M E SSE N Exploring Exploring

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MESSENGEE xploring ExploringMercuryRMissiontoL e s s o n O v e rv i e wGrade Level5–8L e s s o n S u m m a ryStudents do not always realize that the steps in future exploration are built ona tradition of exploration that is as old as humankind. This lesson introducesthe concept of exploration through basic ideas that express why humanshave always been explorers; students determine these reasons for explorationDurationTwo 45-minuteclass periodsthrough a class discussion. In the first activity, students use the Internet toexamine the characteristics of past explorers and why they conducted theirexploration. The students then examine why current explorers—including thestudents themselves—want to explore other worlds in the Solar System. Bythe end of the lesson, the students can conclude that no matter what or whenEssential QuestionWhy do we exploreunknownenvironments?we explore—past, present, or future—the reasons for exploration are the same;the motivation for exploration is universal.Lesson 1of the Grades 5-8Component of theMission DesignEducation view LessonPlanResourcesAnswerKeyonExploringExploringD esignFigure 1. Exploration has always been an integral part of human history, from the exploration of the Earth across theoceans (modern-day replica of an ancient Polynesian voyaging canoe; top left) and over land (a map of the Lewis andClark expedition over the Louisiana Purchase territory; top right), to exploration of the sky (photograph of the WrightFlyer; bottom right) and space (an artist’s impression of the MESSENGER spacecraft investigating Mercury; bottomleft.) (Picture credits: http://www.coris.noaa.gov/about/eco essays/nwhi/media/voyaging canoe400.jpg; jpg; 7/WRIGHT.GIF;NASA/JHU-APL/CIW; http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/the mission/artistimpression/artists impression.html)iMiss

Version 1.1 – June 2010This lesson was developed by the National Center forEarth and Space Science Education (http://ncesse.org).ObjectivesStudents will be able to do the following: Identify characteristics common to all explorers. State some of the basic reasons why people explore. Explain why humans should explore worlds outside of the Earth.Concepts Explorers can be very different, but they share some commoncharacteristics. The desire to explore is part of human nature, and it holds its foundation inour past. Space exploration has opened up a whole new area about which to askquestions and seek answers.MESSENGER M i s s i o n C o n n e c t i o nThe MESSENGER spacecraft is heading to Mercury so that humans can explorethat world. Unveiling the mysteries of Mercury will not only provide a lot ofinformation on this poorly known planet, but also help scientists learn moreabout the properties of other planets, including the Earth, and even provide cluesto the formation of the Solar System. The reasons for exploring Mercury are w same reasons that have motivated explorers throughout human history.MESSE

S ta n d a r d s & B e n c h m a r k sN at i o n a l S c i e n c e E d u c at i o n S ta n d a r d sStandard D3: Earth in the solar system The earth is the third planet from the sun in a system that includes the moon, the sun, eightother planets* and their moons, and smaller objects, such as asteroids and comets. The sun,an average star, is the central and largest body in the solar system.Standard E2: Understanding about science and technology Many different people in different cultures have made and continue to make contributionsto science and technology.Standard G3: History of science Many individuals have contributed to the traditions of science. Studying some of theseindividuals provides further understanding of scientific inquiry, science as a humanendeavor, the nature of science, and the relationships between science and society.A m e r i c a n A s s o c i at i o nfor theA d va n c e m e n tofS c i e n c e , P r o j e c t 2061Benchmark 1C/M1: Important contributions to the advancement of science, mathematics, and technology havebeen made by different kinds of people, in different cultures, at different times.Benchmark 3A/M2: Technology is essential to science for such purposes as access to outer space and otherremote locations, sample collection and treatment, measurement, data collection and storage,computation, and communication of information.Benchmark 4A/M3: Nine planets* of very different size, composition, and surface features move around the sunin nearly circular orbits. Some planets have a variety of moons and even flat rings of rockand ice particles orbiting around them. Some of these planets and moons show evidence ofgeologic activity. The earth is orbited by one moon, many artificial satellites, and debris.*Since the time these standards were written, the International Astronomical Union decided that there w only eight major planets in the Solar System. The former ninth planet, Pluto, is considered a dwarf planet.MESSE

S c i e n c e O v e rv i e wHumans have always had the desire to know,nomadic people to new areas that also contained“What is out there?”It is easy to imagine ourother resources, such as better shelter or a source ofearliest ancestors being curious as to what waswater. In this way, the explorations also providedover the next hill, what was on the other side offuture generations a better place to live. Examplesthis lake or over that mountain. However, in manyof human exploration throughout history show thatcases, little is known about the early explorationseven though the methods and tools of explorationsince few records remain of them, except in storiesmay have changed, many of the basic reasons forthat were handed down from one generation to theexploration remain the same.next. There are some human remains and toolshuman history offers stories of exploration toothat have been found around the Earth, so it isnumerous to be described in detail here, and sopossible to track where the people lived and wherethe following paragraphs include just a handful ofthey went. Cave drawings indicate what animalshighlights of past and present exploration.Please note thatwere hunted, and some of their bones have alsobeen found in old human habitats. In addition toAncient Explorersbeing curious, the early people tended to followOne important reason for exploration has been tothe source of their food (animals) in order toestablish trade to improve the local economy. A goodsurvive. Following the animals sometimes led theexample is a group of people called the Minoans.They lived on the island of Crete off the coast ofGreece in the Aegean Sea, with their civilizationat its height from about 2600 to 1450 BCE. Sincethe Minoans lived on an island, they became greatseafarers and established a trade network acrossthe Mediterranean. Their explorations reached asfar as mainland Greece, Cyprus, Egypt, and evenSpain, to trade for supplies. The Minoans spokea language that little is known about, and theywrote in a script that has not been deciphered.Therefore, many aspects of the Minoan cultureremain unknown today and provide opportunitiesFigure 2. A view from the surface of Mars recordedby the robotic Spirit rover. What is on the other sideof this hill? The question is an example of the kind ofcuriosity that has motivated explorers throughout history. (Picture credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech; t/20060505a/Sol810A P2536L257F-A810R1 br2.jpg)StandardsBenchmarksScienceOverview LessonPlanResourcesAnswerKeyGERLessonOverviewThe famous Norwegian explorer Thor HeyerdahlNExploringExploringfor archaeologists to make future discoveries.MESSE

thought that people from South America couldexcellent seafarers and used canoes (see Fig. 3) tohave settled Polynesia in the south Pacific injourney across open seas hundreds of years ago.ancient times. He was curious to know if Stone AgeThe people within the Polynesian triangle, corneredpeople could have made the long trip across theby Hawaii, Rapa Nui (Easter Islands) and Aotearoaocean with the technology and the materials they(New Zealand), traveled frequently across thehad available. Heyerdahl gathered a small teamvastness of oceans with the help of skilled canoeand traveled to Peru to explore this possibility. Thecrews. Of particular importance for these journeysteam constructed a balsawood raft in a style basedwere the navigators, who used their knowledgeon the illustrations made by Spanish conquistadorsof the oceans, winds, and astronomy to guide theof old Incan rafts. Calling the raft Kon-Tiki, thecanoes safely even at times when the shorelineteam sailed for 101 days over 6,900 km (4,300was no longer visible. In other parts of the world,miles) across the Pacific Ocean before arriving atgathering the courage to travel across open seasthe Tuamotu Islands on August 7, 1947. While thetook centuries longer. In addition to basic curiosity,exploration team had modern equipment such asthe journeys were driven by a desire to finda radio, as well as food and fresh water, they alsomore resources and new lands on which to settle.were able to catch fish from the sea, as the raftFrequent ocean journeys were later performed forattracted lots of marine life. As a result, in additioncommerce between the islands, and sometimes forto showing that there were no technologicalconquering islands from earlier settlers.constraints for the people of South America tomake the journey across the Pacific, along the way,the exploration provided a lot of information aboutlife in the sea.Even though modern linguistic,physical and genetic evidence suggests that thePolynesian islands were settled from South Asiainstead of from South America, Heyerdahl’s journeyis an important example of modern exploration intoancient cultures by showing that the stone agepeople with limited technology could have madeislands on which they lived, Polynesians chmarksScienceOverview LessonPlanResourcesAnswerKeyNPerhaps because of the large distances between theGERFigure 3. A modern-day replica of an ancient Polynesianvoyaging canoe. Polynesian voyagers used canoes totravel across the open oceans of the southern Pacific,reaching all the way to Hawaii. (Picture credit: http://www.coris.noaa.gov/about/eco essays/nwhi/media/voyaging canoe400.jpg)the long trip over open oceans of the South Pacific.MESSE

Another group of great early explorers are thefunded by Spanish monarchs, sailed across theVikings, who roamed the oceans of the NorthAtlantic Ocean in 1492, hoping to find a new routeAtlantic from the late 8th century to the 11thto India and China to trade for goods such as silkcentury.While the Vikings usually are thoughtand spices. Finding a new route was an importantof only as the people who raided the coasts ofgoal at the time to solve the problems that hadEurope (and especially the British Isles), they werearisen with the old land route called the Silkalso merchants. They traveled from their nativeRoad. Columbus made four trips to the CaribbeanScandinavian lands all around Europe, all the wayand South America during the years 1492-1504.to Northern Africa and the Middle East. They alsoHe visited the Bahamas, Cuba, Central America,ventured out to open seas, traveling to the islandsSouth America, and Hispaniola (now Dominicanacross the North Atlantic, establishing a settlementRepublic) though not the North American mainland;in Greenland, and even to North America. Leifhe never found the route to India. However, he metErikson is the first European known to have travelednew people and visited new places, and helpedto North America, reaching Newfoundland inbring about a new era of exploration by openingaround the year 1000.The Vikings originallya whole continent for European exploration, and,thought of settling into the area, which they calledunfortunately, also for exploitation. Some of theVinland, but the idea was later abandoned, perhapsother major explorers during the Age of Discoverybecause of conflicts with the Native Americansinclude Vasco da Gama, who was the first personliving in the area already.to sail directly from Europe to India by sailingaround the southernmost point of Africa; GiovanniThe Dawn of the Age of DiscoveryCaboto (also known as John Cabot), who was theChristopher Columbus is one of the best-knownfirst modern European to have arrived at the Northexplorers of all time.He was instrumental inAmerican mainland; Yermak Timofeyevich, whoushering in the so-called Age of Discovery, whichexplored Siberia; Ferdinand Magellan, who ledwas a period from the early 15th century to thethe first expedition to sail around the world; andearly 17th century, during which European shipsWillem Janszoon, who is thought to be the firsttraveled around the world. They were exploringEuropean to have seen the coast of Australia.with an economic purpose in mind—to find newdiscover new trade partners—but along the way,After the lay of the lands and the continents on thethe explorers discovered many new places andface of the Earth was discovered, much remained topeople. Columbus was an Italian explorer who,be learned about the interior of the continents. A ew LessonPlanResourcesAnswerKeyGERThe Lewis and Clark ExpeditionNExploringExploringways to reach desired trade destinations, as well asMESSE

example of this type of exploration is the expansionof the Unites States in the early 19th century.After the United States purchased the LouisianaTerritory from France in 1803, President ThomasJefferson was curious to know more of the newland west of the Mississippi River. He also thoughtthat if there was a waterway from the Mississippi tothe Pacific Ocean (called “the Northwest Passage”),whoever controlled it would control trade acrossthe continent.Captain Meriwether Lewis andWilliam Clark were chosen to lead an expeditionand Clark spent months planning the expedition,Figure 4. Pictures of some of the volcanoes encountered during the Lewis and Clark expedition over theLouisiana Purchase territory overlain on a map drawnduring the journey. Expeditions over land and waterwere the main way of exploring unknown environmentsuntil the development of aircraft. (Picture credit: wisClark/SiteImages/beginning image.jpg)since limited information about what they couldmere presence in the team was important to theexpect on the journey made it difficult to decidesuccess of the expedition: it conveyed to the tribeswhat kind of supplies to bring along.The 33-the expedition encountered that the travelers didmember team left St. Louis, MO, in May 1804not have hostile intentions, but were on a peacefulfor the journey and returned in September 1806journey of exploration, instead. While the Lewisafter reaching the Pacific Ocean.One of theand Clark expedition did not find the Northwestkey members of the expedition was Sacagawea, aPassage waterway to the Pacific Ocean, it returnedShoshone woman who joined the group in Northwith a wealth of information about the new landsDakota and accompanied the team to the Pacificwest of the Mississippi River.to explore the new territory and to search for thewaterway. The expedition was to keep a detaileddiary of the people, plant life, animals, minerals,and the geography of the explored areas. LewisOcean and back.Exploration of Ocean DepthsNative American tribes, located crucial resourcesSome of the areas of the Earth that are the leastwhen the team crossed the Rocky Mountains, andexplored today are the depths of the Earth’s oceans.even rescued the expedition’s journals, which hadWhile mapping out the sea floor in 1951, a Britishfallen into a river from a capsized boat. Even hersurvey ship Challenger II located a deep Overview LessonPlanResourcesAnswerKeyGERinterpreter as the expedition traveled among theNExploringExploringShe acted as a guide and anMESSE

at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean now knownas the Mariana Trench, just east of the MarianaIslands. The bottom of the feature is about 11 km(7 miles) below sea level. What was at the bottomof the Mariana Trench? In 1960, the famous Frenchunderwater explorer, Jacques Piccard, and U.S.Navy Lt. Donald Walsh descended in the U.S.Navy bathyscaphe (a type of deep-sea explorationvehicle) Trieste to find out. The water pressure atthe bottom of the trench is enormous, over 1000times the standard atmospheric pressure at seaFigure 5. The Wright Flyer was the first modern airplane. Built by the brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright,the Flyer became the first heavier-than-air machine to flya powered and controlled flight on December 17, 1903.(Picture credit: 7/WRIGHT.GIF)level. To their surprise they found organisms thatcould live at that depth. What was originally acuriosity about the shape of the sea floor led tothe discovery of a deep trench, and curiosity aboutthe new feature led to the discovery of organismsAnother important aviation milestone was reachedin a place where none was expected.Scientistswhen Charles Lindbergh made the first solo non-now know that there is a lot of life at the depths ofstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean with the Spiritthe oceans, and continued explorations of strangeof St. Louis aircraft, flying from New York to Parisenvironments such as hydrothermal vents revealon May 20-21, 1927.many strange life forms in places scientists onceAtlantic by a heavier-than-air aircraft had beenthought no living beings could exist.performed earlier by the crew of the NC-4 in MayThe first flight across the1919, but they made their journey in stages, and ittook the crew 19 days to cross the Atlantic Ocean.Exploration of FlightOne of the greatest achievements of humanflight with a powered aircraft. On December 17,in 1932 when she became the first woman (and the1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright made four briefsecond person ever) to fly solo across the Atlantic,flights at Kitty Hawk, NC, with the aircraft they hadon the fifth anniversary of Charles Lindbergh’sdesigned (Fig. 5.) Even though these flights werefeat, flying a Lockheed Vega from Harbor Grace,short (the longest covering 262 meters, or 859 feet),Newfoundland to Londonderry, Ireland. On June 1,they started the journey toward the development of1937, she and Fred Noonan, her navigator, took offmodern airplanes.on an attempt to fly around the world starting ew LessonPlanResourcesAnswerKeyGERAmelia Earhart’s name became a household wordNExploringExploringtechnological exploration is the first successfulMESSE

Miami, FL. After numerous stops in South America,Exploration of SpaceAfrica, the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia,In October 1957 the Soviet Union announced thethey arrived at Lae, New Guinea on June 29. Aboutlandmark launch of the satellite Sputnik (Fig. 6) into35,000 km (22,000 miles) of the journey had beenorbit around the Earth. The satellite was small—completed. On July 2, 1937, Earhart and Noonanonly 58 cm (23 inches) in diameter and weighedtook off from Lae.Their intended destinationabout 84 kg (185 lbs)—but powerful enough towas Howland Island, a tiny piece of land a fewtransmit signals back to Earth, announcing to thekilometers long, 6 meters (20 ft) high, and 4,113 kmwhole world that the first human-made object had(2,556 miles) away. They never reached the island.been sent to space. In this manner, Sputnik 1 openedA coordinated search by the Navy and Coast Guarda brand new frontier for human exploration. Thewas organized, but no physi

Exploring Exploring Science Overview Lesson Plan Resources Answer Key M E S S E N G E R Standards Benchmarks Lesson Overview nationaL science education standards Standard D3: Earth in the

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