Artificial Hearts
Artificial HeartsShannon MooneyTrinette Wright
The Human Heart[1]2
Blood Flow Atrioventricular– Mitral/Bicuspid (L)– Tricuspid (R) Semilunar– Aortic (L)– Pulmonary (R)[2]3
Heart FailureFailure to adequatelypump blood to therest of the body Congestive if fillingpressures are normal Only severe cases maybe eligible for hearttransplant 4
History Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)machine was first used bysurgeons starting in 19531957 first artificial heartdesigned by Akutsu and Kolffand implanted in a dogEarly 1960s left ventricular assistdevices were invented forlonger-term ventricularassistance First one implanted in 1963 in apatient that went into cardiogenicshock after an aortic valvereplacement[7]5
History1967 first successful cardiactransplant performed byChristiaan Barnard 1969 first total artificial heatreplacement surgery performed Heart developed by BaylorLaboratories During the 1970s many pumpdevices invented to act as abridge between heart failure andsurgery (max of 30 days) Norcor LVAS (developed inOttawa) HeartMate LVAS (developed inCalifornia)[7]6
History Second total artificial heartreplacement surgery performed in1981 Due to limited immunosuppressantdrugs, contamination during transplantof the artificial heart made patientssusceptible to bacterial infection Jarvik-7 was the first successful totalartificial heart replacement surgery Patient lived 112 days (death unrelatedto TAH) Patients used hearts for 2 to 620 days 1985 first successful bridge surgeryusing total artificial heartreplacement performed[7]7
HistoryEarly 1990s improvements made to Jarvik-7(renamed CardioWest in 1991), AbioMedinvents another total artificial heart AbioCor 1998 the 100th artificial heart is implanted 2004 FDA approves the SynCardia totalartificial heart (formerly CardioWest) forbridge transplantation Currently 2 artificial hearts available AbioCor and SynCardia8
Types of Artificial Hearts 2 types of artificial heartsVentricular AssistantDevices- Implanted to assist thenatural heart- Patients not eligible forheart transplant- Implant is designed to lessenthe load on the heart andpossibly help the healingprocessTotal Artificial Heart- Heart is removed and anartificial heart is implanted- Patients may be eligible forheart transplant- Heart has completely failedand only option remaining isan artificial heart9
Total Artificial HeartsImplanted to pump blood from the heart inplace of the ventricles Takes over functions of heart valves Currently 2 categories of artificial hearts SynCardiaAbioCorPatient eligible for heart transplantPatient ineligible for heart transplantExternal power supply; wires/tubespenetrating the body wallImplanted power supply; no body wallpenetration10
SynCardia Artificial Heart Used as a bridge totransplant Restore kidney andliver function Prevent tissuedamage[10]11
Power SupplyConnected by tubes through chest wall toexternal pneumatic driver Implant driver vs. Discharge driver [10][10]12
AbioCor Artificial HeartPatients are noteligible for hearttransplant Fully implantable Hydraulic pump Ventricles contractat different times [8]13
AbioCor Hearthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v oHvIwkYRFV4&feature related14
Power SupplyInternal and External batteries Uses Transcutaneous Energy Transfer (TET) [8]15
Implantation SurgeryOutflow and atrial grafts are stretched tomake connection to the body easier Outflow grafts are sealed using preclottingor synthetic spray Patient is transferred to a cardiopulmonarybypass machine Ventricles and valves are removed leavingthe valvular rings Modification to the atrium is made toprevent thrombus formation 16
Outflow grafts are sutured to the aorta andpulmonary arteries and the atrial grafts aresutured to the atriumGrafts are checked for leakage and sealedSynCardia heart, left and right ventricles areattached to the graftsAbioCor heart, the apex cannulas are insertedinto the left and right atriumThe system is started and the patient is weanedoff of the cardiopulmonary bypass machineAverage implant surgery is 7 hours17
Artificial Heart Fluid Mechanics[14]18
Artificial Heart Fluid Mechanics[14]19
Turbulent FlowTurbulent flow in the artificial heart putsexcessive force onto the veins and arteriesthat are attached to the artificial heart Not a problem a bridge patient experiencingan average waiting time between heartfailure and cardiac transplant Problem for bridge patients that wait yearsbefore transplant and patients that are usingartificial hearts to extend life Causes wear on device 20
Areas of Wall Shear[15]21
AbioCor HeartAbioCor heart designed to minimizeturbulent blood flow Ventricles are tube shaped Still turbulent blood flow around themotor as it pushes the blood out of theventricle [8]22
Communication with the CentralNervous SystemCentral nervoussystem needs tocommunicate with theartificial heart to varythe rate at which itbeats Artificial hearts usevascular conductanceto measure the rate atwhich it should bebeating [16]23
Future Increase life expectancy of patient AbioCor patient life expectancy is 18 months SynCardia patient life expectancy is to hearttransplant Increase the durability of the artificialheart Projected lifetime is to be increased to 10years Decrease the size of the device24
Future Change technology froman axial pump to acontinuous flow pump Continuous flow pumpsare better able to adapt tothe human body’s changingneed for blood Continuous flow pumpsuse the pressure of theblood flowing into theheart to determine therate at which it pumpsblood Still under animal testing[18]25
Hopefully advances in artificial heartswill improve the survival rate ofpatients living with stage 4 cardiacfailure26
References[1] Carl Bianco, “How Your Heat Works,” HowStuffWorks, [Online]. mental/life/human-biology/heart.htm [Accessed:November 5, 2011][2] Sandhya, “Human Heart,” Physics in day to day life, July 12, 2010. [Online]. m/2010/07/human-heart.html [Accessed:November 5, 2011][3] Texas Heat Institute, “The Heart Valves,” Heart Information Center, Texas Heart Institute,September 2011. [Online]. Available: sed: November 5, 2011][4] Heart Failure Society of America, “The Stages of Heart Failure – NYHA Classification,”Questions About HF, Heart Failure Society of America, 2002. [Online]. Available:http://www.abouthf.org/questions stages.htm [Accessed: November 5, 2011][5] Carl Bianco, “Congestive Heart Failure 101,” Discovery Health, [Online]. -conditions/cardiovascular/heart/ congestiveheart3.htm [Accessed: November 5, 2011]27
References[6] Heart and Stroke Foundation, “Statistics,” Heart and StrokeFoundation, 2011. [Online]. QLcMWJtE/b.3483991/k.34A8/Statistics.htm [Accessed: November 6, 2011][7] O.H. Frazier, “Prologue: Ventricular assist devices and totalartificial hearts a historical perspective,” Cardiology Clinics, vol. 21,pp. 1-13, 2003. [Online] Available: NCBIhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12790040 [Accessed:November 5, 2011][8] AbioMed “AbioMed Recovering Herat. Saving Lives,” 2011.[Online]. Available: http://www.abiomed.com/ [Accessed:November 5, 2011][9] Jarvik Heart, “Jarvik Heart: Resources,” 2008. [Online]. Available:http://www.jarvikheart.com/basic.asp?id 69 [Accessed: November5, 2011][10] SynCardia Systems Inc., “SynCardia Temporary Total ArtificialHeart,” 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.SynCardia.com/[Accessed: November 5, 2011]28
References[11] U.S. Food and Drug Administration, “SynCardia Temporary CardioWest ArtificialHeart (TAH-t) – P030011,” Medical Devices, U.S. Department of Health & HumanServices, June 29, 2009. [Online]. Available: ApprovedDevices/ucm080816.htm [Accessed: November 5, 2011][12] Kevin Bonsor, “How Artificial Hearts Work,” HowStuffWorks, [Online]. ion/everyday-innovations/artificialheart.htm [Accessed: November 5, 2011][13] Reiner Körfer, Aly El Banayosy, Michiel Morshuis, Gero Tenderich, Nils Reiss andLatif Arusoglu, “Total artificial heart-implantation technique useing the CardioWestor the Thoratec system,” Multimedia Manual of Cardio Thoracic Surgery, March 29,2007. [Online]. ent/full/2007/0329/mmcts.2006.002485[Accessed: November 5, 2011][14] Matthew G. Doyle, Jean-Baptiste Vergniaud, Stavros Tavoularis, and YvesBourgault, “Numerical Simulations of Blood Flow in Artificial and Natural HeartsWith Sluid-Structure Interactions,” Artificial Organs, vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 870-879,2008. [Online]. Available: Wiley Online j.1525-1594.2008.00644.x/full [Accessed:November 5, 2011]29
References[15] Steven Deutsch, John M. Tarbell, Keefe B. Manning, Gerson Rosenberg, and Arnold A.Fontaine, “Experimental Fluid Mechanics of Pulsatile Artificial Blood Pumps,” AnnualReview Fluid Mechanics, vol. 38, pp. 65-86, 2006. [Online]. Available: Annual Reviewshttp://www.annualreviews.org/doi/ d: November 5, 2011][16] Y. Abe, T. Chinzei, K. Mabuchi, A. J. Snyder, T. Isoyama, K. Imanishi, T. Yonezawa, H.Matsuura, A. Kouno, T. Ono, K. Atsumi, I. Fujimasa and K. Imachi, “Physiological Controlof a Total Artificial Heart: Conductance and arterial pressure based control,” Journal ofApplied Physiology, vol. 84, pp. 868-876, 1998. [Online]. Available: Journal of AppliedPhysiology http://jap.physiology.org /content/84/3/868.short [Accessed: November 5,2011][17] Emily Singer, “An Artificial Heart That Doesn’t Beat,” Biomedicine, Technology Review,September 21, 2006. [Online]. Available: page2/ [Accessed: November 5, 2011][18] Caffeine Powered, “Doctor’s Create Artificial Heart That Doesn’t Beat. It Also Works,”Omega Level, June 20, 2011. [Online]. Available: [Accessed: November 6, 2011]30
invents another total artificial heart AbioCor 1998 the 100. th. artificial heart is implanted 2004 FDA approves the SynCardia total artificial heart (formerly CardioWest) for bridge transplantation Currently 2 artificial h
Happy Valentine's Day Card CD101210TL Stitches:5190 4.25" H X 5.50" W 108 mm x 139 mm Color Stops: 1 Placement Line 2 White Hearts [m1001] 3 Red Hearts [m1147] 4 Pink Hearts [m1309] 5 Red Hearts [m1147] 6 Pink Hearts [m1309] 7 Red Hearts [m1147] 8 White H
1. Tell students that they are going to practice counting hearts of their own by playing a game called “Mystery Number.” 2. Give each student, or pair of students, a conversation heart mat and paper hearts page (or use conversation candy hearts). If using the paper
2. Embroider and embellish the hearts. I used a contrasting color embroidery thread to sew simple stitches in star and swirl patterns on some of my hearts. Then I stitched on seed beads as embellishments. On other hearts I used a blanket stitch, or buttonhole stitch, to appliqué smaller hearts
types of vectors can be used to clone large DNA fragments, such as the yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and the artificial bacteriophage P1 chromosome (PAC) [23]. Bacterial artificial chromosomes have recently proven to be invaluable tools in plant genomics.
and artificial intelligence expert, joined Ernst & Young as the person in charge of its global innovative artificial intelligence team. In recent years, many countries have been competing to carry out research and application of artificial intelli-gence, and the call for he use of artificial
Artificial Intelligence -a brief introduction Project Management and Artificial Intelligence -Beyond human imagination! November 2018 7 Artificial Intelligence Applications Artificial Intelligence is the ability of a system to perform tasks through intelligent deduction, when provided with an abstract set of information.
Artificial Intelligence of December 2018 [5] and in the EU communication on Artificial Intelligence for Europe [6], including billions of Euros allocated in the Digital Europe Programme _ [7]. This is due to potential economic gains (e.g. see OECD reports on AI investments [8] and on AI patents [9]), as well as economic risks (such as the issue of liability – Liability for Artificial .
the first 7 d (ASTM C 1702 (7)), semi-adiabatic calorimetry for 3 d (10), compressive strength (ASTM C 109 mortar cubes (7)), and autogenous deformation (ASTM C 1698 corrugated tubes (7)). Compressive strengths were assessed at the ages of 1 d, 7 d, 28 d, 56 d, 182 d, and 365 d on cubes that were demolded after 1 d and subsequently stored in water saturated with calcium hydroxide. Autogenous .
