reasonable cost. Therefore,Internet VPN technology with effective network management approaches provides a flexible cost-effective solution that can be easily adapted to future communicationrequirements that utility automation applications demand.Despite the extensive research in Internet VPN technologies[29], there are still several open research issues, e.g., efficientresource and route management mechanisms, inter-domainnetwork management, that need to be developed for automation applications. In the current literature, two unique andcomplementary VPN architectures based on Multi ProtocolLabel Switching (MPLS) and IP Security (IPsec) technologiesare emerging to form the predominant communication frame-work for delivery of high performance VPN services [29]. InFig. 3, we compare both the advantages and disadvantagesof MPLS based VPN and IPSec VPN architectures in termsof performance attributes described above. As shown in Fig.3, each Internet VPN technology supports the performanceattributes to varying degrees and thus, the most appropriatechoice depends on the specific communication requirementsof the electric utilities.In Fig. 4, a decision tree for choosing an appropriateInternet VPN technology for electric system automation isillustrated. As shown in Fig. 4, if an electric utility requires ahigh performance communication network ensuring very strictQuality of Service (QoS) requirements, the next decision pointin the decision tree can be the size of the communicationnetwork, i.e., the number of communication entities that needto be interconnected. Electric utilities that need to connect alarge number of substations and a remote control center shouldprefer cost-effective MPLS based Internet VPN technology,since they can reduce the communication cost significantlycompared to dedicated private leased communication lines. If
5only a few general results on the ultimate performance thatcan be achieved over the power line channel. As a result,commercially deployable, high speed, long distance PLC stillrequires further research efforts despite the fact that PLCmight provide an alternative cost-effective solution to the lastmile connectivity problem. In the following, we explain bothadvantages and disadvantages of power line communicationtechnologies for automation applications.ADVANTAGES: Fig. 4.Internet VPN decision tree for electric system automation.the number of sites is not large in the network, electric utilitiescan utilize a hybrid network including IPSec Internet VPN andlayer 2 technologies such as Frame Relay and ATM for theautomation applications. If there are no QoS communicationrequirements, the possible options include either using publicInternet when no secure communication is required or using anIPSec Internet VPN when secure communication is requiredin automation applications.In fact, the actual selection of Internet VPN technologydepends on several factors such as the cost of communication architecture, geographic coverage of the communicationarchitecture, the locations of substations and a remote controlcenter, service level agreements, network management types,i.e., customer based or network based management, etc. Asa result, electric utilities should evaluate their unique communication requirements and the capabilities of Internet VPNtechnologies comprehensively in order to determine the bestInternet VPN technology for automation applications. DISADVANTAGES: III. L AST M ILE C ONNECTIVITY FOR E LECTRIC U TILITIESIn this section, both advantages and disadvantages of possible communication technologies for last mile connectivity areexplained in detail. The communication technologies evaluatedfor last mile connectivity are: i) Power Line Communication,ii) Satellite Communication, iii) Optical Fiber Communication,iv) Wireless Communication. A. Power Line CommunicationPower Line Communication (PLC) is transmission of dataand electricity simultaneously over existing power lines as analternative to constructing dedicated communications infrastructure. Although PLC has been in operation since the 1950sas low data rate services such as remote control of power griddevices, it has become more important in recent years dueto developments in technology, which enable PLC’s potentialuse for high speed communications over medium (15/50 kV)and low (110/220 V) voltage power lines [5]. However, thereare still several technical problems and regulatory issues thatare unresolved. Moreover, a comprehensive theoretical andpractical approach for PLC is still missing and there areExtensive Coverage: PLC can provide an extensivecoverage, since the power lines are already installedalmost everywhere. This is advantageous especially forsubstations in rural areas where there is usually nocommunication infrastructure.Cost: The communication network can be establishedquickly and cost-effectively because it utilizes the existing wires to carry the communication signals. Thus,PLC can offer substations new cost-saving methods forremotely monitoring power uses and outages. High noise sources over power lines: The power linesare noisy environments for data communications due toseveral noise sources such as electrical motors, powersupplies, fluorescent lights and radio signal interferences[25]. These noise sources over the power lines canresult in high bit error rates during communication whichseverely degrade the performance of PLC.Capacity: New technological advances have recently enabled a prototype communication modem which achievesa maximum total capacity of 45 Mbps in PLC [1]. However, since power line is a shared medium, the averagedata rate per end user will be lower than the total capacitydepending on coincident utilization, i.e., the number ofusers on the network at the same time and the applicationsthey are using. Thus, possible technical problems shouldbe comprehensively addressed with various field testsbefore the PLC technology is widely deployed.Open circuit problem: Communication over the powerlines is lost with devices on the side of an open circuit[14]. This fact severely restricts the usefulness of PLCfor applications especially involving switches, reclosersand sectionalizers.Signal attenuation and distortion: In power lines, theattenuation and distortion of signals are immense dueto the reasons such as
Networks, power line communications, satellite communica-tions and wireless communications (wireless sensor networks, WiMAX, and wireless mesh networks) are discussed in detail. The motivation of this
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