Local Air Quality Management – Action Plan
Dartford Borough CouncilLocal Air Quality Management – Action PlanDartford Town and Approach Roads Air Quality Management Area, A226 London Road Air Quality Management Area, and Bean Interchange Air Quality Management Area. -2009
CONTENTS PageExecutive Summary2 1Introduction and Aims of the Action Plan4 1.11.21.31.4Project BackgroundLegislative BackgroundScope of the Action PlanReporting of Action Plan4446-2Overview of Air Quality in Dartford7 3Existing Policies & Strategies to Improve Air Quality15 3.13.23.33.43.53.63.73.83.93.10Local Plan / Local Development FrameworkDartford Borough Council Local Agenda 21 (LA21) StrategyKent Thameside Community Strategy (2003)Dartford Borough Council Corporate Plan (2007 -2008)Kent Environment Strategy (2003)Kent Local Transport Plan for Kent 2006-11Kent and Medway Structure Plan 2006Route Management StrategiesSouth Coast Multi-Modal Study (2002)Draft South East Plan (Regional Spatial Strategy) (2006)15 16 17 17 17 19 20 22 22 23 -4Financing24 5Consultation25 6Direct and Indirect Measures26 27 -6.1 Direct Measures for A282 Tunnel Approach Road AQMA6.2 Direct Measures for the Dartford Town Centre and Approach Road AQMA, A226 London Road AQMA and Bean Interchange AQMA6.3 General Borough-wide Measures to Improve Air QualityEnergy Management28 36 40 -7Implementation and Monitoring44 8Defra Action Planning Requirements Compliance Checklist45 9Glossary of Terms46 10References47 i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis Air Quality Action Plan is the culmination of the second round of local air qualityreview and assessment for Dartford Borough Council (DBC). The process of Local AirQuality Management (LAQM) review and assessment has been set down in Part IV ofthe Environment Act 1995, which forms part of the Government’s response toEuropean Directives on Air Quality to which the UK Air Quality Strategy responds.The first round of review and assessment resulted in the declaration of an Air QualityManagement Area (AQMA) along the A282 Dartford Tunnel Approach Road fornitrogen dioxide and particulates (PM10) largely due to road traffic emissions from theA282. An Air Quality Action Plan is already in place for this AQMA, which was drawnup in 2002 in partnership with the Highways Agency to tackle the A282 Trunk Roademissions. Relevant measures from this Action Plan will be incorporated into thisPlan to enable review of the previous Plan measures and ensure that there isconsistency between the two Plans. This Air Quality Action Plan aims to encompassthe wider Dartford Air Quality issues, in addition to the declared AQMAs.The results of the second round review and assessment showed exceedences of AirQuality Objectives in addition to those identified in the first round. Exceedences of theNO2 annual mean Objective were predicted at relevant receptors along the: Dartford Town Centre and approach roads,A226 London Road, and theBean Interchange (A2).In compiling this Action Plan, Government guidance LAQM.PG (03) and guidancefrom the National Society for Clean Air has been referred to, alongside guidanceprovided by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs through its AirQuality Action Plan Help Desk.The aim of this Action Plan is to identify how Dartford Borough Council will use itsexisting powers and work together with other organisations in pursuit of the annualmean Air Quality Objective for nitrogen dioxide. Measures are proposed to improveair quality both within the three second round AQMAs, existing A282 Trunk RoadAQMA, and across the Borough as a whole.Kent County Council is responsible for the management of the local road network andas such is responsible for the direct actions proposed for two of the three secondround AQMAs in order to reduce road traffic emissions. Dartford Borough Council willwork together with the local transport authority Kent County Council (KCC), toimprove air quality within the AQMAs and throughout the Borough. Dartford BoroughCouncil will continue to work with the relevant transport authority for the A282, theHighways Agency, to improve air quality within the A282 Dartford Tunnel ApproachRoad AQMA. In addition, Dartford Borough Council will work together with theHighways Agency with respect to improvements within the Bean Interchange (A2)AQMA.The direct measures proposed for the second round AQMAs are: Encourage modal shift through cycleway/ footpath improvementsTraffic Management improvements– Dartford Town Centre UTMCJunction Improvements: St Clements A226/B255Page 2
Improve emissions Standards for Council Fleet and Public Service VehiclesBus Service Improvements and PriorityImprovements to public transport interchangesInstallation of Real Time Passenger InformationImprovements to Bean InterchangeThe general measures to improve air quality across the whole Borough are: DBC will develop a Council’s Staff Travel Plan and encourage uptake ofsustainable modes of transport DBC will continue to work together with KCC to encourage the uptake ofEmployer and School Travel Plans within the Borough. DBC will continue to work with KCC to improve the facilities for cycling andwalking within Dartford and encourage greater uptake. DBC Environmental Health Department will continue to work closely with thePlanning Department to ensure that air quality is taken into account in theplanning process when located in or close to the AQMA or in areas marginallybelow air quality objectives. DBC will continue to work together with developers to improve sustainabletransport links serving new developments. DBC will develop, through the Kent & Medway Air Quality Partnership,supplementary planning guidance to assist with air quality assessments ofdevelopment proposals DBC will continue their commitment to local air quality monitoring within theBorough to ensure a high standard of data is achieved to assess against airquality objectives DBC will make details of the Action Plan measures and annual progressreports available on the Website to ensure broad access to the consultationand implementation process. DBC will continue to work together the Kent and Medway Air QualityPartnership on promotional activities to raise the profile of air quality inDartford DBC will continue to inspect all of its permitted industrial processes to ensurecompliance with the PPC Regulations 2000 and will continue to enforce theEnvironmental Protection Act 1990 Part III and Clean Air Act 1993 to preventnuisance emissions from unregulated processes. DBC will continue to work together with the Kent Energy Centre to promoteand implement energy efficiency measures in DartfordThe proposed actions will help work towards the NO2 annual mean objective in thethree second round AQMAs, in addition to NO2 and PM10 objectives in the A282Trunk Road AQMA.Page 3
1INTRODUCTION AND AIMS OF THE ACTION PLAN1.1Project BackgroundDartford Borough Council has drawn up, with the assistance of Bureau Veritas, aLocal Air Quality Management Action Plan for the three Air Quality ManagementAreas within DBC identified through the second round of review and assessment ofair quality. The Action Plan is required to be undertaken as part of the localauthority’s statutory duties as defined within Part IV of the Environment Act, 1995.Bureau Veritas has undertaken previous review and assessment reports for DBC,which includes the Further Assessment (2006).1.2Legislative BackgroundThe latest Air Quality Strategy (AQS)1 released in July 2007 provides the overarching strategic framework for air quality management in the UK and containsnational air quality standards and objectives established by the Government toprotect human health. The objectives for ten pollutants (benzene, 1,3-butadiene,carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide particulates - PM10 andPM2.5- and ozone) have been prescribed within the Air Quality Strategy based on TheAir Quality Standards (England) Regulations 20072. The Objectives set out in theAQS for the protection of human health are presented in Table 1 below.The Air Quality Standards (England) Regulations 20072 came into force on 15thFebruary 2007. This brings together in one statutory instrument the Governmentsrequirements to fulfil separate EU Daughter Directives through a single consolidatedstatutory instrument which is fully aligned with proposed new EU Air Quality Directive(CAFE – Clean Air For Europe)3.The Environment Act 1995 gives local authorities duties and responsibilities that aredesigned to secure improvements in air quality, particularly at the local level. Part IVof the Act requires each local authority within the UK to periodically review andassess air quality in its area, and determine whether the prescribed objectives arelikely to be achieved by the relevant future year. Where it appears that the air qualityobjectives will not be met by the designated target dates local authorities mustdeclare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and develop action plans in pursuitof the air quality objectives. Following the declaration in Tunbridge Wells, TWBC isrequired to develop an Action Plan for the A26 AQMA within 12 – 18 months.Policy Guidance LAQM.PG(03) was published by the Government in 2003, whichincluded guidance on the development of action plans. The NSCA have publishedguidance ‘Air Quality Action Plans (2000)’ and ‘Air Quality: Planning for Action(2001)’. These guidance documents have been taken into account in development ofthis Action Plan for TWBC, alongside guidance provided by the Department forEnvironment, Food and Rural Affairs through its Air Quality Action Plan Help Desk,which provides examples of best practice and an Action Plan appraisal checklist.1The Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (2007), Published by Defra in partnership with theScottish Executive, Welsh Assembly Government and Department of the Environment Northern IrelandThe Air Quality Standards Regulations 2007, Statutory Instrument No 64, The Stationary Office ndex.htm2Page 4
Table 1:UK Air Quality Standards and Objectives PollutantObjectiveBenzene16.25 µg/m35 µg/m32.25 µg/m310 mg/m31,3-ButadieneCarbonmonoxideLeadConcentration measuredas30.5 µg/m30.25 µg/m3Nitrogen200 µg/m , not to bedioxideexceeded more than18 times a year340 µg/mParticles (PM10) 50 µg/m3, not to beexceeded more than35 times a year340 µg/m3Particles25 µg/m(PM2.5)Target of 15%reductionin concentrations aturban4background3Sulphur dioxide 266 µg/m , not to beexceeded more than35 times a year3350 µg/m , not to beexceeded more than24 times a year3125 µg/m , not to beexceeded more than 3times a year35Polycyclic0.25 ng/m B(a)Paromatichydrocarbons3Ozone100 µg/m , not to beexceeded more than10 times a year1.3running annual meanrunning annual meanrunning annual meanmaximum dailyrunning 8 hourmeanannual meanannual meanhourly meanDate to be achievedby and maintainedthereafter31st December 200331st December 201031st December 200331st December 200331st December 200431st December 200831st December 2005annual mean24 hour mean31st December 200531st December 2004annual meanAnnual meanannual mean31st December 20042020In urban areas between2010 and 202015 minute mean31st December 2005hourly mean31st December 200424 hour mean31st December 2004Annual average31st December 20108 hour mean31 December 2005Scope of the Action PlanThe purpose of the Action Plan is to provide the means through which the localauthority through joint working with the County Council, Highways Agency and otherrelevant organisations can deliver viable measures that will work towards achievingthe Air Quality Objectives within an AQMA. The aim is also to encourage activeparticipation in the achievement of action plan measures by consulting the localcommunity and raising awareness of air pollution issues.Local authorities are required to prepare a written Action Plan for an AQMA, settingout the action plan measures they intend to take forward and the potential costs and4525 µg/m3 is a concentration cap combined with 15% reductionBenzo(a)PyrenePage 5
benefits of these measures. The Further Assessment provides the technical backupfor the measures to be included within the Action Plan. The Action Plan should referto the findings of the Further Assessment in terms of source apportionment (i.e.where emissions are coming from) so that action plan measures are targetedappropriately.The Action Plan should contain simple estimates of the costs and benefits andtimescales for implementing the proposed action plan measures, so that measurescan be prioritised for implementation and subsequently monitored. The Action Planshould also indicate how far the measures will work towards achieving the Objectives.1.4Reporting of Action PlanThe Dartford Town and Approach Roads AQMA, A226 London Road AQMA andBean Interchange AQMA have been declared during the second round of air qualityreview and assessment due to road traffic emissions. The A282 Dartford TunnelApproach Road has already been subject to declaration during the first round ofreview and assessment.Kent County Council (KCC) is the relevant transport authority for roads on the localnetwork and is working jointly with DBC on transport measures within the Borough.County Councils have a duty under section 86 (3) of the Environment Act 1995 to putforward proposed actions which they themselves can implement to work towardsmeeting the air quality objectives in AQMAs. KCC have included measures within theair quality section of the 2nd Local Transport Plan (LTP). The Highways Agency is therelevant transport authority for the motorways and trunk roads and is working inpartnership with Dartford Borough Council on action plan measures for the A282Dartford Tunnel Approach Road AQMA. The Highways Agency is also the relevanttransport authority for the A2 Trunk Road and therefore is responsible for directactions within the Bean Interchange AQMA.The Action Plan reflects the relevant organisational responsibilities for actions withinthe AQMAs and proposed measures (Section 7) are reported as: Direct actions proposed for the AQMAs in Dartford (responsibility of KCC andthe Highways Agency in partnership with DBC);Indirect actions Borough-wide to improve air quality throughout the Dartfordarea, including the AQMAs (responsibility of DBC and KCC).Page 6
2OVERVIEW OF AIR QUALITY IN DARTFORDThe main source of air pollution in the Borough is road traffic emissions from majorroads, notably the M25/A282 Dartford Tunnel Approach Road, A2 Trunk Road and anumber of strategic urban roads approaching Dartford town centre. Other pollutionsources, including industrial, commercial and domestic sources, also make acontribution to background pollution concentrations.A summary of DBC’s second round of review and assessment of air quality, whichcommenced in 2003, is shown in Table 2. The individual stages are summarisedbriefly with respect to outcome below: Updating and Screening AssessmentThe Updating and Screening Assessment (2003) was the first phase of the secondround review and assessment. Similar to Stage One of the previous round, there wasconsideration of the seven pollutants of concern to health and an assessment wasmade as to whether Air Quality Objectives for these pollutants would be met. DartfordBorough Council completed this in May 2003, with the conclusion that a DetailedAssessment was required for the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) annual mean Objective inDartford Town Centre (Highfield Road/Instone Street), along the A226 London Road(through Greenhithe and Swanscombe), the A206 University Way, and five heavilytrafficked junctions with nearby relevant exposure: Bean InterchangeA226/B255 St Clement’s WayA226 East Hill/Park RoadA226 The Brent/Watling Street/St Vincents RoadA225 Lowfield Street/Princes Road.A Detailed Assessment of fine particulates (PM10) was also required at the busyA226/B255 St Clement’s Way junction in Greenhithe.All other Air Quality Objectives were expected to be met. Detailed AssessmentThe Detailed Assessment (2004) considered the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and fineparticle (PM10) annual mean objective at the eight locations identified in the Updatingand Screening Assessment, through dispersion modelling using ADMS-Roads andadditional monitoring undertaken at relevant receptor locations.The results showed that there were predicted exceedences of the NO2 annual meanObjective identified at the nearest receptors to all eight locations assessed andpredicted exceedences of the PM10 24hr mean Objective identified at the nearestreceptors to A226/B255 St Clement’s Way.The Detailed Assessment concluded that Dartford Borough Council should considerdeclaring Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) for those roads and junctionsassessed on the basis of the potential exceedences in the assessment areas ashighlighted in the Detailed Assessment Report, where exposure criteria were fulfilled.The detailed assessment also recommended that on the basis that the assessmentwas highly precautionary, façade-mounted NO2 diffusion tube monitoring should bePage 7
employed on the nearest receptors to those junctions where predicted annual meanNO2 values were within one standard deviation of the Objective. The Department forEnvironment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) accepted the Detailed Assessmentconclusions.The eight areas identified through the Detailed Assessment modelling to beexceeding the air quality objectives were:For nitrogen dioxide annual mean objective: Dartford Town Centre (Highfield Road/Instone Street) Along the A226 London Road (through Greenhithe and Swanscombe) A206 University Way/Burnham Road junction Bean Interchange A226/B255 St Clement’s Way A226 East Hill/Park Road A226 The Brent/Watling Street/St Vincents Road A225 Lowfield Street/Princes Road.For particulates (PM10) 24 hour mean objective: A226/B255 St Clement’s WayDBC consolidated these areas of predicted exceedences into three main areas whichfocused on the main urban road network in the Dartford area. DBC declared the threeareas as AQMAs in August 2006, as shown below.Dartford Town Centre and Approach Roads AQMA (For NO2 Annual MeanObjective)Page 8
A226 London Road AQMA (For NO2 Annual Mean Objective and PM10 24 Hourmean objective)Bean Interchange AQMA (For NO2 Annual Mean Objective)Page 9
Further AssessmentThe results of the source apportionment work from the Further Assessment indicatethat road traffic emissions are the main source of NOX emissions in the AQMAs. TheHDV class vehicles are contributing disproportionately to NOx emissions in the AQMAareas; contributing approximately half of NOX from road traffic but being a relativelysmall proportion (%) of the vehicle fleet. With respect to PM10 emissions, backgroundsources are the most significant source of emissions, with local road traffic emissionscontributing 33%.Source apportionment of NOX/PM10 concentrations at building façades withinthe AQMAsAQMABean Interchange AQMANOX concentrations 2005BackgroundRoad trafficIghtham Cottages (x 558619, HDV*y 172775)LDV*London Road AQMABackgroundRoad trafficIngressPark(x 559068, HDV*y 174855)LDV*London Road AQMABackgroundRoad trafficIvyVillas(x 558482, HDV*y 174679)LDV*Dartford Town Centre and Backgroundapproach roads AQMARoad trafficHDV*Burnham Road (x 553272,LDV*y 175279)Dartford Town Centre and Backgroundapproach roads AQMARoad trafficHDV*Princes Road/Lowfield Streetjunction(x 554080,LDV*y 175279)Dartford Town Centre and Backgroundapproach roads AQMARoad trafficHDV*Instone Street/Highfield Roadjunction(x 553941,LDV*y 173882)Dartford Town Centre and Backgroundapproach roads AQMARoad trafficHDV*A226/ParkRoadjunctionLDV*(x 555101, y 173841)Dartford Town Centre and Backgroundapproach roads AQMARoad trafficTheBrent/WatlingStreetHDV*junction(x 555406,y 106.274.431.837.7165.7109.156.641.972.254
Executive Summary 2 1 Introduction and Aims of the Action Plan 4 1.1 Project Background 4 1.2 Legislative Background 4 1.3 Scope of the Action Plan 4 1.4 Reporting of Action Plan 6 2 Overview of Air Quality in Dartford 7 3 Existing Policies & Strategies to Improve Air Quality 15 3.1 Local Plan / Local Development Framework 15 3.2 Dartford B
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1550-1950, which she curated with Anne Sutherland Harris for the Los Angeles County Museum of Art; the show was accompanied by the catalogue of the same title co-authored by both scholars. Linda Nochlin has written numerous books and articles focusing attention on social and political issues revealed in the work of artists, both male and female, from the modernist period to the present day .
