Appendicular Skeleton - Mail.faribault.k12.mn.us

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Appendicular Skeleton

Bone TerminologyprocessA relatively large projection or prominent bump.articulationThe region where adjacent bones contact each other-a joint .articular processA projection that contacts an adjacent bone.eminenceA relatively small projection or bump.tuberosityA projection or bump with a roughened surface.tubercleA projection or bump with a roughened surface, generally smaller than atuberosity.trochanterOne of two specific tuberosities located on the femur .spineA relatively long, thin projection or bump.sutureArticulation between cranial bones.malleolusOne of two specific protuberances of bones in the ankle .condyleA large, rounded articular process.epicondyleA projection near to a condyle but not part of the joint.line , ridgeA long, thin projection, often with a rough surface.crestfacetforamenfossaA prominent ridge.A small, smooth articular surface.An opening through a bone.A broad, shallow depressed area.canalA long, tunnel-like foramen, usually a passage for notable nerves or bloodvessels.meatussinusA short canal.A cavity within a cranial bone.

Pectoral Girdle Attach upper limbs to axial Weak but movable jointPectoralgirdle of ahuman

1. Clavicle: articulates w/ sternum, scapula’s acromion

2. Scapula Spine posterior Acromion: spine process articulatg clavicle Glenoid fossa (cavity): articulate w/humerus Coracoid process: muscle attach 3 fossa: muscle attach

Free Upper Extremities

1. Humerus: articulates P w/scapula; D w/ulna&radius Proximal end: head Greater/lesser tubercle:muscle attachmt Deltoid tuberosity: mid-bone fordeltoid Capitulum: articulates w/radius Trochlea: articulates w/ ulna Olecranon/coronoid fossa: artcltsulna processes Epicondyles: forearm musclesattach

2. Ulna: medial (little finger) Olecranon process: point of elbow Trochlear (semilunar) notch: fits w/humerus Coronoid process: grips humerus Head/styloid process: distal

3. Radius: lateral (thumb) Head: articulates w/humerus Radial tuberosity: attach for biceps Styloid processRadius

4. Carpals: eight bones (Super large trains pull tiny trains carefully home)

5. Metacarpals: palms; heads knuckles; sesamoids6. Phalanges: 3 bones-fingers; 2-thumb

Pelvic Girdle: Attach lower limbs to axial1. Coxae (two): articulates P w/sacrum (ring of bones) Ilium (S); Pubis (I, A); Ischium (I, P) form coxa

Pubic Symphysis: where coxals join Acetabulum: hip socket-articulates femur Iliac crest: superior margin Obturator Foramen: hole in coxal (ischium)

Pelvimetry: measurement of inlet/outlet ofbirth canal (affects natural/caesarian)Fetopelvic disproportion is any clinicallysignificant mismatch between the sizeor shape of the presenting part of thefetus and the size or shape of thematernal pelvis and soft tissue.In the case of absolute disproportion, noamount of fetal head re-shaping willallow for unassisted vaginal delivery,and it may not allow for a vaginaldelivery at all.Clinical Pelvimetry

Free Lower Extremeties

1. Femur: thigh bone; longest, heaviest Curves medially so knee near center of gravity Curves more in female (broader pelvis) Head: w/acetabulum Fovea Capitis: BVs Neck: fractures in elderly Greater/lesser Trochanter:muscle attachment Lateral/Medial Condyles:articulate w/tibia

2.Patella: kneecap

3. Tibia: medial shinbone; bears most of weight Lateral/Medial Condyles: articulate femur Tibial tuberosity: muscle attachment Medial Malleolus: prominence; forms socketarticulating w/talus (ankle)

4.Fibula: lateral Head: articulates tibia Lateral Malleolus: prominence; forms socketarticulating w/talus (ankle)

5.Tarsals: seven bones (sole of foot) Talus: ankle bone articulating w/tibia/fibula Calcaneus: largest/strongest; heel6. Metatarsals: five bones (1st is thicker)7. Phalanges: same number as fingers

Arches of foot (2): tarsals/metatarsals form Ligaments connect – not rigid (may fall) Longitude & Traverse

Articulation: joint where 2 or more bones meet1. Synarthrosis: Nonmovable Fibrous; no cavityA. Sutures: skullB. Syndesmoses: ligaments between bonesSkullof a newbornwith fontanelsSYNDESMOSES

2. Amphiarthrosis slightly movable Cartilage; no cavity (pubic symphysis)

3. Diarthrosis: Freely movable Synovial JointA. Features:1) Articular cartilage: smooth2) Cavity: w/synovial fluid (nourishes/lubricates)3) Articular capsule: encloses cavity4) Reinforcing ligaments: inner/outer strength5) Bursae: fluid filled pads/areas that rub

B. Types:1) Hinge: 1 axis; elbow2) Ellipsoid: multiple axis; wrist3) Saddle: 2 axis; metacarpals/thumb4) Pivot: rotation; radius/ulna5) Plane/gliding: slight; carpals/tarsals6) Ball & Socket: multiple axis; coxa/femur

C. Movements:1) Pronation (palm down)/supination (palm up)2) Flexion (bend)/extension (straighten)3) Abduction (away)/adduction (together)4) Opposition (thumb to digits)/reposition

articular process A projection that contacts an adjacent bone. eminence A relatively small projection or bump. tuberosity A projection or bump with a roughened surface. tubercle A projection or bump with a roughened surface, generally smaller than a tuberosity. trochante

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