The French Revolution And Napoleon - World History
The French Revolutionand Napoleon1789–1815Key EventsAs you read this chapter, look for the key events of the French Revolution andFrench Empire. The fall of the Bastille marked the beginning of the French Revolution. The Committee of Public Safety began the Reign of Terror. Napoleon Bonaparte created the French Empire. Allied forces defeated Napoleon at Waterloo.The Impact TodayThe events that occurred during this time period still impact our lives today. The French Revolution became the model for revolution in the modern world. The power of nationalism was first experienced during the French Revolution,and it is still powerful in existing nations and emerging nations today. The French Revolution spread the principles of liberty and equality, which are held dearby many nations and individuals today.World History—Modern Times Video The Chapter 11 video,“Napoleon,” chronicles the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte.Louis XVI1789FrenchRevolutionbegins17901791Olympe deGouges writesdeclarationof rightsfor women3261799Napoleon participatesin coup d’état thattopples Frenchgovernment1793KingLouis XVIis executed1792Olympe de epublic17961795The Directoryis formed17981800
Napoleon Crossing the Great St. Bernard by Jacques-Louis David David was the leading artist of the French Revolution.1812NapoleoninvadesRussia1804Napoleonis crownedEmperorNapoleon18021801Napoleon reachesagreement withthe pope18041802Napoleon madeconsul for life180618081805British defeatFrench and Spanishat Trafalgar18101812HISTORYHISTORYChapter OverviewChapterVisitthe GlencoeOverviewWorldHistory—ModernVisitthe Glencoe h.mt.glencoe.comand clickandon Chapterclick on 5–ChapterChapter 11–ChapterOverviewsOverviewto previewtopreviewchapter information.chapter information.1815Duke of Wellingtonand his armydefeat Napoleonat WaterlooDuke of Wellington327
The storming of the BastilleFall of the BastilleOn the morning of July 14, 1789, a Parisian mob of someeight thousand men and women in search of weaponsstreamed toward the Bastille, a royal armory filled with armsand ammunition. The Bastille was also a state prison.Although it contained only seven prisoners at the time, in theeyes of those angry Parisians it was a glaring symbol of thegovernment’s harsh policies. The armory was defended bythe Marquis de Launay and a small garrison of 114 men.The assault began at one o’clock in the afternoon when agroup of attackers managed to lower two drawbridges over themoat surrounding the fortress. The mob was joined by members of the French Guard, who began to bombard the fortresswith cannon balls. After four hours of fighting, 98 attackers laydead or dying. Only one defender had been killed.As more attackers arrived, de Launay realized that he andhis troops could not hold out much longer and surrendered.Angered by the loss of its members, the victorious mob beatde Launay to death, cut off his head, and carried it aloft in triumph through the streets of Paris.When King Louis XVI returned to his palace at Versaillesafter a day of hunting, he was told about the fall of theBastille by the duc de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt. Louisexclaimed, “Why, this is a revolt.” “No, Sire,” replied theduke, “It is a revolution.”328Why It MattersThe French Revolution began a newage in European political life. Theold political order in France wasdestroyed. The new order wasbased on individual rights, representative institutions, and loyalty to thenation rather than the monarch. Therevolutionary upheaval of the era,especially in France, created newpolitical ideals, summarized in theFrench slogan, “Liberty, Equality,and Fraternity.” These ideals transformed France, then spread to otherEuropean countries and the rest ofthe world.History and You Using print orInternet sources, familiarize yourselfwith the lyrics to The Marseillaise,God Save the Queen, and The StarSpangled Banner. How do they varyin subject matter, tone, theme, andstyle, and how are they similar?Create a chart listing your findings.
The FrenchRevolution BeginsGuide to ReadingMain IdeasPeople to IdentifyReading Strategy Social inequality and economicproblems contributed to the FrenchRevolution. Radicals, Catholic priests, nobles, andthe lower classes opposed the neworder.Louis XVI, Olympe de GougesCause and Effect As you read this section, use a web diagram like the onebelow to list the factors that contributedto the French Revolution.Key Termsestate, relics of feudalism, bourgeoisie,sans-culottesPlaces to LocateVersailles, Paris, Austria, PrussiaPreview Questions1. How was the population of Francedivided into three estates?2. How did the fall of the Bastille savethe National Assembly?Preview of Events 1780FrenchRevolution 17901787Bad harvests lead tofood shortages 18001789National Assembly adoptsDeclaration of the Rights of Man1791National Assembly completesnew constitutionVoices from the PastA correspondent with the London Times sent this report to his newspaper editor onJuly 20, 1789:The number of armed men in Paris is supposed to amount to 300,000 men, and“they called themselves the Militia. The way by which so many people have procuredarms is, that all the public storehouses where weapons were lodged, have been broken open, as well as several private houses plundered, which they thought containedthem. The Archbishop of Paris is among the number of those who have been sacrificedto the people’s rage. He was assassinated at Versailles on Tuesday night. The city ofParis is entirely surrounded with a guard, and not a soul suffered to go out who has anappearance of wealth.”—History in the First Person, Louis L. Snyder and Richard B. Morris, eds., 1951Conquerors of the BastilleThe correspondent may not have realized the full significance of the events hereported, but the French Revolution had begun.Background to the RevolutionThe year 1789 witnessed two far-reaching events: the beginning of a newUnited States of America and the beginning of the French Revolution. Comparedwith the American Revolution, the French Revolution was more complex, moreviolent, and far more radical. It tried to create both a new political order and a newCHAPTER 11The French Revolution and Napoleon329
social order. Indeed, it has often been seen as a majorturning point in European political and social history.The causes of the French Revolution include bothlong-range problems and immediate forces. Thelong-range causes are to be found in the condition ofFrench society. Before the revolution, French societywas based on inequality. France’s population of 27million was divided, as it had been since the MiddleAges, into three orders, or estates.varied from area to area, and over half of the peasants had little or no land on which to survive.Serfdom no longer existed on any large scale inFrance, but French peasants still had obligations totheir local landlords that they deeply resented.These relics of feudalism, or aristocratic privileges,were obligations that survived from an earlier age.They included the payment of fees for the use of village facilities such as the flour mill, communityoven, and winepress, as well as contributions to theclergy.Another part of the Third Estate consisted ofskilled craftspeople, shopkeepers, and other wageearners in the cities. In the eighteenth century, a risein consumer prices that was greater than the increasein wages left these urban groups with a decline inbuying power. The struggle for survival led many ofthese people to play an important role in the revolution, especially in Paris.The bourgeoisie (BURZH WAH ZEE), or middleclass, was another part of the Third Estate. Thisgroup included about 8 percent of the population, or2.3 million people. They owned about 20 to 25 percent of the land. This group included merchants,bankers, and industrialists, as well as professionalpeople—lawyers, holders of public offices, doctors,and writers.The Three EstatesThe First Estate consisted of theclergy and numbered about 130,000 people. Thesepeople owned approximately 10 percent of the land.They were exempt from the taille (TAH yuh),France’s chief tax. The clergy were radically divided.The higher clergy, members of aristocratic families,shared the interests of the nobility. The parish priestswere often poor and from the class of commoners.The Second Estate, the nobility, included about350,000 people. Nobles owned about 25 to 30 percentof the land. They played an important, and even acrucial, role in French society in the eighteenth century. They held many of the leading positions in thegovernment, the military, the law courts, and thehigher church offices. Moreover, they possessedmany privileges, including tax exemptions. Like theclergy, they were exempt from the taille.The nobles soughtThe Threeto expand their powerat the expense of the1.5% 0.5%monarchy. Many noblessaid they were defending liberty by resistingthe arbitrary actions of98%the monarchy. They alsosought to keep theircontrol over positions inthe military, the Church,Populationand the government.The Third Estate, orFirst Estate: Clergythe commoners of society, made up the overwhelming majority ofthe French population.Unlike the First andSecond Estates, the Third Estate was divided byvast differences in occupation, level of education,and wealth.The peasants, who constituted 75 to 80 percent ofthe total population, were by far the largest segmentof the Third Estate. As a group, they owned about 35to 40 percent of the land. However, landholdings330CHAPTER 11Estates in Pre-Revolutionary FranceThe French Revolution and Napoleon10%25%65%Land ownershipSecond Estate: Nobility100%TaxationThird Estate: CommonersThe Third Estate included peasants, craftspeople, andthe bourgeoisie. In the Third Estate, peasants ownedabout 40 percent of the land in France, and thebourgeoisie owned about 25 percent.1. Drawing Inferences From looking at thesecircle graphs, what inferences can you drawabout why a revolution occurred in France?
Members of the middle classwere unhappy with the privileges held by nobles. At thesame time, they shared a greatdeal with the nobility. Indeed,by obtaining public offices,wealthy middle-class individuals could enter the ranks of thenobility. During the eighteenthcentury, 6,500 new noble families were created.In addition, both aristocratsand members of the bourgeoisiewere drawn to the new politicalideas of the Enlightenment.Both groups were increasinglyupset with a monarchical system resting on privilegesand on an old and rigid social order. The oppositionof these elites to the old order ultimately led them todrastic action against the monarchy.HistoryLes Halles, the market area of Paris, is pictured with theGrand Chatelet in the background. Would this markethave been quieter or busier twenty years beforethe revolution? Why?Financial CrisisSocial conditions, then, formed along-range background to the French Revolution.The immediate cause of the revolution was the nearcollapse of government finances.The French economy, although it had beenexpanding for 50 years, suffered periodic crises. Badharvests in 1787 and 1788 and a slowdown in manufacturing led to food shortages, rising prices forfood, and unemployment. The number of poor, estimated by some at almost one-third of the population, reached crisis proportions on the eve of therevolution.An English traveler noted the misery of the poor inthe countryside: “All the country girls and women arewithout shoes or stockings; and the plowmen at theirwork have neither shoes nor stockings to their feet.This is a poverty that strikes at the root of nationalprosperity.”In spite of these economic problems, the Frenchgovernment continued to spend enormous sums oncostly wars and court luxuries. The queen, MarieAntoinette, was especially known for her extravagance. The government had also spent large amountsto help the American colonists against Britain.On the verge of a complete financial collapse, thegovernment of Louis XVI was finally forced to call ameeting of the Estates-General to raise new taxes.This was the French parliament, and it had not metsince 1614.Reading Check Identifying What groups were partof the Third Estate?From Estates-General toNational AssemblyThe Estates-General was composed of representatives from the three orders of French society. TheFirst and Second Estates had about three hundreddelegates each. The Third Estate had almost six hundred delegates, most of whom were lawyers fromFrench towns. To fix France’s financial problems,most members of the Third Estate wanted to set up aconstitutional government that would abolish thetax exemptions of the clergy and nobility.The meeting of the Estates-General opened at Versailles on May 5, 1789. It was troubled from the startwith a problem about voting. Traditionally, eachestate had one vote. That meant that the First andSecond Estates together could outvote the ThirdEstate two to one.The Third Estate demanded that each deputy haveone vote. With the help of a few nobles and clerics,that would give the Third Estate a majority. The king,however, declared he was in favor of the current system, in which each estate had one vote.The Third Estate reacted quickly. On June 17, 1789,it called itself a National Assembly and decided todraft a constitution. Three days later, on June 20, thedeputies of the Third Estate arrived at their meetingplace, only to find the doors locked.The deputies then moved to a nearby indoor tennis court and swore that they would continue to meetCHAPTER 11The French Revolution and Napoleon331
History through ArtThe Tennis Court Oath by Jacques-LouisDavid Members of the National Assembly sworethat they would produce a French constitution.What caused members to fear that the NationalAssembly would be dissolved by force?until they had produced a French constitution. Theoath they swore is known as the Tennis Court Oath.Louis XVI prepared to use force against the ThirdEstate. The common people, however, saved theThird Estate from the king’s forces. On July 14, a mobof Parisians stormed the Bastille (ba STEEL), anarmory and prison in Paris, and dismantled it, brickby brick. Paris was abandoned to the rebels.Louis XVI was soon informed that he could nolonger trust the royal troops. Royal authority had collapsed. Louis XVI could enforce his will no more. Thefall of the Bastille had saved the National Assembly.At the same time, popular revolutions broke outthroughout France, both in the cities and in the countryside. A growing hatred of the entire landholdingsystem, with its fees and obligations, led to the popular uprisings.Peasant rebellions took place throughout Franceand became part of the Great Fear, a vast panic thatspread quickly through France in the summer of1789. Citizens, fearing invasion by foreign troops thatwould support the French monarchy, formed militias.Reading Check Examining Why did the Third Estateobject to each estate’s having one vote in the Estates-General?332CHAPTER 11The French Revolution and NapoleonThe Destruction of the Old RegimeThe peasant revolts and fear of foreign troops hada strong effect on the National Assembly, which wasmeeting in Versailles. One of the assembly’s first actswas to destroy the relics of feudalism, or aristocraticprivileges. On the night of August 4, 1789, theNational Assembly voted to abolish the rights oflandlords, as well as the financial privileges of noblesand clergy.Declaration of the Rights of Man On August 26,the National Assembly adopted the Declaration ofthe Rights of Man and the Citizen. Inspired by theAmerican Declaration of Independence and Constitution, and the English Bill of Rights, this charter ofbasic liberties began with a ringing affirmation of “thenatural and imprescriptible rights of man” to “liberty,property, security, and resistance to oppression.”Reflecting Enlightenment thought, the declarationwent on to proclaim freedom and equal rights for allmen, access to public office based on talent, and anend to exemptions from taxation. All citizens were tohave the right to take part in the making of laws.Freedom of speech and the press were affirmed.
The declaration also raised an important issue.Did its ideal of equal rights for all men also includewomen? Many deputies insisted that it did, providedthat, as one said, “women do not hope to exercisepolitical rights and functions.”Olympe de Gouges, a woman who wrote playsand pamphlets, refused to accept this exclusion ofwomen from political rights. Echoing the words ofthe official declaration, she penned a Declaration ofthe Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen. In it,she insisted that women should have all the samerights as men.She wrote:“Believing that ignorance, omission, or scorn forthe rights of woman are the only causes of publicmisfortunes and of the corruption of governments,the women have resolved to set forth in a solemndeclaration the natural, inalienable, and sacred rightsof woman in order that this declaration, constantlyexposed before all the members of the society, willceaselessly remind them of their rights and duties.”A National HolidayThe French Revolution gave rise to the concept of themodern nation-state. With the development of themodern state came the celebration of one day a year asa national holiday—usually called Independence Day.The national holiday is a day that has special significance in the history of the nation-state.In France, the fall of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, hasbeen celebrated ever since as the beginning of theFrench nation-state. Independence Day in the UnitedStates is celebrated on July 4. On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress approved the Declaration ofIndependence.In Norway, people celebrate Constitution Day as anational holiday on May 17. On that day in 1814, Norway received a constitution, although it did not gain itsindependence from Sweden until 1905.Most Latin American countries became independentof Spain or Portugal in the early nineteenth century.Mexico, for example, celebrates its Independence Dayon September 16 with a colorful festival. On September16, 1810, a crowd of local people attacked Spanishauthorities in a small village near Mexico City. TheyThe National Assembly ignored her demands. ;(See page 775 to read excerpts from Olympe de Gouges’sDeclaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in thePrimary Sources Library.)The King ConcedesIn the meantime, Louis XVIhad remained at Versailles. He refused to accept theNational Assembly’s decrees on the abolition of feudalism and the Declaration of Rights. On October 5,however, thousands of Parisian women—describedby one eyewitness as “detachments of women coming up from every direction, armed with broomsticks, lances, pitchforks, swords, pistols andmuskets”—marched to Versailles. A delegation of thewomen met with Louis XVI and described how theirchildren were starving from a lack of bread. Theyforced the king to accept the new decrees.The crowd now insisted that the royal familyreturn to Paris to show the king’s support of theNational Assembly. On October 6, the family journeyed to Paris. As a goodwill gesture, Louis XVIbrought along wagonloads of flour from the palacewere crushed, but their actioneventually led to Mexico’s independence from Spanish controlin 1821.Most nations in Africa andAsia gained their independencefrom Western colonial powersafter World War II. India celebrates Independence Day onAugust 15. On that day in 1947,India won its independencefrom the British Empire.Bastille Day parade !Every nation celebrates its Independence Day withdifferent kinds of festivities. For example, in theUnited States, many people have barbecues andwatch firework displays. Choose two other nationsand research how each nation and its people celebrate their Independence Day. Create an illustrated poster or chart showing your results.
Spread of theGreat Fear, 17895 W0 5 ENLille50 rsAtlanticOcean45 NEWRouenFRANC ELimogesLyon"BordeauxNîmesMontaubanParisian women march on Versailles.AvignonMarseille0200 miles200 kilometers0Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projectionMediterranean SeaArea of peasant revolt (early 1789)Main currents of the Great Fear (summer 1789)HistoryLouis XVI remained at Versailles during the great panicthat swept through France in the summer of 1789. OnOctober 5, 1789, thousands of women marched toVersailles and persuaded Louis to return to Paris with hisfamily. Louis later tried to escape from France in 1791 butwas captured at Varennes and returned to Paris. Whathappened to the royal family after their capture?stores. The royal family and the supplies wereescorted by women armed with pikes. The womensang, “We are bringing back the baker, the baker’swife, and the baker’s boy” (the king; MarieAntoinette, the queen; and their son). The king andhis family became virtual prisoners in Paris.Church Reforms Because the Catholic Church wasseen as an important pillar of the old order, it, too,was reformed. Because of the need for money, theNational Assembly seized and sold the lands of theChurch.The Church was also secularized. A new CivilConstitution of the Clergy was put into effect. Bothbishops and priests were to be elected by the people334CHAPTER 11The French Revolution and Napoleon"Louis XVI is arrested at Varennes.and paid by the state. The French government nowcontrolled the Church. Many Catholics became enemies of the revolution.A New Constitution and New FearsThe NationalAssembly completed a new constitution, the Constitution of 1791, which set up a limited monarchy. According to the constitution, there would still be a king, buta Legislative Assembly would make the laws.The Assembly was to consist of 745 representatives. The way they were to be chosen ensured thatonly the more affluent members of society would beelected. Though all male citizens had the same rights,only men over 25 who paid a specified amount intaxes could vote.
By 1791, the old order had been destroyed. However, many people—including Catholic priests,nobles, lower classes hurt by a rise in the cost of living, and radicals who wanted more drastic solutions—opposed the new order. Louis XVI also madethings difficult for the new government. Heattempted to flee France in June 1791. He almost succeeded but was recognized, captured, and broughtback to Paris.In this unsettled situation, with a seemingly disloyal monarch, the new Legislative Assembly held itsfirst session in October 1791. France’s relations withthe rest of Europe would soon lead to the downfall ofLouis XVI.War with AustriaOver time, some European leaders began to fear that revolution would spread totheir countries. The rulers of Austria and Prussiaeven threatened to use force to restore Louis XVI tofull power. Insulted by this threat, the LegislativeAssembly declared war on Austria in the springof 1792.The French fared badly in the initial fighting. Afrantic search for scapegoats began. One observernoted, “Everywhere you hear the cry that the king isbetraying us, the generals are betraying us, thatnobody is to be trusted; . . . that Paris will be taken insix weeks by the Austrians . . . we are on a volcanoready to spout flames.”Rise of the Paris CommuneDefeats in war,coupled with economic shortages at home in thespring of 1792, led to new political demonstrations,Checking for Understanding1. Define estate, relics of feudalism,bourgeoisie, sans-culottes.2. Identify Louis XVI, Tennis Court Oath,Declaration of the Rights of Man andthe Citizen, Olympe de Gouges.3. Locate Versailles, Paris, Austria,Prussia.4. Explain why the Catholic Church wastargeted for reform.especially against Louis XVI. In August, radicalpolitical groups in Paris, declaring themselves acommune, organized a mob attack on the royalpalace and Legislative Assembly.Members of the new Paris Commune took theking captive. They forced the Legislative Assembly tosuspend the monarchy and call for a National Convention, chosen on the basis of universal male suffrage, to decide on the nation’s future form ofgovernment. (Under a system of universal male suffrage, all adult males had the right to vote.)The French Revolutionwas about to enter a moreradical and violent stage.Power now passed from theAssembly to the Paris Commune. Many of its membersproudly called themselvesthe sans-culottes, ordinarypatriots without fine clothes.(They wore long trousersinstead of knee-lengthbreeches; sans-culottes means“without breeches.”) It hasbecome customary to equatethe more radical sans-culotteswith working people or theParisian sans-culottespoor. However, many weremerchants and better-off artisans who were the eliteof their neighborhoods.Reading Check Evaluating What was the significanceof the Constitution of 1791?Critical Thinking6. Summarize What were the main affirmations of the Declaration of the Rightsof Man and the Citizen?7. Organizing Information Equality wasone of the slogans of the French Revolution. In a web diagram, identify fiveoccasions when different groupsexpressed concern for equality duringthe revolution.Expressions of Equality5. List the reasons for the near collapse ofgovernment finances in France.CHAPTER 11Analyzing Visuals8. Examine the painting of the TennisCourt Oath shown on page 332. Howdoes David’s painting reflect the idealsof the French Revolution?9. Persuasive Writing Olympe deGouges wrote, “ignorance, omission,or scorn for the rights of woman arethe only causes of public misfortuneand corruption of governments.” Doyou agree or disagree? Write a paragraph supporting your point of view.The French Revolution and Napoleon335
Declaration of the Rights ofMan and the CitizenONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT DOCUMENTSof the French Revolution, the Declaration of theRights of Man and the Citizen, was adopted inAugust 1789 by the National Assembly.The representatives of the French people, organ“ized as a national assembly, considering that ignorance, neglect, and scorn of the rights of man arethe sole causes of public misfortunes and of corruption of governments, have resolved to display in asolemn declaration the natural, inalienable, andsacred rights of man, so that this declaration, constantly in the presence of all members of society,will continually remind them of their rights and theirduties . . . Consequently, the National Assembly recognizes and declares, in the presence and under theauspices of the Supreme Being, the following rightsof man and citizen:1. Men are born and remain free and equal inrights; social distinctions can be established onlyfor the common benefit.2. The aim of every political association is the conservation of the natural . . . rights of man; theserights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. . . .4. Liberty consists in being able to do anythingthat does not harm another person. . . .6. The law is the expression of the general will; allcitizens have the right to concur personally orthrough their representatives in its formation; itmust be the same for all, whether it protects orpunishes.7. No man can be accused, arrested, or detainedexcept in cases determined by the law, andaccording to the forms which it hasprescribed. . . .10. No one may be disturbed because of his opinions, even religious, provided that their publicdemonstration does not disturb the public orderestablished by law.336Painting of the declaration11. The free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of the most precious rights of man:every citizen can therefore freely speak, write,and print . . .16. Any society in which guarantees of rights arenot assured nor the separation of powers determined has no constitution.—Declaration of the Rights ofMan and the Citizen”Analyzing Primary Sources1. According to this document, what are the natural,inalienable rights of man?2. According to this document, can a person be arrestedor otherwise “disturbed” because of hisreligious beliefs?3. How do the rights listed in number 2 ofthe document compare to the rightslisted in the U.S. Bill of Rights?
Radical Revolutionand ReactionGuide to ReadingMain IdeasPeople to IdentifyReading Strategy Radical groups and leaders controlledthe Revolution. The new French Republic faced enemiesat home and abroad.Georges Danton, Jean-Paul Marat,Jacobins, Maximilien RobespierreSummarizing Information As you readthe section, list in a table like the oneshown below the actions taken by theNational Convention.Key Termsfaction, elector, coup d’étatPreview of Events 17921792National Convention splitsinto factionsPlaces to LocateLyon, Nantes, Austrian NetherlandsPreview Questions1. Why did a coalition of European countries take up arms against France?2. Why did the Reign of Terror occur? 1793Actions taken by the National Convention1.2.3.4. 17941793King Louis XVIis executed1794Reign of Terrorends 17951795New constitutionis createdVoices from the PastHenry de Firmont reported on the major event of January 21, 1793:The path leading to the scaffold was extremely rough and difficult to pass; the King“was obliged to lean on my arm, and from the slowness with which he proceeded, Ifeared for a moment that his courage might fail; but what was my astonishment, whenarrived at the last step, he suddenly let go of my arm, and I saw him cross with a firmfoot the breadth of the whole scaffold; and in a loud voice, I heard him pronounce distinctly these words: ‘I die innocent of all the crimes laid to my charge; I pardon thosewho had occasioned my death; and I pray to God that the blood you are going to shedmay never be visited on France.’”King Louis XVI—Eyewitness to History, John Carey, ed., 1987The execution of King Louis XVI in 1793 pushed the French Revolution into a newradical stage.The Move to RadicalismThe Paris Commune had forced the Legislative Assembly to call a NationalConvention. Before the Convention met, the Paris Commune dominated the political scene. Led by t
topples French government 1789 French Revolution begins 1791 Olympe de . Republic 1793 King Louis XVI is executed 1795 The Directory is formed The FrenchRevolution and Napoleon 1789–1815 Olympe de Gouges Louis XVI. . Napoleon Crossing the Great St. Bernard by Jacques-Louis David David was the lea
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French Revolution The and Napoleon The French Revolution 1789 1799 1799 Napoleon takes control of the French government. 1804 Napoleon crowns himself emperor of the French. 1799 The Rosetta Stone is found in Egypt. 1803 The United States makes the Louisiana Purchase. 1810 Simon Bolívar b
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The French Revolution and Napoleon 1789–1815 Section 1 The French Revolution Begins Section 2 Radical Revolution Section 3 The Age of Napoleon FRANCE THE WORLD 1790 1800 MAKING CONNECTIONS What makes a nation? The Arc de Triomphe is one of the national symbols of France. It was commissioned by
tion . Section 1 The French Revolution Begins Main Idea -Economic and social inequalities in the Old Regime helped cause the French Revolution. Why It Matters Now . Frenc
